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The Romanian National Archives in Sibiu keep a wide range of documents concerning the history of the Transylvanian Saxons and the every day life of the city of Sibiu. Although of major interest for historians, linguists and translators, these documents have not been fully studied so far. They represent valuable evidence of the evolution of the former German language spoken on the Transylvanian territory and, if translated into Romanian, could offer to the Romanian reader a new perspective on the Transylvanian Saxons’ history. This paper analyses, in the historic context of the time, the depositions of witnesses in a civil trial during the Austrian billeting in Sibiu in the 17th century and discusses the contents by observing the main structural characteristics of the text.
This paper deals with German and Serbian idioms which contain the numeral seven (germ. Sieben, serb. sedam) in order to determine and analyse the different types of equivalence that exist between these German and Serbian idiomatic expressions. It is also an aim of this paper to define the semantics of the numeral seven or sedam, as the similarities and differences between German and Serbian provide interesting results. The results of this paper are to the benefit of the students in German studies, but also students who study German as a foreign language.
This contribution examines the cooperation between Ludwigsburg University of Education, the Danube-Swabian Cultural Foundation and to a lesser extent the German Academic Exchange Service with respect to partnerships and projects developed with educational institutions in South-Eastern Europe. This is followed by a critical assessment of the achievements so far with some suggestions for improvements and further developments.
The paper shows that experiential education and modern approaches to teaching German as a foreign language (GFL) share a number of characteristics, suggesting that experiential education ought to be integrated in teacher training programs. Based on the feedback received from participants in the experiential education project organised in autumn 2013 by the department of “Pedagogy for Primary and Secondary Schools” at the Lucian Blaga University, Sibiu, the paper demonstrates not only that important characteristics of experiential education and principles of modern GFL teaching coincide from a theoretical perspective, but also that this confluence can be experienced at an intuitive and practical level. The project is described in detail and recommended as a possible pilot for other networking projects on German-language teacher training in the Danubian regions.
In this paper there is offered an overview on the possibilities of the German teacher training and its importance in Hungary with a special focus on the German nationality in Hungary, which forms an additional area of the German teacher training. The teacher should not only teach namely German (nationality-) language and culture, but also initiate projects that strengthen the minority’s identity. Also the knowledge and skills tought in the German teacher training are discussed divided on areas.
This paper offers an overview of the presence of the german language and culture in Serbia. The focus lies on the region Vojvodina, as it has the greatest significance for the spread of the German language, culture and literature in Serbia, and there German as a foreign language is still strongly represented in schools. At the same time, it presents the status of the German teacher training in Serbia and discusses some perspectives in this domain.
The aim of the present paper is to describe the geographic diffusion of the family name Pfaff in Germany, starting from the telephone directory of 2005 and retracing the historic linguistic phenomena that led to the formation of this name. Pfaff (mhd. phaffe, md. paffe, nd. pape, southern German Pfaffe “priest” or “churchman”) is explained both as an agnomen and as the name of a profession. Our map represents an addition to the maps that have already appeared in dtv – Atlas Namenkunde (1999), Duden-Familiennamen (2005) and Deutscher Familiennamenatlas (2011), for it additionally and thoroughly renders not? only the geographic diffusion of the family name Pfaff in Germany but also in Transylvania, where the name also exists. [this surname also exists in Transylvania]. The type Pfaff (5056 telephone addresses) is spread all over Germany, but we notice two areas of high frequency: one, according to our expectations, in the southern part of the Benrath Line and on the right of the Germersheim Line, but also on the left of the latter, especially in the rectangle Koblenz – Kassel – Hof – Frankfurt and also in south-western Germany (in Schwarzwald –The Black Forest). The northern version Pape, approximately twice more frequent than Pfaff(e), did not adapt to standard German, due to the negative connotations of the appellative Pfaffe, Pfaffen, which appeared at the same time as the Church Reform in the 16th century. In some places in Transylvania, the surname Pfaff was replaced with the version Prediger. The appellative Pfaffe and the family name Pfaff (in the Saxon language – the Romanian “limba sãseascã”: faf, pfaf ) contributed to the formation of different rural toponyms in Transylvania. The surname Pfaff is spread not only in the German linguistic space, but also in areas where ethnic Germans live (France, Luxembourg, Belgium, Holland, Poland, Romania, USA, Canada, Argentina). In Romania, there are very few Pfaff surnames in telephone books for the 2008-2009 period, due to the massive migration of the German ethnics to Germany after 1990.
This study indicates research areas from the perspective of the German and Romanian language phraseology, areas that are exemplified within the phraseosemantic field of „communication”. The analysis of the current state of research indicates the partial or complete lack of preoccupation, on the one hand, with the metaphorization process and the predominance of the conceptual metaphors in the two languages or the dominance of some components and their analysis from a cultural-specific point of view, and, on the other hand, with the systematization of morphosyntactic or semantic restrictions.
Starting from the peculiar presentation of the geographic spreading of the surname Lutsch in Germany (see the map), based on telephone books from 1995, the aim of the present paper is to reconstruct the history of this last name. Lutsch has its origin in the hypocoristic Lu(t)z(erm. Lud [wig]), it is a German surname specific to Transylvania, being spread especially in its south-western area. The fact that this surname is so rare today (Sibiu, Cindy, Apoldu de Sus, Slimnic, Sebeș, Gârbova, Pianu de Jos, Hunedoara, isolatedly and Brașov, Târgu Secuiesc, Bistrița) is due first of all to the settling of the German ethnics in The Federal Republic of Germany between 1970-1990. It is a coincidence that the name Lutsch can be found today especially in the south of Germany, overlapping with the spreading area of the surname Lutz, for the persons who have this surname do not represent the native population of Southern Germany, but the German emigrants from Transylvania.
The present paper focuses upon a translatological perspective of the cultureme theory, as initially presented by Els Oksaar and developed later by other linguists. By examining a few expressions from a novel of the Romanian-German writer Aglaja Veteranyi and their translations into Romanian, the paper illustrates the categories micro- and macro-cultureme.
The article presents 11 idiom workbooks (some of them displaying a comparative approach) of the 1990s as well as their underlying methodological-didactic concept. The workbooks examined, a number of which have been previously critically assessed by the phraseo-didactic literature, are presented in the chronological order of their publication.
Starting from the current preoccupations of areal phraseology, this article presents directions and ways of researching the phraseological stock of the German language with regards to the particularities and to the area of circulation in dialects or in the standard variants of the German language.
The paper presents the legal framework regulating the selection of alternative school textbooks for German language education in Romanian schools and compares the list of manuals recommended by the Ministry of Education for years 3–12 in 2015/16 with those currently used in practice by teachers. The 20 teachers surveyed for the current study were asked to indicate what textbooks they used in the classroom. Survey results were compared with the ministry-approved lists to check for concordances and discrepancies. Survey participants were further asked to give three reasons for their textbook selection and to indicate whether and to what purpose they used additional text-based resources in their teaching.
In the paper, all German surnames (63 different names) and also the Romanian ones (45 different names) are analyzed from a semantic and statistic perspective. These family names belong to the inhabitants of Petreºti/Sebeº who were the victims of the First World War, of the Second World War and of the communist régime. The names of these 216 people were taken from the commemorative plaques from the Lutheran Protestant Church and on the Heroes’ Monument placed in the yard of the city’s Orthodox Church.
The integration of Sibiu German Language and Literature Studies in European contexts. Lecture during the International Colloquium: Effective Speech in Early New High German: Syntactic and text stylistic aspects (6th of September 2013). The Colloquium was dedicated to Prof. Dr. Monika Hager-Rössing on her 80th birthday.
Vergangenheit und Gegenwart der deutschen Spracheinflüsse an der Germanistikabteilung in Osijek
(2014)
The paper describes the influence of German language on the language and literature in Osijek, Croatia and the way these influences are being researched and kept alive at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Osijek. The German language and culture had a strong impact both on the language and the literature of Slawonia. The literary tradition is taught as a course about 18th and 19th ct literature in Slawonia, the linguistic aspect lives through publications and has the potential to be included in courses or to be used for further research.
The author starts from a study by Maria Fanache and Ilse Fels about Sibiu writers in the years of the „people’s democracy,” i.e. the period around 1960. The outlook and the stylistic structure were typical of socialist realism, while the criteria for the selection of the Romanian and German writers discussed were those of belles-letters adapted to propaganda purposes. The present paper rounds off the convenient aspects of the literature of the time with a series of aspects that had been kept silent or ignored for the sake of avoiding confrontation with certain factual contradictions which the socio-political changes of the „people’s democratic” dictatorship had brought about. In the summer of 1956, the state authorities considered a private literary meeting of over twenty persons an action meant to subvert the official ideology, an attempt to commit a conspiracy, and, later, some of those present came under investigation and served severe prison sentences.
This article is meant as a token of appreciation for the germanist, poet and translator Liana Corciu who taught for a long time at the University of Bucharest, German Department, then emigrated in the USA where she continued her work as a germanist and teacher of German and where she died in 2008. As a germanist she left us an original dissertation on the lyric poetry of Bertolt Brecht and a series of scientific articles, as a poet a number of thematically and stylistically very relevant poems, as a translator some valuable translations of literary texts from German into Romanian.
Translation exercises have always played an important role in teaching/learning foreign languages, ever since the Grammar-Translation method was developed. However, with the emergence of the communicative language teaching in the 70s which focussed on communicative competence as the ultimate goal of language learning, they were considered to be obsolete and inefficient. The present article suggests that the utility of translation – not only where teaching foreign languages is concerned, but also within the field of German studies – should be reassessed, showing that both ”pedagogical” as well as ”communicative” translation can support and improve the study of German language, literature and culture, increase students‘ awareness of both German language and their mother tongue and furthermore contribute to the enrichment of their general knowledge.
This paper proposes to analyse contrastively the phraseological expressions which include proper names in German and Romanian languages and also, to interpret them as cultural elements that generate problems when trying to translate them. It is intended to establish equivalence relations between the onimical expressions of the two languages, suggesting, where it will be the case, the translation strategies.
German language in Romania is being strongly influenced by Romanian, the majority language. In the field of secondary and higher education linguistic interferences that come from Romanian touch types or names of educational institutions, types of didactic activities, types of assessment and examination.
Occasionally the Transylvanian Saxon thesaurus deals with terminology related to certain domains of agriculture. The following article deals with livestock enclosures, fencing erected in the fields for livestock, especially for sheep. The selected case samples are native terms with explanatory compounds, in addition there are terms borrowed mainly from Romanian, less so from Hungarian. The borrowings can mostly be assigned to sheep farming. This branch of agriculture was not familiar to the medieval immigrants, so they were not used to sheep farming. The breeding and herding of sheep was usually left to the Romanian population, the Saxons did not engage in it, even though they owned sheep. The Saxons were more inclined to cattle and pig farming. The terms are mainly extracted from the Transylvanian-Saxon Dictionary (SSWB), the Northern Transylvanian dictionary (NSSWB) as well as other specialized literature.
The North Transylvanian linguist Friedrich Krauss has dealt with the Northern Transylvanian plant inventory in his work “Noesnerlaendish Plant Names” (1943) referring to the town of Bistritz and surroundings. The referenced popular names of the plants are rendered phonetically, the way the linguist heard (understood) them. I have selected 68 descriptive case samples of popular plantnames for my study and have grouped them according to certain criteria. These samples exemplify the fact that the cohabitation of Saxons, Romanians and Hungarians is reflected as well in the ethnographic plant naming phenomenon. They belong to the old Transylvanian vernacular names which the linguist and plantlover, Friedrich Krauss, has saved from oblivion.
The analyzed and translated text represents a judicial protocol of a witch trial from 1697. After a brief description of the general phenomenon of the witch hunt and it’s characteristics in 17th century Transylvania the text is discussed from a point of view of its translation. The most problematic aspects are found in the depositions of the witnesses, which abound in linguistic peculiarities, ranging from archaic structures to dialect. The translator faces a dilemma when having to decide whether to translate the archaic structures into archaic ones, thus preserving the stylistic personality of the text, or into modern Romanian, which would mean creating an “open translation”. In any case the translation should not neglect the informative and oral character of the source text.
The topic of this article relies on the assumption that books are unfortunately more and more driven to the wall while series products that are created for a short-term communication remain fashionable. The assessment of the forms and contents considered to be fashionable depends on ratings while the aesthetic criteria, authenticity and depth of the messages are simply ignored. The language and the style of both the printed and the visual media fashionable products are at a level just sufficient to convey messages with stereotyped expressions. Although easy to understand and relaxing, they remain a commodity for a specific audience, a substitute for the real world. For their readers, these series products provide a reading that is consistent with the life they live. Designs and linguistic structures of this trivial journalism are described in this paper.
The article discusses recent history developments in Central and Eastern Europe more than a quarter century after the political change of 1989 on the development of programs at former traditional departments of German studies, the training of teachers for German as a foreign language and the growing importance of German for specific purposes.
This article presents a new dimension of the lexical category of “false friends”. False friends are the result of complex phenomena, exceeding bilingualism, so that they are not to be explained solely within the context of the mother tongue or of the foreign language. Many false friendships, i.e. potential false friends, stem from socalled internationalisms. In this article I discuss, in a concrete manner, based on some examples of Greek words in German, the way in which false friendships build a triangle, going further than the limits of one language pair. The main purpose of the article is to show that the etymological condition, even if only optional in defining false friends, has a major role to play in the international lexical patrimony of European languages.
"Spieglein, Spieglein an der Wand ..." : das Diminutiv im Überzetzungsvergleich Deutsch-Rumänisch
(2012)
The paper presents some aspects connected to the system of diminution in German and Romanian, by offering a comparative analysis of the German version of the fairy tale “Snow White” and six Romanian translations of the text. The focus lies on the ways in which the nouns in the text are marked as ‘diminutives’ in German (mainly by adding suffixes, the synthetic diminutives) and the equivalences suggested by the Romanian translators. Although the category ‘diminution’ is common to both languages, there are significant differences in the way it is linguistically expressed. A main part of the paper is devoted to these differences and their reflection in the text.
The present study intends to analyze the literary personality of the German-language writer and translator Alfred Margul-Sperber and his approach to Romanian folk poetry and Romanian folk ballads. Alfred Margul-Sperber is known as a classical German-language poet from Romania, as a discoverer and supporter of literary talent, but also as a brilliant translator. Impressions from his childhood and life experiences contributed to Alfred MargulSperber’s interest for Romanian poets and especially for Romanian folk poetry, which left its own mark on Sperber’s literary creation. The author was fascinated by its plurality of forms, its richness of rhymes, images and sounds. The masterpiece of Romanian folk poetry, “Mioriţa/The little Ewe”-ballad raised the interest of the multilingual translator who proved his outstanding talent by translating the original text into German as accurately as possible and remarkably close to the spirit of the Romanian folk poetry, thus popularizing it among the German readers at home and abroad.
The article is a scholary review of the Stefan Kühtz's handbook „Wissenschaftlich formulieren. Tipps und Textbausteine für Studium und Schule” (Scientific express. Tip and text block for studies and school). The book contains the information about, how to write a scientific paper and many of examples of right and wrong sentences. Such tips can be useful not only for students of German as a foreign language, but also for native speakers of german language.
Ever since their settlement in the Maramureș at the end of the 18th century, the Zipser Germans have been living in close relation to the other linguistic groups (Romanians, Hungarians, Ruthenians, Jews, and Roma/Sinti) in Viºeu de Sus. Thus a multi-/intercultural and multilingual society has emerged under all social, economic and cultural aspects of life. These intercultural interactions can be observed especially on the level of the language. This article tries to identify and analyse some borrowings from Romanian and Hungarian into the Zipser German dialect from the lexical, semantic and syntactic perspective of transference.
The paper discusses the request of the Jewish Middle/ Middle-East-European immigrants for images, impressions, feelings and memories from their native lands, which Aaron Lebedeff masterfully captured in his American-Jewish musicals. The paper focuses on multiculturalism and multilingualism in overlapping regions of extended cultural areas, particularly in territories along the borders of Middle/Middle-East-European states, which don’t form any abrupt cultural barriers. Using the example of a in our time in Jewish milieus worldwide frequently played quadrilingual song from Aaron Lebedeff about Romania (with the German translation of the complete version from 1925), the paper conveys the role of Yiddish as a major dialect of the German as a worldwide carrier of this language as well.
The meaning of the verb „heischen“ occurs in standard German in special context only, especially in poetic language. In some Rhenish idioms of the German language space this lexeme is documented with the same meaning as in the Transylvanian Saxon idiom. Notable is the meaning “to woo”, “to ask for the bride’s hand” and idioms with a special wording that is specific to the Transylvanian-Saxon idiom only. This case study exemplifies how Transylvanian Saxon, removed from the German language space, is handling the linguistic thesaurus brought over centuries ago via emigration from the old country and how it adds its own meanings through a mixture and balance of language, a phenomenon specific to the colonial idioms.
The present paper reflects upon the relevance of certain criteria that are decisive for the quality of a dictionary and interrelates them with the current bilingual lexicographic practice in Romania concerned with German language. The focus lies here on the lexicographic registration and presentation of phraseologisms in a general bilingual dictionary, which, contrary to phraseological dictionaries, is known not to be specialized in the codification of the phraseological stock. For illustration purpose the author provides a critical analysis of the new edition of the German-Romanian Comprehensive Dictionary published by the Romanian Academy (2007). The paper aims at showing to what extent the description of the selected phraseologisms is adequate with regard to potential users and the specifics of phraseological phenomena.
The importance of Transylvanian records of court proceedings from the end of the 17th century relies, in terms of content, on preserving the day by day life of ordinary people in Transylvania such as craftsmen, tradesmen, and peasants. Regarding linguistics, they are challenging due to the specific tension between feigned orality and literacy, when historical “spoken” language is documented. The research question pertains to describe, from a qualitative point of view, the complex sentences structure. Thereby, we look upon the different ways to construct complex sentences and their specific use according to the communicative functions of text parts: Which is the proportion between hypotaxis and parataxis in combining clauses? How deep is the hierarchy of subordinate clauses? Which subordinate clause functions are most used? Which composition types are relevant for complex sentence structure?
We start from the premise that the 240 Transylvanian-Saxon dialects in the Transylvanian-Saxon dictionary are treated according to scientific principles, while the Northern Transylvanian-Saxon dictionary documents the 48 Northern dialects. When reviewing the vocabulary of both dictionaries it could be noted that they complement each other with respect to vocabulary and meaning, especially as far as the “grammatical category of the verb” is concerned. Case in point is my research of the verbs meaning “to rummage for, to search, to dig” which I have grouped and analyzed according to specific criteria.
The present paper is part of an ample research in a field, which was so far mainly in the limelight of the historical analysis. It relates about the dignities and titles in the Romanian Principalities in the Middle Ages and focuses on the linguistic, etymological and historical point of view of the topic. The denominations borrowed from German are particularly highlighted in this paper.
Sibiu was in the 19th century an important centre, with a vivid cultural life, despite of the difficult political context in Transylvania. The close cohabitation of the Romanian and German people leads to a very important multicultural experience. The study deals with the ways of reception of German culture in the Romanian press of the 19th century reflected in the three most important publications of the time: Telegraful Român, Tribuna and Transilvania. The results of the research are presented in thematic groups (translations, theatre and concert announcements, reviews, travel literature, aphoristic or biographical writings).
The present study makes reference to the scientific achievements of the Romanian Germanist Horst Schuller. As a journalist, university professor and translator, he developed an extensive research work that has brought forth studies of the Romanian-German criticism as well as many studies of intercultural research. In all of his studies of literary criticism dealing with intercultural themes, Schuller holds the opinion of a bilateral exchange between the ethnic groups of a multi-ethnic state as Romania is. He regards interculturality as a plea for tolerance and communication, i.e. living-with-one-another – not living side by side or living past one another.
The following analysis is based on a practical experience of translation and tries to offer a series of solutions to the problem posed by culture-specific elements known in German translation studies as „Realia”. The recent translation studies generally acknoledge the importance of maintaining certain culture-specific elements as such in the target text; Antoine Berman speaks about ethic versus ethnocentric translation. Several authors describe four possible solutions for dealing with culture-specific elements in translation in order to preserve to a certain degree the cultural identity of the target text. The translation of „Realia” belonging to the sphere of nationalsocialism raised a series of difficulties during the actual translation of Das Buch Hitler, a document which was put together for Stalin by soviet intelligence in the years following WW II. Three types of „Realia” were identified in the source text and treated as such in the translation, following the theoretical guidelines proposed by Markussen and Berman.
Presenting the actual theoretical debates (of Göhlich, Welsch, de Nancy, Bachmann-Medick) with respect to the concept of transculturality, underlining the related aspects such as hybridity, intertextuality, globalisation, the author traces the aspects of transculturality in the process of the translations from Romanian to German. The success of the literary transfer is conditioned by the intra- and intercultural competence, by the knowledge of the identity factors, of the specific operational frame and of the key texts (translations or originals) from the literatures that come into contact with it. As in other countries, where there are specific basic cultural notions with a certain symbolic charge like „birch” in Russia, „hut” in the Czech republic, the traditional cultural universe affirmatively or polemically resorts to cultural words such as „plai” (poetic realm), „codru” (forest), „mioritic” (mioritical). Tracing by means of rich examples the history of translations, the author distinguishes the stages of translations motivated by philological, ethnographic, political interests and lastly and parallel to it, by aesthetical interests. These translations contribute to the identitary image of the Romanians, being normally recorded with an increased attention and sensibility. Concretely applying the discussed theoretical concepts on a text, the author presents the German translation of an essayistic text by Andrei Pleşu, arguing the possible interest of the German public for the writer, emphasizing the ironical hybrid and ludic signs that are important for the translation, with all untranslatabilities of the word games, in order to find at least an adequate, if not equivalent, transfer. The annotations and the translation (starting with the analysis of the title) constitute a demonstration of transculturality applied live.
"Hoch soll er leben!" : Routineformeln als Forschungsaufgabe der phraseologischen Kontrastivik
(2010)
Phraseological issues are of great interest to researchers in the field of German studies outside German-speaking countries as well. If one looks back upon the achievements and insights of phraseological research elsewhere, it becomes obvious that there are lots of areas of investigation still to be expanded, as far as the German and the Romanian languages are concerned. The research approaches suggested here are meant to highlight more specific aspects of linguistic phraseological material.
The paper focuses on aspects of comparative phraseology and paremioloy between two languages, German and Romanian and aims at disclosing differences and similarities in connection with proverbs and idioms on “the devil”. 112 items circling around “the devil” and its synonyms are being analyzed as to the life experience, world perspective and superstitions reflected in the proverbs, by drawing parallels between the equivalent structures functioning in the two languages, their form and content.
The lexeme „Deisam” in the sense of ‘sourdough’ is part of the vocabulary our ancestors brought with them from the German speaking space. Here in Transylvania the word gained its own meanings along the centuries, which is evidenced in particular word constructions, with interesting semantic content. These form the basis of linguistic processes of mixture and compensation within the whole vernacular landscape, which are typical for a colonial dialect. Since Transylvanian Saxon is assigned to the Franconian dialects of the Middle Rhine, in my exposition I also make reference to the Rhenish and Palatine lexicons. Dialectical references taken from the two dictionaries are identified in the footnotes.