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The present paper accumulates information and studies the etymology of the Romanian ethnonym “Aleman” and its versions, beginning from their geographical spread throughout Romania and Germany. The Romanian surnames “Aleman” and “Aloman” (highest prevalence in the area of Transylvania, in the Sibiu and Alba counties), as well as “Aliman”, “Alimănescu”, “Alaman” and “Alman” (highest prevalence in the areas of Muntenia, Oltenia and Dobrogea) do not come from the French term “allman” as their German equivalents “Allman”, “Allmang”, “Lallemand” do, which are concentrated in the Western Germany (in the Saarland, Rhineland-Palatinate German federal districts), due to the fact that there are no correspondents to the surnames of the Transylvanian Saxons. Therefore, the origin of these Romanian surnames is more likely to relate to the Turkish term “aleman” (see Iordan, 1983, p. 25 and 23), which also refers to the Germanic tribe of alamans or alemans, having the same meaning of “German”. The geographical proliferation of the “Aleman” and “Aliman” versions of the term is specific to the East to West population migration phenomena. These versions are the only ones existent in today’s Germany. Thus the “Aleman” and “Aliman” surnames are to be found in strongly industrialized centers such as Munich, Stuttgart, Karlsruhe, Mannheim, Wiesbaden, Bielefeld, Hamburg and not in the area of the German-French frontier (see following map).
Based on the specific use of fixed expressions in everyday communication or in written messages, the paper presents modifications of reiterated discourse (suppresion, addition, substitution, permutation) that are illustrated by adapted common phrases and innovations of text types with formalized language.
In our “House Europe” the exchange of ideas is going on intensively and the multi-cultural societies are in continuous transformation. An interesting example for cultural transfer in a multi-lingual and multi-confessional society is the reception of the St. Martin’s Day combined with the lantern procession organized by the German schools in Transylvania. The schools with German teaching language in Romania became a practice area for intercultural communication. Since 1997, first grade students at German schools in Romania learn from a new reading primer. One of the reading passages, “Our Lantern Festival”, initiated the spreading of a feast which had not been popular before neither with the German speaking minority of the Transylvanian Saxons, nor with the Romanian majority. The Lantern Festival is closely linked to the celebration of St. Martin, who is a European figure of high symbolic power. We can allege that the cultural diversity is an additional value for Europe. In the era of globalization, when migration processes and cultural hybridization are getting more intense, the intercultural communication has to adjust its inherited paradigm to the contemporary dynamics and heterogeneity of cultures.
On August 13, 2010 Horst Schuller, university professor, former head of the German Studies Department of the University of Sibiu, Romanian-born German critic and literary historian reached the age of 70 years. The present article pays homage to the well-known scientist at reaching the venerable age.
The present paper aims to analyse the language use in the interactive field of online comments, which appeared in the online discussion site of the Siebenbürgische Zeitung Online forum. The analyse focuses on the performance of the speech act sanctioning at the linguistic level – lexical, morphological, syntactic, pragmatic. The participants to the process of interaction, who are members of the Siebenbürger Sachsen association, introduce discussion topics on the political situation in Romania or reply to others’ comments by taking a stand on the topics. The authoress takes the theoretical stance of pragmalinguistics, speech act theory and intercultural communication in assessing language facts.
The author, attracted to the Romanian poetry written during the inter-war period, tried to translate into German some of the poems wirtten by Ion Pillat and Ion Barbu. From this pursuit he could learn a lot, not only thanks to his inclination towards the original text, by interpreting it from a semantic point of view, but also by searching the lexical equivalents established in the target-language. In the magazine, there are introduced poets that belong to the younger generation and so, he managed to approach their licirical creations more as a translator, especially those written by Nichita Stănescu and Ioan Alexandru. At the same time, the author narrates some of his experiences regarding the folklore poetry, his steps concerning the translation of the ballads written originally by Transylvanian Saxons in the literary German. Moreover, he does not fail to outline the realization of a short edition from the piece of work, created in Latin by the Transylvanian humanist Christian Schesäus, the poem Istoria Anei Kendi, translated with the help of a few contributors in Romanian, Hungarian and German.
The following paper presents the 17th volume on German studies Kronstädter Beiträge zur Germanistischen Forschung 2017. The volume deals with constructions of masculinity and femininity in German culture, literature and language. Through its various articles the volume delineates the way masculinity and femininity are constructed in everyday life, as well as in literature and in language.
The fully revised, extended and updated second edition of the Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen (German Variant Dictionary) covers hitherto not lexicographically coded peculiarities of the German language in Romania, Namibia, and Mexico and thus the present variety spectrum on the margins and far beyond the closed German language area. The dictionary points out differences and thus peculiarities of the different varieties of the German language spoken in the respective centers.
The family name Fleşer and its viariations come from the German family name and from the common noun with the same form Fleischer (Rom. „măcelar” – butcher) which is prevalent in East and Northeast of Germany today, and which in its turn appeard as the aftermath of a contraction of the compound noun Fleischhauer (Lat. macellator), initially spread in the centre and North of Germany.
The monophthongal noun Fleşer and its variant forms Fleşeru, Fleşeriu, Fleşieru and Fleşariu, formed with the suffix of German origin determining the agent -er (< lat. -arius) or with that/those of Romanian origin -ar(iu), (< lat. -arius) are concentrated mainly in Transilvania today, especially in the neighbouring counties of Alba and Sibiu.
Hence, the family name Fleşer and its variations turn out to be compelling examples of the linguistic interculturality between German and Romanian in Transilvania and in Romania, in this case demonstrated in terms of onomastic.
Wortbildungen, die im Siebenbürgisch-Sächsischen aufgrund von lateinischen Lexemen entstanden sind
(2018)
As the Reformation took place in the first half of the 16th century in Transylvania and the Germanspeaking mother regions alike, the schooling systems were restructured. Instruction in Latin language was mandatory for attendees of teachers' training institutions. Latin texts were read, Latin grammar was practiced and exercises to that effect were completed. Up to the mid of the 19th century, schools methodically practised high German in writing and reading, but oddly, not in speaking. The spoken language was the vernacular. Consequently student language developed curious constructions based on Latin vocabulary. The vernacular examples chosen are taken from the Transylvanian-Saxon Dictionary, and from vernacular and specialist literature.
The aim of this paper is to show how Grimmelshausen uses forms of addressing and which factors are important for the choice of address in the novel Simplicissimus. The research of indirect speaking in novel texts of the baroque is a desiderate in science. The result is: Often pragmatic motives of situation figure rather the choice of address then conventions of social classes. The balance between power semantic and solidary semantic as well as human affects and emotions regulate how literary characters are addressing other characters. The reason for that is that most authors refer to novel texts with members of the society’s elite. Contrary it can be argued that Grimmelshausen uses many different levels of society. Therefore, we can suppose, that our investigation makes the understanding of how politeness is working round. It is based on knowledge of a dynamic language.
The research of phraseology in fiction has gained importance from its wide potential of its application in modern literature. This creative linguistic phenomenon manifests itself primarily in the branch of “author phraseologism”. Author phraseologism indicates the phraseological units that appear in the works of a certain author; these units may occur frequently or may occur in isolated cases throughout the his/her work. Author phraseologism is regarded as a main source of creative expressions. If these creative expressions are subjected to circulation and wide usage, they develop into established phraseologisms that become well-known to the public. A renowned exemplification of this is the quotation from Hamlet “to be or not to be, that is the question”. Generally, these author phraseologisms have certain functions to fulfil; they give the literary work a semantic and aesthetic value.
Therefore, this paper attempts to explore Peter's active creative work on his poetic language since he rarely tends to use the fairly frozen idiomatic phrases that have widely been used before his time. This research paper analyses these creative phrases syntactically, semantically and metaphorically by identifying the phraseological potential, aesthetic value and poetic function in some of Peter's short stories.
The selected short stories of Peters that are analysed, are a part of the most modern literary works. This could be the reason for that his newly created phrases, have not been acknowledged as fixed phrases yet. The fact that the phrases are not repeated within the same story or in other works by himself, may be one of the reasons for that the investigated examples cannot be considered as anchored phraseologisms.
What gives this paper importance is the study of the creative language of Peters. Furthermore, this paper contributes to synchronous and documentary research of phraseology in the German literature. Peter's works has been previously studied from a literary and cultural point of view, however the linguistic aspects of his works were not given sufficient attention.
Intermarriages in Transylvania are a topic that is still to little scientifically explored. Saxons and Romanians in Transylvania each married in their own circles in accordance with the times they lived.The Second World War, the establishment of communism, deportation and nationalization have changed relations between the Transylvanian Saxons and Romanians. The number of mixed marriages has begun to grow and cultural proximity has become real. Life in Communism has become a collective destiny. At the base of this study are 25 questionnaires filled in by people coming from mixed marriages. The following aspects were analyzed: the name and identity attributed thereto, spoken languages, confession, family life, identity positioning.
The materialis based on the fact that German citizens which have been born in Transylvania (Saxons) and immigrated to Germany return even “in death” to their homeland, be that through the choice of the medium where the death notice is published, or through the content of the death notice itself. The article follows the mechanisms through which this reference is built and analyzes the objective, geographical and cultural referentiality as well as the subjective recollections of the former, now far away, homeland, relying on death notices published in the Siebenbürgischen Zeitungbetween January 2012 – December 2015 und January 2017 – March 2018.
The study deals with the large variety of judicial trials found in the records of the magistrate and judge of Sibiu of the 16th and 17th century. The topics of the magistratedocuments include heritage, the changing of the property right, guild regulations, rules for day laborers and servants and even orders regarding the number of persons that could attend to a feast and the number of dishes that should be served. The judicial papers deal with litigations, robberies, unpaid debts, frauds, adultery, crime and witchcraft trials.
Inspired by the general theme Interculturality in language and literature. Assimilation – distinction – exchange, the contribution offers a short survey over the linguistic situation at the schools with instruction in German language in Romania and outlines the evolution, problems and perspectives in this domain. The long tradition of the church-sponsored, Lutheran German schools of the Transylvanian Saxons belongs to history. The present linguistic situation at schools with instruction in German language in Romania is a totally changed one and all participants are facing huge challenges. Very briefly, current aspects of the linguistic situation (school types, staff, students, acquisition of the language of instruction, multilingualism, language competence, phenomena of language contact, intercultural learning etc.) as well as possible actions in the field of multilingual didactics and educational politicy are pointed up.
This article addresses a little discussed popular phenomenon, namely that of internet memes as a manifestation of public criticism in the online space. Internet memes are pieces of entertainement with an extremely adaptable repertoire, defined by unexpected word associations, sentences, retorts, purposely modified images, which become viral by replication. The variation forms, the parody, puns, humorous, ironically-sarcastic allusions to current events, socially important topics, or statements of public figures make it clear how the modifications of a message built around some suggestive images with an obviously telling statement can get political relevance.
Until World War 1 tried Adolf Meschendörfer differently to modernize the German-Transylvanian cultural scene. Therefore he published the magazine Die Karpathen (1907-1914), which included the novel Leonore. Roman eines nach Siebenbürgen Verschlagenen. Leonore is in several ways prototypical for the modernity
The present study which was presented at an international scientific session dedicated to the Bologna process and to its implementation in Romania – session organized in Sibiu in the period May 6-8, 2010 – makes reference to the structure of the Bologna-type structure within the German Studies of Sibiu. There have been taken into account the Bachelor’s, Master’s and Doctoral degrees as well as exemplifications regarding curricular aspects. The study points out both the strengths of the Bologna process and its weaknesses such as a more modest interaction between research and instruction within the Bachelor’s degree studies, whereas this desideratum can be better met within the Master’s degree programmes, the crowning achievement within the research activity being the doctorate.
The following paper presents the 12th volume of the Studies on German Language and Literature – Kronstädter Beiträge zur germanistischen Forschung 2010. The theme of the volume is humor, so that each article aims at analyzing various aspects in rendering humor in language and literature.
The following paper presents the 11th volume of the Studies on German Language and Literature – Kronstädter Beiträge zur germanistischen Forschung 2009. The theme of the volume is „Remembering and Forgetting” On the Contribution of German Writing in the Process of Identity Construction in Central and Eastern Europe. Thus, each article aims at analyzing various aspects regarding the role of writing within identity construction.
Rezension zu:
Germanistische Beiträge 25. Sonderband. „Schreiben ist zweifellos ein Ziegelrücken”. Studien und Aufsätze zu Joachim Wittstock: Bibliographie 1999-2009. Universitätsverlag Sibiu/ Hermannstadt 2009. ISSN 1454-5144. / Elekes Robert Gabriel
Carmen Elisabeth Puchianu: Literatur im Streiflicht – Germanistische Aufsätze, Rezensionen, Würdigungen. Überarbeitete Textauswahl. aldus Verlag Kronstadt, ISBN 978-973-7822-48-2, 15 RON / Delia Cotârlea
Band XI. der Kronstädter Beiträge zur germanistischen Forschung „Erinnern und Vergessen”. Zum identitätsbildenden Beitrag der Deutschsprachigkeit im mittel- und osteuropäischen Raum. aldus Verlag Kronstadt 2009, ISSN 1842 – 9564, 22 RON. / Delia Cotârlea
Band XII. der Kronstädter Beiträge zur germanistischen Forschung. Lachgeschichte(n). Humor und seine Spielarten in der deutschen Sprache und Literatur. aldus Verlag Kronstadt 2010, ISSN 1842 – 9564, 25 RON. / Delia Cotârlea
In the 1930s and 40s the leading political figures of the German minority in Romania embraced a pro-fascist attitude. Therefore, after the WWII, Germans had to suffer expropriation, deportation and privation of civil rights. Since 1949 they were permitted to rebuild their cultural life which – according to the communist paradigm – had to be „Marxist in its content and national in shape“. In 1956 an Institute for Social Studies and the Humanities of the Romanian Academy was created in Sibiu in order to continue important scientific projects of the German minority, and since 1959 the review Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde appeared as a tribune of Transylvanian studies. Although the editorial staff had to make concessions to the communist regime, its members tried to keep high scientific standards. Therefore the review Forschungen, the sole scientific periodical of the Romanian Academy published in German, was one of the most important reviews of the time.
The purpose of this work is the linguistic analysis of the German street names in Petreşti, a locality in the county of Alba situated 4 kilometers south of the town of Sebeş which has a German-Romanian bilingual population. We also want to develop a morpho-lexical analysis (compounds of two words and descriptive constructions formed by a preposition and a noun), as well as of aspects of orthography and spelling (we analyze especially the inconsequences which appeared in the spelling of the street names and in their orthography), and furthermore an analysis of onomastic interferences, starting from the comparison of the German and Romanian street names (translation calques and words resulted from calques).
Beispiel, Erfahrung, Theorie : Übersetzungswissenschaftliche Anmerkungen von Hermine Pilder-Klein
(2010)
The present article concentrates on the activity of Hermine Pilder-Klein as theoretician and translation critic. (Hermine Pilder-Klein: translator from Romanian to German of the second half of the 20th century carried out 80 translations from this cultural space in the period 1933-1972. Horst Schuller makes reference to 2 articles that are kept in the archive of the Museum of Gundelsheim: 1. a review of the volume Siebenbürgisch Sächsisches Wörterbuch (Transylvanian Saxon Dictionary) published in Bucharest. The review was published in the No. 4/1972 of the periodical Vierteljahresblätter in München; 2. a critical presentation of the volume Rumänische Volksmärchen (Romanian Folk Tales) edited by Ovidiu Bârlea and Felix Karlinger (the volume was published in 1969 in Düsseldorf/Köln: Eugen Diederichs Verlag), the work bearing the title Übersetzung-Schlüssel und Brücke (Translation – Key and Bridge) (1977), remained unpublished and was taken over by Horst Schuller in the present article.
Kultur und (Rechts)Sprache
(2010)
The content of the present paper can be outlined as follows:
1) Law is an integrative part of culture.
2) Legal terminology is system-bound. Thus, within one and the same language there are as many legal languages as there are legal orders that use that particular language as their legal language.
3) The representation of culture in legal texts is encountered both on word and on text level: on the one hand legal terms have often been referred to as culturemes, as they are informed by the respective legal order; on the other hand texts are being regarded as cultural products as they depend on the particular legal order.
The adequate assessment of lexicographical approaches to phraseologisms requires certain evaluation criteria. Among the aspects to be assessed are, besides the arrangement of the front, middle and back matter and the selection of material, the macrostructural organization and the quality of the microstructural components. The present article focuses on the lexicographical standards set for phraseological dictionaries by metalexicographical researchers in the field of German Studies, while it critically examines the macro- and microstructural profile of special phraseological dictionaries developed in Romania with German as a target and source language. This examination has revealed serious shortcomings regarding both the conceptual orientation and the construction of dictionary entries. These shortcomings may influence the use of dictionaries by translators and non-native speakers as well, who represent the actual target group.
Gradation and intensification can be subject to different linguistic procedures. The present paper focuses on aspects of intensification and gradation by means of word formation in adjectives. The argument is that German and Romanian, as languages belonging to different language families, operate with different means to express high intensity in adjectives. The critical analysis on dictionary items (German-Romanian) aims at disclosing how mental representations are being formally structured at language level. It argues that correct equivalence in translation work can be achieved only if the deep structure level is properly understood by the translator.
Zum Quellenwert deutscher Sprachzeugnisse aus Südosteuropa für die Sprachgeschichte des Deutschen
(2010)
The history of the German language is not described adequately by the classification into Old, Middle High, Early New and New High German. Looking at regional varieties shows the simultaneous existence of older and newer manifestations in the language. Examples of older Transsylvanian writings and Danube-Swabian dialects from Romania and Hungary show how German varieties of South-Eastern Europe can be used for a more profound understanding of the history of the entire German language.
The Chair of German Philology at the University of Sibiu delivered literary-historical studies on themes of the German Literature in Romania for several years. Together with the Forschungszentrum für Sozialwissenschaften (Research Centre for Social Studies), together with the local agency of the Romanian Academy Bucharest, denominated the Institute for Social and Humanistic Researches and together with other Chairs of the country there have been envisaged and performed community projects.
The contributor gives information on such projects on the basis of his knowledge of the involved staff, from the overview of agreements, methods and balances.
Lucrarea doreşte să realizeze o analiză succintă a diferenţelor dintre două traduceri reprezentative ale operei Faust de Johann Wolfgang Goethe în limba română, cea a lui Lucian Blaga şi cea a lui Ştefan Augustin Doinaş, luând ca „mostră” de text scena Noaptea din partea întâia a tragediei. Dat fiind că scena conţine o aglomerare relativ mare de noţiuni cu o încărcătură semantică semnificativă, lucrarea de faţă analizează elementele lexicale esenţiale la nivelul semantic al textului, verificând echivalenţa din versiunile în limba română.
Articolul discută, luând ca exemplu schiţa dramatică Bowl, Cat and Broomstick de Wallace Stevens, diferenţierea făcută de Eugene Nida între echivalenţa formală şi echivalenţa dinamică ca procedee de traducere. Greşelile de traducere arată că doar un discernământ lingvistic şi cultural deosebit îl poate ajuta pe un bun traducător să evite atât o traducere mecanică, cuvânt cu cuvânt, ca în cazul echivalenţei formale, cât şi o “înstrăinare” a originalului, ca în cazul unei echivalenţe dinamice prea generoase.
Lucrarea de faţă tratează aspecte specifice ale traducerii de lirică umoristică precum redarea conţinutului comic, re-crearea particularităţilor formale ale originalului, aplicarea de diferite strategii în traducerea jocurilor de cuvinte etc. În acelaşi timp, articolul doreşte să atragă atenţia cititorilor şi traducătorilor asupra acestui gen literar oarecum neglijat, care însă dovedeşte cu prisosinţă, în pofida prejudecăţii larg răspândite despre lipsa de umor a germanilor, că aceştia excelează în comic verbal, cel mai adesea intraductibil.
Analizând contactul intercultural româno-german iniţiat pe calea traducerilor, prezentând momente istorice, biografice şi estetice de vârf, se supun analizei criteriile ce permit stabilirea unor paradigme calitative de structură, proces şi eficienţă. La începutul traducerilor din literatura cultă pare-se că a stat şi Mihail Kogălniceanu cu a sa traducere din Asachi (“Odă către Italia”, apărută în 1837 la Berlin). Traduceri mult mai sistematice şi cu o mai largă răspândire în spaţiul european şi un ecou deosebit se datorează unor traducători ca Josef Marlin, Carmen Sylva, Hermann Roth, Alfred Margul-Sperber, Oskar Pastior, Dieter Roth, Werner Söllner, ale căror motivaţii, preferinţe, teoretizări şi rang se recontextualizează exemplificându-se astfel diferite stadii în istoria propagării literaturii române culte şi populare, subliniindu-se situaţia sociologică actuală de unicitate, datorităfaptului că în prezent trăiesc foarte mulţi potenţiali traducători de literatură română în spaţiul lingvistic german. Cel mai notabil succes de mijlocire literară se datorează în prezent lui Gerhardt Csejka din Frankfurt pe Main, care (traducând şi pentru reviste româneşti online) a devenit traducătorul fidel al autorului Mircea Cărtărescu.
Gramatica dependenţială, aşa cum a fost elaborată în spaţiul de limbă germană, în special de Ulrich Engel, a fost receptată în lingvistica românească cu mare întârziere.
Lucrarea de faţă se concentrează asupra unui fenomen lingvistic specific, fraza nominală, şi analizează un text subsumabil limbajului juridic din perspectiva nucleelor nominale formate de cuvinte compuse în limba germană. Pornind de la conceptul de valenţă se analizează din perspectivă contrastivă varianta textului în limba germană şi traducerea în limba română.
Se evidenţiază diferenţele structurale dintre cele două limbi la nivelul sintactic şi semantic, diferenţe care, dacă nu sunt sesizate şi interpretate corect, au drept repercusiuni traduceri deficitare.
Articolul de faţă se înscrie într-o arie tematică generoasă a lexicografiei germane, prezentând principalele preocupări şi tendinţe ale cercetării metalexicografice moderne. Redactarea unor noi dicţionare frazeologice care să corespundă exigenţelor metodologice constituie o problemă actuală şi centrală a frazeologiei aplicate şi a lexicografiei teoretice şi practice. Problema descrierii specificului şi a contextului utilizării fondului frazeologic în dicţionare mono- sau bilingve a generat o serie de polemici şi ipoteze care au condus la descoperirea unor soluţii – nu întotdeauna viabile – pentru eficientizarea şi îmbunătăţirea dicţionarelor de acest tip. În literatura de specialitate recentă este punctată importanţa unui concept unitar, fundamentat ştiinţific şi susţinut empiric, cu aplicabilitate mare, fapt ce necesită elucidarea unor serii de probleme de abordare, prezentare şi codificare lexicografică.
Deutsches Kulturgut im rumänischen Hermannstädter Periodikum "Provincia literară" (1932 bis 1934)
(2008)
Articolul de faţă prezintă rezultatele analizei şi catalogării articolelor ce cuprind referiri la cultura germană prezente în revista de literatură, critică şi artă Provincia literară, care apare la Sibiu între anii 1932-1934. Numărul acestor articole este relativ scăzut, dată fiind şi perioada scurtă de apariţie a publicaţiei, dar subiectele tratate dovedesc cu generozitate aprecierea de care se bucură cultura germană în acest centru cultural care a fost Sibiul dintotdeauna.
Omagiul sentimental adus traducătoarei Flora Fröhlich, în casa căreia se întruneau în anii dictaturii comuniste scriitori, traducători, intelectuali din diferite sfere profesionale, studenţi şi elevi, creionează portretul unei personalităţi de excepţie. Flora Fröhlich a desfăşurat o prodigioasă activitate ca traducătoare din română în limba germană a unor prozatori români contemporani, traducerile ei permiţând cunoaşterea literaturii române de publicul din spaţiul de limbă germană.
Flora Fröhlich a reuşit să coaguleze în jurul ei intelectuali marcanţi din Sibiu, casa în care locuia devenind un loc de întâlnire şi dezbateri pe teme culturale şi literare. Datorită personalităţii ei, a nivelului intelectual şi a caracterului ei a reuşit să devină formator de opinie, şi să contribuie efectiv la schimbul de idei în perioada regimului
totalitar.
Cele două nume de origine germanică, Gerhard şi Konnerth (ultimul fiind o formă derivată locală din Transilvania a numelui Konrad) sunt folosite ca paradigme pentru prezentarea interdependenţei dintre numele proprii ca şi clasă specială a substantivelor şi conotaţiile culturale ale antroponimelor. Rezultatul este o scurtă schiţă istorico-culturală pe o perioadă de studiu de peste 1000 de ani cu referinţă la persoana purtătoare a acestor nume, profesor dr. Gerhard Konnerth din Sibiu.