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Was tun mit Flexionsklassen? : Deklinationsklassen und ihr Wandel im Deutschen und seinen Dialekten
(2008)
"Warum Flexionsklassen?" lautet ein synchron ausgerichteter Aufsatz von BERND WIESE (2000), an den dieser Beitrag aus diachroner und dialektaler Perspektive anschließt. Das hier zur Diskussion stehende Phänomen, nämlich die notorische Persistenz von Flexionsklasse (im Folgenden "FK") über Jahrhunderte, ja sogar Jahrtausende hinweg, dürfte noch eines der größten linguistischen Rätsel darstellen, die ihrer Lösung harren. HASPELMATH (2002, 115) eröffnet in seinem Band "Understanding Morphology" das Kapitel über "Inflectional paradigms" mit folgenden Worten: "Perhaps the most important challenge for an insightful description of inflection is the widespread existence of allomorphy in many languages."
Die diachronen Entwicklungspfade zur Interjektion sind bisher kaum Gegenstand der Forschung gewesen. Dies liegt zum Teil an der mangelnden Belegsituation von prototypischerweise auf die Mündlichkeit beschränkten Interjektionen aus älteren Sprachstufen und an der allgemeinen Marginalisierung von Interjektionen in der Linguistik. In diesem Beitrag werden vier Wege zur primären Interjektion dargestellt, wobei besondere Bedeutung der Entwicklung sekundärer (lexikalischer) Interjektionen zu primären (prototypischen) Interjektionen beigemessen wird. Mithilfe verschiedener funktionaler und vor allem formaler Parameter wird dieser komplexe Interjektionalisierungsprozess detailliert dargestellt und in verschiedene Interjektionalisierungsstufen unterteilt. So lässt sich der Interjektionalitätsgrad von Einheiten wie „oje!“ „Mensch!“ „Herrgott!“ und „ach du meine Güte!“ relativ genau bestimmen.
Je nach regionaler Herkunft realisieren Sprecher des Deutschen die beiden Wörter "Verein" und "überall" unterschiedlich. [...] Der Grundgedanke dieser sprachtypologischen Unterscheidung, bei der wir uns hauptsächlich auf die Arbeiten von P. Auer (1993, 1994, 2001) sowie P. Auer / S. Uhmann (1988) beziehen, besteht darin, dass alle Sprachen eine Form von Isochronie anstreben.
Extremely short verbs can be found in various Genn::.,nic languages and dialects; the sterns of these verbs do not have a fInal consonant «C-)C-V), and they always have a monosyllabic infinitive and usually monosyllabic fInite forms as weIl. Examples for these 'kinds of short verbs are Swiss Gennan hä 'to have', gö 'to go', g~ 'to give', n~ 'to take' which correspond to the Swedish verbs ha, gä, ge and tao The last example shows that such short verb formations also occur with verbs having (nearly) identical meanings but which do not share the same etymology. Apart from their shortness, these verbs are characterized by a high degree of irregularity, often even by suppletion, which sometimes develops contrary to regular sound laws. Furthermore they are among the most-used verbs and often tend towards grammaticalization. The present paper compares the short verbs of seven Germanic languages; in addition, it describes their various ways of development and strategies of differentiation. Moreover, it examines the question of why some languages and dialects (e.g. Swiss German, Frisian, Swedish, Norwegian) have many short verbs while others (New High German, Icelandic, Faroese) only have few, the paper discusses the contribution of short verbs to questions concerning linguistic change and the morphological organization of languages.
Dieser Beitrag befasst sich erstmals mit Fugenelementen in Lehnwortbildungen, genauer: in N+N-Komposita mit fremdem Bestimmungswort (auch Determinations- oder Erstglied). Da Fugenelemente morphologisch zum Bestimmungs- und nicht zum Grundwort gehören, spielt das Grundwort keine Rolle bei der Entscheidung, ob die Kompositionsnahtstelle verfugt wird oder nicht […]. […] Dabei fällt auf – und hierauf spielt der Zweifelsfall Subjekt(+s+)pronomen im Titel an –, dass es zahlreiche Schwankungen gibt […]. Schwankungsfälle erfordern u. E. besondere Aufmerksamkeit, weil sie in der Regel Sprachwandel im Vollzug darstellen, d. h. den Übergang eines älteren zu einem jüngeren Sprachzustand markieren. […] Was die Fremdwortkomposita so interessant macht, ist die Tatsache, dass nichtnatives Material einem sehr nativen Verfahren […] unterzogen wird […]. In diesem Beitrag gehen wir wie folgt vor: Zunächst – in Kapitel 2 – definieren wir das Fugenelement und stellen kurz seine Entstehung, sein Inventar von immerhin sechs Allo-Formen und deren Distribution dar. In Kapitel 3 fragen wir nach der bzw. den Funktionen von Fugenelementen, die in der bisherigen Forschung vorgebracht wurden. […]. Kapitel 4 befasst sich speziell mit dem Fugenverhalten in Fremdwortkomposita, genauer: in Komposita mit nichtnativem Erstglied. Hier zeigen wir, dass es in erster Linie die phonologische Wortstruktur des Erstglieds ist, die die s-Fugensetzung steuert.
German linking elements are sometimes classified as inflectional affixes, sometimes as derivational affixes, and in any case as morphological units with at least seven realisations (e.g. -s-, -es-, -(e)n-, -e-). This article seeks to show that linking elements are hybrid elements situated between morphology and phonology. On the one hand, they have a clear morphological status since they occur only within compounds (and before a very small set of suffixes) and support the listener in decoding them. On the other hand, they also have to be analysed on the phonological level, as will be shown in this article. Thus, they are marginal morphological units on the pathway to phonology (including prosodics). Although some alloforms can sometimes be considered former inflectional endings and in some cases even continue to demonstrate some inflectional behaviour (such as relatedness to gender and inflection class), they are on their way to becoming markers of ill-formed phonological words. In fact, linking elements, above all the linking -s-, which is extremely productive, help the listener decode compounds containing a bad phonological word as their first constituent, such as Geburt+s+tag ‘birthday’ or Religion+s+unterricht ‘religious education’. By marking the end of a first constituent that differs from an unmarked monopedal phonological word, the linking element aids the listener in correctly decoding and analysing the compound. German compounds are known for their length and complexity, both of which have increased over time—along with the occurrence of linking elements, especially -s-. Thus, a profound instance of language change can be observed in contemporary German, one indicating its typological shift from syllable language to word language.
In order to understand the specific structures and features of the German surnames the most important facts about their emergence and history should be outlined and, at the same time, be compared with the Swedish surnames because there are considerable differences (for further details cf. Nubling 1997 a, b). First of all, surnames in Germany emerged rather early, with the first instances occurring in the 11th century in southern Germany; by the 16th century surnames were common all over Germany. Differences are related to geography (from south to north), social class (from the upper to the lower classes) und urban versus rural areas.
Extremely short verbs can be found in various Germanic languages and dialects; the roots of these verbs do not have a final consonant «C)-C-V), and they always have a monosyllabic infinitive and usually monosyllabic finite forms as well. Examples for these kinds of short verbs are Swiss German hä'to have', gä 'to go', gifii 'to give', nifif 'to take' which correspond to the Swedish verbs ha, ga, ge and ta. The last example shows that such shore verb formations also occur with verbs which do not share the same etymology. Apart from shortness, short verbs are characterized by a high degree of irregularity, often even by suppletion, which sometimes develops against sound laws. Furthermore they are among the most used verbs and often tend to grammaticalization. The present paper compares the short verbs of seven Germanic languages; in addition, it describes their various ways of development and strategies of differentiation. Moreover, it exarnines the question of why some languages and dialects (e.g., Swiss German, Frisian, Swedish, Norwegian) have many shore verbs while others (New High German, Icelandic, Faroese) do not. Finally, the paper discusses the contribution of shore verbs to questions concerning linguistic change and the morphological organization of languages.
This article examines the expression of natural gender in Icelandic nouns denoting human beings. Particular attention will be paid to the system's symmetry with regards to nouns denoting women and men. Our society consists more or less exactly of half women and half men. One would therefore assume that systems for terms denoting persons would also be symmetrically organised. Yet this assumption could not be further from the truth, and not just in single isolated cases, but in many languages: I will attempt to show that Icelandic has numerous methods for referring to women, but also many barriers and idiosyncrasies.