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Two studies investigate the production and perception of speech chunks in Estonian. A corpus study examines to what degree the boundaries of syntactic constituents and frequent collocations influence the distribution of prosodic information in spontaneously spoken utterances. A perception experiment tests to what degree prosodic information, constituent structure, and collocation frequencies interact in the perception of speech chunks. Two groups of native Estonian speakers rated spontaneously spoken utterances for the presence of disjunctures, whilst listening to these utterances (N = 47) or reading them (N = 40). The results of the corpus study reveal a rather weak correspondence between the distribution of prosodic information and boundaries of the syntactic constituents and collocations. The results of the perception experiments demonstrate a strong influence of clause boundaries on the perception of prosodic discontinuities as prosodic breaks. Thus, the results indicate that there is no direct relationship between the semantico-syntactic characteristics of utterances and the distribution of prosodic information. The percept of a prosodic break relies on the rapid recognition of constituent structure, i.e. structural information.
This paper presents an overview on deverbal nominalizations from Ktunaxa, a language isolate spoken in eastern British Columbia, Canada. Deverbal nominalizations are formed uniformly with a left-peripheral nominalizing particle k (Morgan 1991). However, they do not form a single homogenous class with respect to various syntactic properties. These properties are illustrated with novel data, showing that deverbal nominalizations fall into at least two classes, which are analyzed here as nominalization taking place at either vP or VP, where vP-nominalizations include the external argument and VP-nominalizations do not. Evidence for this division comes from how possession is expressed, the interpretation of the passive (and passive-like constructions), and the licensing of verbal modifiers. As both classes of deverbal nominalizations are constructed uniformly with the nominalizing particle, these properties are derived syntactically from the size of the verbal constituent being nominalized.
In the typology of West African languages, tone has been noted to play crucial grammatical and lexical roles, but its function in word formation has been less systematically explored and remains to be fully understood. Against this backdrop, the present study seeks to examine the form and function of tonal morphology in the formation of action nominals in four Kwa languages spoken in Ghana, namely Akan, Gã, Lεtε, and Esahie, a relatively unexplored language of the Central Tano subgroup. Relying on data from both secondary and primary sources, we argue that tone raising is an important component of Kwa action nominalization, as it is found across different languages and derivational strategies. Specifically, while across the Kwa languages considered, tone raising tends to be an epiphenomenon of phonological conditioning, sometimes tone is the sole component of the nominalization operation or, as in Esahie, it concurs with the affix to the derivation, hence playing a morphological function.
In Japanese, direct combination of verbs or adjectives by coordination (with to 'and') or juxtaposition (with its empty counterpart) can form a NP, if the conjuncts are antonymous to each other; the coordinator to 'and' can combine only NPs elsewhere. We claim that this is because there is a phonetically empty nominalizer that can nominalize each conjunct, and that the new nominal construction has been gradually developing in the history of Japanese. An acceptability-rating experiment targeting 400 participants shows that the younger speakers were likely to judge this construction more acceptable than the older ones, that this tendency is slightly weaker in the Nominative condition than in the Genitive condition, and that the coordination condition was significantly worse than the juxtaposition condition.
This article provides a comparative overview of phonological and phonetic differences of Mukrī Kurdish varieties and their geographical distribution. Based on the examined data, four distinct varieties can be distinguished. In each variety area, different phonological patterns are analyzed according to age, gender, and social groups in order to establish cross-regional and cross-generational developments in relation to specific phonological distributions and shifts. The variety regions which are examined in the present article include West Mukrī (representing an archaic form of Mukrī), Central Mukrī (representing a linguistically peripheral dialect), East Mukrī (representing mixed archaic and peripheral dialect features), and South Mukrī (sharing features of both Mukrī and Ardałānī). The study concludes that variation in the Mukrīyān region depends on phonological developments, which in turn are due to geographical and sociological factors. Moreover, contact-induced change and internal language development are also established as triggering factors distinguishing regional variants.
Hitaplar gerek formal konuşmada gerekse informal dilde belirleyici bir özelliğe sahiptir. Hitaplar konuşmaya, yazmaya veya herhangi bir yazılı belgeye başlarken kullanılan ve göndericinin alıcıya yönelik bakış açısını belirten dilsel ifadelerdir. Hitap edilen kişi veya gruplar muhatap olarak adlandırılır. Selamlama ve hitap araştırmalarında, bir muhataba hitap ederken kullanılan dilsel araçlara hitap biçimleri denir. Dilsel hitap biçimleri, ad ve zamir kategorisine ayrılabilir. Ad kategorisindeki hitap türleri isimlerin, mesleki ve diğer unvanların kullanımını içerir. Hitapların zamir biçimleri kendilerini şahıs zamirlerinde gösterir. Zamirlerin bir alt sınıfı olarak, şahıs zamirleri gönderene veya kişilere atıfta bulunur. Dilsel iletişim hitaplar ile başlar. Herhangi bir konu hakkında birisiyle birdenbire konuşmaya başlamamak toplumsal uzlaşımın bir parçasıdır. Bu bağlamda hitaplar yaşamın her anında yer bulmaktadır. Bu makalede, Türk ve Alman dijital ortamlarda kadınların hitap ifadelerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. İnternet günümüzde toplumun h er alanındaki insanların zorunlu bir alışkanlığı haline gelmiştir. Toplumdaki bireyler etkileşimlerini büyük oranda internet aracılığı ile gerçekleştirmekte, sosyal medyayı takip ederek merak ettikleri konular hakkında fikir sahibi olabilmektedirler. Toplumda, arasında kadınların da önemli bir yere sahip olduğu büyük bir kesim günün her anında sosyal medya üzerinden iletişim kurmakta, kurdukları her tür iletişimde farklı hitap türleri sergilemektedir. Bu çalışma, kullandıkları hitaplar açısından kadınların dilsel davranışlarını içermektedir. Bilindiği gibi kadınlar ve erkekler birçok açıdan ayrıdırlar. Kadın ve erkekler arasındaki bu farklılıklar kendine dijital ortamda da yer bulmaktadır. Makalenin birinci bölümünü oluşturan kuramsal kısımda, hitapların tanımından yola çıkılarak konunun ayrıntıları ortaya konacaktır. Çalışmanın uygulama bölümünde, Türkçe ve Almancadaki sosyal medya metinleri her iki dilde hitaplar açısından karşılaştırılarak incelenecektir. Elde edilen veriler kadınların iki dildeki hitap kullanımı bağlamında değerlendirilecektir. Bu değerlendirme sonucunda Türkçe ve Almancada kadın dilinin hitaplar açısından nasıl bir kullanım alanının olduğu görülecek, her iki dilde ne tür farklılıklar ve benzerliklerin gözlemlenebildiği sonucuna ulaşılacaktır. Çalışmada Türkçe ve Almanca hitaplar karşılaştırılacağından inceleme genel olarak kontrastif söylem analizi ve deskriptif-analitik yöntemler doğrultusunda karma bir yöntem ile yürütülecektir.
Als einer der wesentlichen und natürlichen Bestandteile der sprachlichen Kompetenz weisen Kollokationen sowohl in alltäglichen als auch in formellen Kommunikationssituationen einen elementaren Stellenwert auf. Für die Fremdsprachenlerner machen diese vorgeformten Mehrworteinheiten Produktionsschwierigkeiten aus, da sie in den meisten Fällen zahlreiche strukturelle und semantische Unterschiede zwischen Mutter- und zu lernender Fremdsprache aufweisen. Bei der Sprachproduktion neigen die Lerner häufig dazu, die Kollokationen in ihrer Muttersprache wörtlich in die Zielsprache zu übertragen, was vor allem im Falle von Divergenzen zu eventuellen Interferenzfehlern führen kann. Aus diesem Grund verdient die kontrastive Erfassung von Kollokationen in fremdsprachendidaktischer Diskussion ein besonderes Interesse. Ausgehend von diesen Diskussionen bezweckt die vorliegende Untersuchung primär, die somatischen Kollokationen im Deutschen und Türkischen im Rahmen der kontrastiven Phraseologie unter die Lupe zu nehmen und im Lichte dieser interlingualen Betrachtung die Äquivalenzbeziehungen zwischen beiden Sprachen in diesem lexikalischen Bereich darzulegen. Von den bei der Analyse beschriebenen Erkenntnissen sollen einige didaktische Folgerungen für türkische Deutschlerner abgeleitet werden.
Learning foreign languages is both necessary and difficult.There are numerous suggestions for improving the learning success in the foreign language school. They did not usually lead to the desired success.This is also because learning a foreign language at school is different from learning mother tongue, which focuses on intensive practical exercises and the principle of trial and error.That's why you do not learn much about how language works. With the proposal of a propaedeutic foreign language teaching a "detour" is to be gone with the help of a language and teaching material model, which allows it to deal with the functioning of language. For this purpose, the planned language Esperanto is suitable because it brings the necessary qualities for it and it positively influences the subsequent learning of ethnic foreign languages by transfer.
The Black Church, the largest sacral building in Transylvania, has been given a central role in the local identity narratives. As a historical place of remembrance, it mediates and mobilizes elements of historical knowledge, and at the same time constructs a myth.The article examines how the Black Church in Brasov, one of the most important symbols of the Transylvanian Saxons, is poetically constructed as a place of cultural memory in the German, Romanian and Hungarian poems of the interwar period, how the concrete place is reinterpreted as a space for creating identity, while the ethnic dimension should not be ignored. It examines the question of what symbolic value it has for the German, Romanian and Hungarian populations and how this can be seen from the lyrical texts of the time.