430 Germanische Sprachen; Deutsch
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This work investigates laryngeal and supralaryngeal correlates of the voicing contrast in alveolar obstruent production in German. It further studies laryngealoral co-ordination observed for such productions. Three different positions of the obstruents are taken into account: the stressed, syllable initial position, the post-stressed intervocalic position, and the post-stressed word final position. For the latter the phonological rule of final devoicing applies in German. The different positions are chosen in order to study the following hypotheses:
1. The presence/absence of glottal opening is not a consistent correlate of the voicing contrast in German.
2. Supralaryngeal correlates are also involved in the contrast.
3. Supralaryngeal correlates can compensate for the lack of distinction in laryngeal adjustment.
Including the word final position is motivated by the question whether neutralization in word final position would be complete or whether some articulatory residue of the contrast can be found.
Two experiments are carried out. The first experiment investigates glottal abduction in co-ordination with tongue-palate contact patterns by means of simultaneous recordings of transillumination, fiberoptic films and Electropalatography (EPG). The second experiment focuses on supralaryngeal correlates of alveolar stops studied by means of Electromagnetic Articulography (EMA) simultaneously with EPG. Three German native speakers participated in both recordings. Results of this study provide evidence that the first hypothesis holds true for alveolar stops when different positions are taken into account. In fricative production it is also confirmed since voiceless and voiced fricatives are most of the time realised with glottal abduction. Additionally, supralaryngeal correlates are involved in the voicing contrast under two perspectives. First, laryngeal and supralaryngeal movements are well synchronised in voiceless obstruent production, particularly in the stressed position. Second, supralaryngeal correlates occur especially in the post-stressed intervocalic position. Results are discussed with respect to the phonetics-phonology interface, to the role of timing and its possible control, to the interarticulatory co-ordination, and to stress as 'localised hyperarticulation'.
Syllable cut is said to be a phonologically distinctive feature in some languages where the difference in vowel quantity is accompanied by a difference in vowel quality like in German. There have been several attempts to find the corresponding phonetic correlates for syllable cut, from which the energy measurements of vowels by Spiekermann (2000) proved appropriate for explaining the difference between long, i.e. smoothly, and short, i.e. abruptly cut, vowels: in smoothly cut vowels, a larger number of peaks was counted in the energy contour which were located further back than in abruptly cut segments, and the overall energy was more constant throughout the entire nucleus. On this basis, we intended to compare German as a syllable cut language and Hungarian where the feature was not expected to be relevant. However, the phonetic correlates of syllable cut found in this study do not entirely confirm Spiekermann's results. It seems that the energy features of vowels are more strongly connected to their duration than to their quality.
This study reports on the results of an airflow experiment that measured the duration of airflow and the amount of air from release of a stop to the beginning of a following vowel in stop vowel-sequences of German. The sequences involved coronal, labial and velar voiced and voiceless stops followed by the vocoids /j, i:, ı, ɛ, ʊ, a/. The experiment tested the influence of the three factors voicing of stop, place of stop articulation, and the following vocoid context on the duration and amount of air as possible explanation for assibilation processes. The results show that the voiceless stops are related to a longer duration and more air in the release phase than voiced ones. For the influence of the vocoids, a significant difference could be established between /j/ and all other vocoids for the duration of the release phase. This difference could not be found for the amount of air over this duration. The place of articulation had only restricted influence. Velars resulted in significantly longer duration of the release phase compared to non-velars. A significant difference in amount of air between the places of articulation could not be found.
The present article is a follow-up study of the investigation of labiodentals in German and Dutch by Hamann & Sennema (2005), where we looked at the perception of the Dutch labiodental three-way contrast by German listeners without any knowledge of Dutch and German learners of Dutch. The results of this previous study suggested that the German voiced labiodental fricative /v/ is perceptually closer to the Dutch approximant /ʋ/ than to the corresponding Dutch voiced labiodental fricative /v/. These perceptual indications are attested by the acoustic findings in the present study. German /v/ has a similar harmonicity median and a similar centre of gravity to Dutch /ʋ/, but differs from Dutch /v/ in these parameters. With respect to the acoustic parameter of duration, German /v/ lies closer to the Dutch /v/ than to the Dutch /ʋ/.
In der deutschsprachigen Schweiz stehen sich gesprochene Mundarten und geschriebene Standardsprache gegenüber. Außer in formellen Situationen wird Mundart gesprochen, und bis vor kurzem wurde nur selten Mundart geschrieben, sondern die hochdeutsche Schriftsprache. Die Chat-Kommunikation zeigt einerseits durch die nicht-zeitversetzte quasi-direkte Kommunikation wesentliche Züge von Mündlichkeit, die zusammen mit der Informalität im Chat den Mundartgebrauch fördert. Andererseits ist das Medium immer noch die Schrift, welche die Domäne der Standardsprache darstellt. Mundart und Standardsprache stehen sich also in Chaträumen in direkter Konkurrenz gegenüber. Der folgende Beitrag analysiert quantitativ und qualitativ das Neben- und Miteinander der beiden Varietäten in Schweizer Chaträumen und untersucht das Vorkommen und die Bedingungen von Code-Alternation und Code-Switches.
In regionalen Schweizer Chaträumen stellt die Mundart mit Anteilen um 80% bis 90% die unmarkierte Varietät dar. Chats bieten somit einen Einblick in die individuell geprägte Verschriftung der Schweizer Dialekte, die sich einerseits regional verschieden präsentiert und andererseits fern von Vereinheitlichungstendenzen liegt. Durch diese Normierungsferne lässt sich aus den Chatdaten in groben Zügen eine Sprachgeographie nachzeichnen, wie sie im Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz SDS (1962–1997) festgehalten ist. Hier sollen Reflexe der sprachgeographischen Verteilung in der Verschriftung der flektierten Formen von «haben» nachgezeichnet werden. Neben der grundsätzlichen Bestätigung dieser Struktur zeigen sich in der Analyse auch systematisch Abweichungen, die unter Berücksichtigung der Verschriftungsbarriere Hinweise auf Sprachwandel geben können, die jedoch mit authentischen Daten gesprochener Sprache überprüft werden müssen.
Die Prosodie der Mundarten wurde schon früh als auffälliges und distinktes Merkmal wahrgenommen und in mehreren Arbeiten zur Grammatik des Schweizerdeutschen mittels Musiknoten festgehalten (u. a. J. Vetsch 1910, E. Wipf 1910, K. Schmid 1915, W. Clauss 1927, A. Weber 1948), wobei schon A. Weber (1948, S. 53) anmerkt, "dass sich der musikalische Gang der Rede nicht ohne Gewaltsamkeit mit der üblichen Notenschrift darstellen lässt". Da also eine adäquate Kodierung, eine theoretische Grundlage und die notwendigen phonetischen Instrumente zur Intonationsforschung fehlten, wurden diese ersten Ansätze nicht aus- und weitergeführt. Erst in der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts brachte die technische Entwicklung Instrumente zur Messung der Prosodie hervor, die nun durch die Popularisierung der entsprechenden Computerprogramme im Übergang zum 21. Jahrhundert für die linguistische Forschung intensiv und breit genutzt werden können.
Erstens bezeichnet das Lexem scherzhaft eine Person, die morgens lange oder im Allgemeinen viel schläft: also folglich ein Morgenmuffel, der entsprechende Schwierigkeiten beim Wachwerden hat. Zweitens wird unter dem gleichen Lemma mit der Wortgruppe seitsemän unikekoa (also ,sieben unikeko-Personen'; vgl. dt. Siebenschläfer) auf den nächsten Wortartikel uniheonpäivä ('Tag des unikeko') zum 27. Juli und zu dessen christlicher Legendentradition hingewiesen. Im Vergleich zu Deutschland also nicht im Juni, sondern erst im Juli wird in Finnland, insbesondere in Naantali, auf Schwedisch Nådendal, d.h. Vallis Gratiae, dieser Siebenschläfertag mit touristischen Attraktionen zelebriert: jährlich wird eine Person zum unikeko gekürt, zur Auszeichnung wird er dann in einer karnevalistischen Zeremonie gar ins Meer geworfen. Drittens wird unikeko als eine Tierbezeichnung für ein kletterndes Nagetier, das Winterschlaf hält, vorgestellt. Es geht um einen Bilch oder eine Schlafmaus - im lateinischen terminologisch heutzutage glis glis genannt. Es fragt sich nun, wie das finnische unikeko auf Deutsch heißt. Unser Interesse gilt in diesem Zusammenhang insbesondere dem semantischen Entsprechungsprofil finnisch unikeko contra deutsch Siebenschläfer und umgekehrt.
The following essay discusses the possibilities of integrating linguistic and semantic aspects of teaching German as a Foreign Language in secondary schools in Santa Catarina using an interculturally orientated approach. Drawing on the insight that 'otherness' is a relational notion, so that the image we create of 'the other' depends essentially on the understanding of one's own culture and the histories, values and social reality inscribed in it, the article proposes a didactic approach that uses the teaching of morpho-syntactic structures to instigate intercultural reflections. Moreover, to be able to fully exploit the potential of divergent notions of 'self' and 'otherness' in the language classroom, teaching activities are proposed that allow learners to respond individually to the material presented. The article proposes and discusses various didactic activities that allow the teacher to use the course book in order to create and explore interculturally significant material.
In the theoretical context of Critical Applied Linguistics, this paper examines two aspects that are important for a consideration of the possible imaginaries that permeate the contact between a Brazilian student and German as a foreign language. I analyze the possible consequences of the argument that German is a very "cultivated" and difficult language, as well as the lack of incentive, in didactic material, for reflections on the peculiarities of a possible contact between a Brazilian student and the German language or a native speaker of that language. Finally, this paper intends to discuss whether if there is any didactic material used for teaching of German in Brazil which stimulates the pupils to criticize the peculiarities and the imaginaries that permeate their contact with the German culture and language.
At the same time that language is fundamental for establishing and maintaining social-cultural groups, it is also influenced by them to the extent that a number of social-cultural conventions are unconsciously mirrored in their members’ linguistic manifestations. Different expectations regarding conversational style in interactions between speakers from different cultural groups can lead to misunderstandings, conflicts or even to the creation and perpetuation of stereotypes. This paper will present some examples and considerations of conversational style and interculturality in general and about conversational style in German and Brazil in particular.
The article presents an analysis of different speech styles used by participants of the German speech community in contrast to the Brazilian one, based on examples of interviews made in both cultures. After the illustration of the different language uses, the article’s focus will be on the communicative functions the styles in each community. So, we find the phatic, poetic and expressive function more dominant in the Brazilian speech, whereas the use of the referential and the metalinguistic function seem to be more common in the speech of the German respondents. It is therefore possible to establish the dichotomy between the actor and the spectator in a metaphorical sense to summarize these contrasting functions. Finally, the fact in which these results can in part be explicated by their embedding in different cultural and historical backgrounds, emphasizing the Brazilian speech community as a more heterogenous and baroque, compared with the German one which tends to be more homogenous and (self)-observing will be shown.
This study investigates supralaryngeal mechanisms of the two way voicing contrast among German velar stops and the three way contrast among Korean velar stops, both in intervocalic position. Articulatory data won via electromagnetic articulography of three Korean speakers and acoustic recordings of three Korean and three German speakers are analysed. It was found that in both languages the voicing contrast is created by more than one mechanism. However, one can say that for Korean velar stops in intervocalic position stop closure duration is the most important parameter. For German it is closure voicing. The results support the phonological description proposed by Kohler (1984).
The present paper investigates a certain subset of clause linkage phenomena and develops a constraint-based account to the empirical fact that clauses need to be distinguished with respect to their degree of integratedness into a potential matrix clause. Considering as example German, it is shown that the generally assumed twofold distinction between main and subordinate clauses (or root and embedded clauses) does not suffice to deal with the presented data. It is argued that the discussed linkage phenomena originate from syntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties of the clauses involved, and should hence be encoded in grammar.