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In this study the relationship between NLP and Linguistics has been investigated. Korzybski, who is interested in the neurological aspect of language puts forth that an artificial identification has been established due to verb “to be”. The notion he developed because of this connection forms the basic idea of NLP. What Chomsky’s studies contribute to NLP are “surface - deep structure” in Generative Transformational Grammar approach. According to this we express what we utter in daily speech with surface structure, but we make them meaningful with deep structure. NLP has transformed this knowledge into various techniques and practices for a more effective communication and happier life.
This is a linguistic study in which applied discourse analysis is used. It is functional comparison of argument examples, such as ‘Mesela’, ‘Örneğin’ and ‘Beispiel’, ‘Beispielsweise’ in authentic discourse texts. It has been observed wether both languages show the same function or not.
In this study, the student mistakes, in the collaborative writing project, will be discussed. The texts written in the computer lab are sent to the instructor through internet and the teacher underlines the mistakes made by learners and sends the texts back to the students. The students get feedback both from teachers and from peers when they are writing and correcting their mistakes. Since the learners are either in their preparatory or 1st year, the common mistakes made by the students are incorrect structure usage, inappropriate linguistic use, overgeneralizations or mother tongue transfers. These errors result from their limited foreign language knowledge.
The mediation of German cultural studies has become a firm component of the foreign language lessons, because without knowledge about the culture of the target language communication cannot succeed. However, the aim of the study of the German cultural study lessons should not be to provide a comprehensive picture for the purposes of the actual study of the culture and geography, but to choose from the contents with the help of which then an intercultural competence can be developed. The concept "German cultural studies" is extended by the component "intercultural", so that now we speak of „German cultural and intercultural studies“. This contribution would like to point out which developments the field „German cultural and intercultural studies“ has taken in Turkey and which role the study of intercultural aspects plays in the German lessons at school and in the teacher advanced training. Furthermore this contribution would like to introduce the teaching draughts which were sketched for the teaching field “German cultural and intercultural studies” in the German teacher training. Moreover, it should be discussed with which subjects and methodical possibilities the learning aim of an intercultural competence can be reached.
This article compares the noun plural systems of ten Germanic languages focusing on the number of allomorphs, their formal shape and the assignment principles used for allomorph distribution. It further aims at identifying the interrelating factors, categories, and features decisive for the very different ways in which plural allomorphy is organized in languages of the same origin. The major relevant factors are pointed out with special emphasis on the role of gender, semantic and rhythmic assignment, and the role of high token frequency. On formal grounds, the fusion vs. separation of case and number as well as the role of zero morphology vs. redundant marking, of stem alternation and the direction of influence between stem and affix are discussed.
Due to the cultural and technological improvement in daily life, technological terms such as New Media Instruments gain more popularity among the foreign language didactics. In the media society the medium of instruction book is pushed for a function change. Pupils or students are continuously confronted outside of class with a variety of different media. Today we can clearly speak of new teaching and learning tools. The reciprocal effect of language policy and educational factors that shape the relationship between language and text books, lead in the case of German in a non-defined language policy. This constellation is also reflected in the design of textbooks. When you consider that textbooks are intimately linked with the education targets of a country and the practical learner expectations, then this seems today perhaps in a premature stage. On the one hand, the knowledge about the operation of related equipment and their applications, or the ability to be able to bring into use, are necessary and on the other hand, the technical competence of German as a foreign language is highly required. The attempt would enter with little skill in a personal and comprehensive online project fail for many Germanists even from the technical point of view and with some certainty. This begs the question: Is in fact the digital environment inevitable?
The paper focuses on experience gained at the university of Hildesheim (Germany) where a modular course programme has been introduced which concentrates on less frequently learnt European languages, such as Dutch, Danish, Portuguese and Italian, putting into practice relevant results of research in the field of Contrastive Linguistics. The paper ends with a presentation of the outline of a Turkish reading course for German learners, raising the question to what extent experience gained by comparing and teaching Indo-European languages can be applied to fundamentally different languages like German and Turkish.
Learner autonomy has been discussed since the 70th in the last century. It was argued, that learners should be familiar with foreign language learning, because language learning will get more and more important in a society of the future. So even after school time people should be able to develop foreign language skills without any formal teaching. In recent time a new concept has been added: teacher autonomy. Learner autonomy and teacher autonomy are interdependent. In other words: We can not develop learner autonomy without developing teacher autonomy. Our discussion starts with some simple facts. Gordon Wells observed in his famous Bristol Project several children for more than ten years and compared their language development and learning behaviour in two contexts: school and families. Interesting differences have been found. On the one hand children are more initiative and more curious in the family context. On the other hand they loose more and more initiatives through school experiences. The concepts of learner autonomy and teacher autonomy and consequences for teacher training will be discussed in the context of these findings.
Immer wieder sind Vorschläge vorgebracht worden, die Herkunft des im Deutschen insgesamt marginalen s-Plurals nicht nur bei importierten Fremdwörtern, sondern auch bei den Eigennamen zu verorten […]. Konkretisiert und diachron rekonstruiert wurde dieser Gedanke indessen noch nicht. In diesem Beitrag vertreten wir die Position, dass der s-Plural im Deutschen und Niederländischen dort, wo er – seiner gestaltschonenden Funktion wegen – am stärksten benötigt wird, nämlich bei Eigennamen, Onomatopoetika, Kurzwörtern und Substantivierungen, auch entstanden ist, konkret bei den Eigennamen, genauer: den Familiennamen. Dort hat er sich aus dem ursprünglichen Genitiv-Singular-Flexiv entwickelt. Dabei liefert nicht nur die germanisch-kontrastive, sondern auch und vor allem die dialektale Perspektive deutliche Evidenz für diese neue Sicht, haben doch manche deutsche Dialekte eine Art sprachlichen Archäopteryx vom Typ 's Müllers sin do '(die) Müllers sind hier', wörtlich: 'des Müllers sind hier' bewahrt […]. Für das Niederländische lässt sich nachweisen, dass sich die dialektalen s- und en-Pluralgebiete auffallend deutlich mit s- und en-Genitiv-Singular-Gebieten patronymischer Familiennamen decken. Auch hier lassen sich folglich die Familiennamen als Keimzelle der Reanalyse vom Kasus- zum Numerusmarker identifizieren.
Dass man mit PN [Personennamen] mehr machen kann als nur auf die Namensträger zu referieren, ist Schriftstellern und Literaturwissenschaftlern natürlich immer schon bewusst gewesen. Eigennamen (EN), die „von Haus aus“ nicht zum Charakterisieren, sondern nur zum Referieren taugen, werden aber offensichtlich auch im alltäglichen öffentlichen Sprechen und Schreiben zur Erzeugung spezifischer Effekte verwendet. […] Ich möchte in meinem Beitrag Antworten auf folgende Fragen geben: Welche Wortbildungsmöglichkeiten werden für diese sprachliche Technik genutzt? Seit wann, in welchen Zusammenhängen und unter welchen Bedingungen werden Deonomastika – so das Fachwort für diese Wörter – verwendet? Welche Intentionen und Effekte sind mit dieser Technik verbunden, d.h. welche stilistischen und pragmatischen Funktionen haben solche Wörter? […] Über die Beschreibung der Formen, Geschichte und Funktionen der Deonomastika hinaus möchte ich zudem in zwei Bereichen theoretischer Sprachreflexion mit den Deonomastika bestimmte Positionen stützen: Zum einen ist dies die Wortbildungstheorie, zum zweiten ist es die Theorie der EN-Bedeutung. Auf beide werde ich im Anschluss an die systematische Darstellung zu sprechen kommen. Ich benutze ein Korpus von etwa 400 Belegen aus vor allem überregionalen Tageszeitungen […] seit 1987 sowie aus deren Online-Ausgaben.