490 Andere Sprachen
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (224)
- Book (36)
- Review (34)
- Part of a Book (31)
- Working Paper (16)
- Report (14)
- Conference Proceeding (13)
- Part of Periodical (11)
- Doctoral Thesis (10)
- Contribution to a Periodical (4)
Language
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (399)
Keywords
- Deutsch (31)
- Türkisch (19)
- Croatian language (13)
- hrvatski jezik (13)
- red riječi (13)
- word order (12)
- Linguistik (11)
- Bratoljub Klaić (10)
- Soninké (10)
- Kroatisch (9)
- Polnisch (9)
- Tschechisch (9)
- Phonologie (7)
- Rezension (7)
- Sinotibetische Sprachen (7)
- Englisch (6)
- Phonetik (6)
- hrvatski standardni jezik (6)
- pravopis (6)
- Übersetzung (6)
- Croatian (5)
- Dialektologie (5)
- Fremdsprachenunterricht (5)
- German (5)
- Germanistik (5)
- Grammatik (5)
- Interkulturalität (5)
- Lehnwort (5)
- Metapher (5)
- accentuation (5)
- akcentuacija (5)
- leksikografija (5)
- lexicography (5)
- naglasak (5)
- orthography (5)
- tvorba riječi (5)
- word formation (5)
- Čakavian (5)
- Adolf Bratoljub Klaić (4)
- Akzent (4)
- Cakavisch (4)
- Chinesisch (4)
- Etymologie (4)
- Morphologie <Linguistik> (4)
- Nominalisierung (4)
- Qiang-Sprache (4)
- Rječnik stranih riječi (4)
- Semantik (4)
- Turkish (4)
- Wörterbuch (4)
- accent (4)
- acute (4)
- akut (4)
- dialectology (4)
- hrvatski (4)
- čakavski (4)
- 18. stoljeće (3)
- Belhare (3)
- Deutschland (3)
- Dictionary of Foreign Words (3)
- Fremdsprache (3)
- Fremdsprachenlernen (3)
- Kajkavian (3)
- Lexikologie (3)
- Literaturwissenschaft (3)
- Namenkunde (3)
- Nungisch (3)
- Politik (3)
- Possessivität (3)
- Pragmatik (3)
- Russisch (3)
- Slowenisch (3)
- Standard Croatian (3)
- Syntax (3)
- Tibetobirmanische Sprachen (3)
- Türkei (3)
- Urslawisch (3)
- Verb (3)
- Wortart (3)
- Wortbildung (3)
- dijalektologija (3)
- kajkavski (3)
- morfologija (3)
- naglasna paradigma (3)
- prijedlozi (3)
- sintaksa (3)
- syntax (3)
- 18th century (2)
- Albanisch (2)
- Arabisch (2)
- Bantusprachen (2)
- Baskisch (2)
- Begriff (2)
- Croatian Church Slavonic language (2)
- Deutsch als Fremdsprache (2)
- Diboov zakon (2)
- Drung (2)
- Dybo’s law (2)
- European Portuguese (2)
- Fachsprache (2)
- Georgisch (2)
- Germany (2)
- Geschichte (2)
- Gorski kotar (2)
- Indogermanische Sprachen (2)
- Interkulturelles Verstehen (2)
- Istrien (2)
- Istrisch (2)
- Kajkavian dialect group (2)
- Kajkavian grammars (2)
- Kiranti (2)
- Klaić (2)
- Kontrastive Phraseologie (2)
- Korpus <Linguistik> (2)
- Latin (2)
- Lexicology (2)
- Literatur (2)
- Markiertheit (2)
- Morphosyntax (2)
- Mundart (2)
- Märchen (2)
- Neologismus (2)
- Nominalphrase (2)
- Onomastics (2)
- Phraseologie (2)
- Phraseologismus (2)
- Popovo (2)
- Proto-Slavic (2)
- Proto-Tibetobirmanisch (2)
- Rechtssprache (2)
- Slovene language (2)
- Slowakisch (2)
- Soziolinguistik (2)
- Sprache (2)
- Sprachpolitik (2)
- Sprachtypologie (2)
- Sprechakt (2)
- Stokavisch (2)
- Tempus (2)
- Turkey (2)
- Türkischunterricht (2)
- Türkçe (2)
- Ungarisch (2)
- Valenz <Linguistik> (2)
- Verwandtschaftsbezeichnung (2)
- Wortstellung (2)
- a-deklinacija (2)
- accent paradigms (2)
- accentual paradigm (2)
- adjectives (2)
- akcent (2)
- computer terminology (2)
- corpus linguistics (2)
- determiners (2)
- germanisms (2)
- germanizmi (2)
- hrvatski crkvenoslavenski jezik (2)
- hrvatski kajkavski književni jezik (2)
- i-glagoli (2)
- i-verbs (2)
- imenice (2)
- jezična politika (2)
- jugozapadni istarski dijalekt (2)
- kajkavske gramatike (2)
- kajkavski govori (2)
- kajkavski književni jezik (2)
- kajkavsko narječje (2)
- language policy (2)
- lexical aspect (2)
- lexis (2)
- linguistics (2)
- modalnost (2)
- morphology (2)
- naglasni sustav (2)
- novoštokavski (2)
- o-osnove (2)
- općeslavenski (2)
- osobno ime (2)
- particles (2)
- posuđenice (2)
- pridjevi (2)
- računalno nazivlje (2)
- reflexive verbs (2)
- rječnik stranih riječi (2)
- ruski (2)
- semantic change (2)
- slovenski jezik (2)
- Übersetzungswissenschaft (2)
- čakavsko narječje (2)
- čestice (2)
- Štokavian (2)
- štokavski (2)
- "one-word" idioms (1)
- (morfo)akcentologija (1)
- (morpho)accentology (1)
- (non-)gradable predicate (1)
- -ах родительного падежа множественного числа (1)
- 17. stoljeće (1)
- 17th century (1)
- 19. stoljeće (1)
- 19th century (1)
- A. B. Klaić (1)
- Ad-eylem birleşmeleri (1)
- Adressierung (1)
- Agriculture (1)
- Albanologie (1)
- Almanca (1)
- Almanya (1)
- Altkirchenslawisch (1)
- Ana dil eğitimi (1)
- Anadili Türkçe (1)
- Andrija Torkvat Brlić (1)
- Anglizismus (1)
- Anhang (1)
- Anka (1)
- Antike Rechtsgeschichte (1)
- Antonym (1)
- Antun Ivanošić (1)
- Antun Mandić (1)
- Antun Mažuranić (1)
- Applikativ (1)
- Aramaic (1)
- Argumentation (1)
- Asia (1)
- Aspekt <Linguistik> (1)
- Assimilation <Phonetik> (1)
- Attribut (1)
- Aufführung (1)
- Ausland (1)
- Australische Sprachen (1)
- Aymara (1)
- Aymará-Sprache (1)
- Bahasa Indonesia (1)
- Baltoslawisch (1)
- Banjole (1)
- Bantu (1)
- Bartol Kašić (1)
- Bačka (1)
- Beceri (1)
- Bedeutung (1)
- Bedeutungswandel (1)
- Belarusian language (1)
- Berbersprachen (1)
- Bibelübersetzung (1)
- Biblija (1)
- Bibliografie (1)
- Bibliothekswissenschaft (1)
- Binarismus (1)
- Biokovo mountain hinterland (1)
- Biologie (1)
- Biology (1)
- Bizovac speech (1)
- Blumenname (1)
- Bohemistik (1)
- Boljun (1)
- Boratav, Pertev Nailî (1)
- Burgenland Croatian (1)
- Burkina Faso (1)
- Cahuilla-Sprache (1)
- Chengyu (1)
- Chengyu-Geschichte (1)
- Children (1)
- China (1)
- China <Motiv> (1)
- Cognitive metaphor theory (1)
- Common Slav(on)ic (1)
- Common Slavic (1)
- Composition (1)
- Courtesy (1)
- Croatian Kajkavian literary language (1)
- Croatian dialectology (1)
- Croatian language teachers’ attitude (1)
- Croatian linguistic atlas (1)
- Croatian orthography (1)
- Croatian phraseology (1)
- Croatian standard language (1)
- Cross-dialectal Diversity (1)
- Czech (1)
- D. A. Parčić (1)
- DP-structure (1)
- Dalmatien (1)
- Das Weihnachtsgeheimnis (1)
- Define (1)
- Derleme Sözlüğü (1)
- Deutsch als Zweitsprache (1)
- Deutschunterricht (1)
- Diachronic research (1)
- Diachronie (1)
- Dialekt (1)
- Dictionary of foreign words (1)
- Didaktik (1)
- Die Familie Schroffenstein (1)
- Digital dictionary (1)
- Diminutiv (1)
- Diminutive (1)
- Diocese of Senj and Modruš (Krbava) (1)
- Direktes Objekt (1)
- Discourse (1)
- Diskursanalyse (1)
- Dolnje Mraševo (1)
- Dorota Masłowska (1)
- Dragoslavec Breg (1)
- Držić (1)
- Dubrovnik literary language of the 17th century (1)
- Dybo's law (1)
- Dyboov zakon (1)
- Edat (1)
- Education (1)
- Einwanderer (1)
- Elision (1)
- Ellipse <Linguistik> (1)
- English (1)
- Entlehnung (1)
- Entwicklung (1)
- Ergativ (1)
- Error (1)
- Esperanto (1)
- Essen (1)
- Estonian (1)
- Etymology (1)
- Evidentialität (1)
- Ewe-Sprache (1)
- Experiment (1)
- Explain (1)
- Expressivität <Linguistik> (1)
- Fairy tail characters (1)
- Familienname (1)
- Fehler (1)
- Feste Nomen-Verb-Verbindungen (1)
- Film (1)
- Finnisch (1)
- Finno-Ugristik (1)
- First language education (1)
- First name (1)
- Flesch Reading Ease readability formula (1)
- Flower names (1)
- Fokus (1)
- Französisch (1)
- Frauensprache (1)
- Fremdsprachenpolitik (1)
- Fulani (1)
- Funktionsverbgefüge (1)
- Gefühlsausdruck (1)
- Gegründete Versuche und Erfahrungen von der zur unsern Zeit höhstnöthigen Holzsaat (1)
- Generische Aussage (1)
- Germanische Sprachen (1)
- Germanismus (1)
- Geschichte 1980-1989 (1)
- Geschlechtsspezifische Kommunikation (1)
- Geschmack (1)
- Gewalt (1)
- Glossar (1)
- Gorenje Mraševo (1)
- Governmental declarations (1)
- Gradpartikel (1)
- Grammatiktheorie (1)
- Grammatische Kategorie (1)
- Grammatische Relation (1)
- Grammatisches Subjekt (1)
- Greek (1)
- Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie (1)
- Gruß (1)
- Guaraní-Sprache (1)
- Gundulić (1)
- Hebrew (1)
- Hektorović (1)
- Hethitisch (1)
- Historische Phonetik (1)
- Historische Phonologie (1)
- Historische Rechtsvergleichung (1)
- Historische Sprachwissenschaft (1)
- Holocene (1)
- Hrvatski jezični atlas (1)
- Hybride (1)
- Hypotaxe (1)
- Höflichkeit (1)
- Hörverstehen (1)
- Idiom (1)
- Ignac Kristijanović (1)
- Ikavian (1)
- Indonesische Sprachen (1)
- Informationsstruktur (1)
- Intensiv (1)
- Intensive (1)
- Intensive particle (1)
- Intensivpartikel (1)
- Interaction (1)
- Interaktion (1)
- Interferenz <Linguistik> (1)
- Interjektion (1)
- Interkulturelles Lernen (1)
- Internationale Migration (1)
- Internationalismus <Linguistik> (1)
- Intonation <Linguistik> (1)
- Intransitives Verb (1)
- Iž (1)
- Jaan <Volk> (1)
- Japanisch (1)
- Jevšček near Livek (1)
- Jevšček pokraj Livka (1)
- Jugend (1)
- Jussiv (1)
- Juxtaposition (1)
- Kaikavian literary language (1)
- Kajkavian dialect (1)
- Kajkavian literary language (1)
- Kajkavian subdialects (1)
- Kajkavian syntax (1)
- Kajkavisch (1)
- Kali (1)
- Kanuri-Sprache (1)
- Keilschriftrecht (1)
- Kinderfernsehen (1)
- Kindersprache (1)
- Kleist, Heinrich von (1)
- Kognat <Linguistik> (1)
- Kognitive Linguistik (1)
- Kollokation (1)
- Komazini (1)
- Kompositum (1)
- Kompozisyon (1)
- Kongress (1)
- Konsonantengruppe (1)
- Konstruktionsgrammatik (1)
- Kontrastive Lexikologie (1)
- Kontrastive Linguistik (1)
- Kontrastive Semantik (1)
- Kopulativkompositum (1)
- Koreanisch (1)
- Korpus (1)
- Korpusanwendung (1)
- Korpuslinguistik (1)
- Kosovo (1)
- Kotezi (1)
- Kultur (1)
- Kulturelle Identität (1)
- Kurdish (1)
- Kutenai (1)
- Kvarner (1)
- Kwa-Sprachen (1)
- Köken bilgisi (1)
- Landwirtschaft (1)
- Language Mapping (1)
- Language Perception (1)
- Latein (1)
- Laute (1)
- Lautgesetz (1)
- Legal language (1)
- Legal vocabulary (1)
- Lehrmittel (1)
- Lenhardt, Wenzel Elias (1)
- Lexem (1)
- Lexik (1)
- Lexikografie (1)
- Lhoussain Azergui (1)
- Lied (1)
- Literatur-Geschichte-Philosophie-System (1)
- Liturgie (1)
- Lokalbezeichnung (1)
- Lower Carniolan dialect (1)
- Lower Podravina speeches (1)
- Lucić (1)
- Maori (1)
- Marker <Linguistik> (1)
- Marko Marulić (1)
- Maya-Sprache (1)
- Mediation of knowledge (1)
- Medulin (1)
- Metaphorical source domain (1)
- Metaphorical target domain (1)
- Mia Couto (1)
- Middle English (1)
- Migration (1)
- Miroslav Krleža (1)
- Modus (1)
- Mukrī (1)
- Märchengestalt (1)
- Mündliche Überlieferung (1)
- Nadiško (Nadiža/Natisone) dialect of Slovene (1)
- Namengebung (1)
- Naming (1)
- Nation (1)
- Native language Turkish (1)
- Neo-Latin (1)
- Neo-Štokavian (1)
- Neoštokavian (1)
- Neuhebräisch (1)
- Nicht-Indogermanische Sprachen (1)
- Nilotische Sprachen (1)
- Nomen (1)
- Nootka (1)
- Novalja (1)
- Novi rječnik stranih riječi (1)
- Old Croatian legal terminology (1)
- Old English (1)
- Old Slavic language (1)
- Old Štokavian (1)
- Old Štokavian Podravian dialect (1)
- Online-Medien (1)
- Online-Wörterbuch (1)
- Optimalitätstheorie (1)
- Palatalisierung (1)
- Particle (1)
- Partikel (1)
- Passiv (1)
- Passivierung (1)
- Paul Koschaker (1)
- Pekiştirme (1)
- Pekiştirme edatları (1)
- Periodization (1)
- Persisch (1)
- Personenname (1)
- Personennamenkunde (1)
- Phraseme (1)
- Phraseology (1)
- Pitesaamisch (1)
- Pleonasmus (1)
- Podgajci speech (1)
- Polish (1)
- Polish language (1)
- Posavina / Mundart (1)
- Pourtskhvanidze (1)
- Pragmalinguistics (1)
- Pragmatic functions (1)
- Premantura dialects (1)
- Press language (1)
- Presse (1)
- Printed dictionary (1)
- Präfix (1)
- Präsens (1)
- Referenz <Linguistik> (1)
- Referenzsemantik (1)
- Reflexivpronomen (1)
- Regierungserklärung (1)
- Reiß, Katharina (1)
- Relativsatz (1)
- Retroflex (1)
- Revolution (1)
- Rezensionen (1)
- Rimokatolička Crkva (1)
- Rječnik stranih riječi, izraza i kratica (1)
- Rječnik stranih riječi, izraza i kratica (Dictionary of Foreign Words, Phrases and Abbreviations) (1)
- Role and Reference Grammar (1)
- Romanisms (1)
- Russian (1)
- Russland (1)
- SMS discourse (1)
- SMS diskurs (1)
- SPE (1)
- Saamisch (1)
- Schreib- und Lesefähigkeit (1)
- Schriftsprache (1)
- Semantic field (1)
- Senjska i Modruška (Krbavska) biskupija (1)
- Serbianisms (1)
- Serbokroatisch (1)
- Sex life (1)
- Sexual intercourse (1)
- Sexuality (1)
- Sexualverhalten (1)
- Silleiner Stadtrechtsbuch (1)
- Sino-Tibetan (1)
- Skill (1)
- Skopostheorie (1)
- Slavic accentology (1)
- Slavonian dialect (1)
- Slawische Sprachen (1)
- Slawistik (1)
- Slivno (1)
- Slovene (1)
- Slovene neo-cirkumflex (1)
- Slowakei (1)
- Social Media (1)
- Sotho (1)
- Southern Ndebele (1)
- Southwest Istrian dialect group (1)
- Southwest Istrian dialects (1)
- Soziale Integration (1)
- Speech acts (1)
- Sprachatlas (1)
- Sprachentwicklung (1)
- Spracherwerb (1)
- Sprachführer (1)
- Sprachkontakt (1)
- Sprachliches Experiment (1)
- Sprachwahrnehmung (1)
- Sprachwandel (1)
- Sprichwortforschung (1)
- Standardsprache (1)
- Stangov zakon (1)
- Stang’s law (1)
- Stein, Edith (1)
- Stereotyp (1)
- Strafgesetzbuch (1)
- Streikbrecher (1)
- Substantive (1)
- Suffix (1)
- Svemogući neba i zemlje Stvoritelj (1)
- Sveti Đurđ (1)
- Swahili (1)
- Syntagma (1)
- Sözcük bilim (1)
- TCU (1)
- Tagalog (1)
- Taxonomie (1)
- Technical language (1)
- Technical meanings (1)
- Technical term (1)
- Television programme (1)
- Temporalität (1)
- Terminology (1)
- Textproduktion (1)
- Theater (1)
- Thema-Rhema-Gliederung (1)
- Thematische Relation (1)
- Theorie (1)
- Tibetisch (1)
- Tier (1)
- Tiere (1)
- Tiername (1)
- Tod (1)
- Tonologie (1)
- Topikalisierung (1)
- Transitivität (1)
- Translation (1)
- Translationstheorie (1)
- Troika (1)
- Tschechische Republik (1)
- Turkish Penal Code (1)
- Turkish and Turkish culture lesson (1)
- Turkish fairy tales (1)
- Turkish immigrants (1)
- Turkish language and culture course (1)
- Turkish-German relations (1)
- Tätigkeitsverb (1)
- Türk göçmenler (1)
- Türk-Alman ilişkileri (1)
- Türkisch als Fremdsprache (1)
- Türkisch als Zweitsprache (1)
- Türkische Märchen (1)
- Türkischer Einwanderer (1)
- Türkisches Strafgesetzbuch (1)
- Türkçe ve Türk Kültürü dersi (1)
- Türkçe ve Türk kültürü dersi (1)
- Ugljan (1)
- Ukraine (1)
- Ukrainian (1)
- Ukrainisch (1)
- Umgangssprache (1)
- Unicode (1)
- Upper Lonja dialect (1)
- Valenzgrammatik (1)
- Valpovo dialect (1)
- Valpovo type speeches (1)
- Van Wijkov zakon (1)
- Van Wijk’s law (1)
- Verbalnomen (1)
- Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft (1)
- Vermeer, Hans J. (1)
- Vietnamese (1)
- Virtuelle Hochschule (1)
- Vokal (1)
- Vorname (1)
- Wakash-Sprachen (1)
- West Africa (1)
- Wirtschaftssprache (1)
- Wissenschaftssprache (1)
- Wissensvermittlung (1)
- Wogeo-Sprache (1)
- Word formation (1)
- Wortfeld (1)
- Wortgeografie (1)
- Wortschatz (1)
- Wortverbindung (1)
- Writing skills (1)
- Yazma becerisi (1)
- Yeni Türk Ceza Kanunu (1)
- Zabiokovlje (1)
- Zagar (1)
- Zažablje (1)
- Zeitungssprache (1)
- Zeitungstexte (1)
- Zentralisierung <Linguistik> (1)
- Zulu (1)
- a-declension (1)
- absolute and relative quantifiers (1)
- abstract constructions (1)
- accent marking (1)
- accent system (1)
- accent type (1)
- accent typology (1)
- accent(uation) (1)
- accentual system (1)
- accessibility (1)
- acronyms (1)
- adaptacija (1)
- adaptation (1)
- adjectival pronoun sam (1)
- adjective formation (1)
- adverbijalna odredba mjesta (1)
- adverbs (1)
- akcenatski tipovi (1)
- an explanation of the Transylvanian toponyms (1)
- analiza diskursa (1)
- animacy (1)
- anlamca kaynaşmış birleşik fiiller (1)
- anonymous prose comedies (1)
- anthroponymy (1)
- antilocality (1)
- antroponimija (1)
- application (1)
- apsolutni i relativni kvantifikatori (1)
- apstraktne konstrukcije (1)
- aramejski (1)
- areal distribution (1)
- arealna distribucija (1)
- aspect (1)
- atribut (1)
- autobiografski diskurs (1)
- autobiographical discourse (1)
- autochthonous Transylvanian family names (1)
- besprijedložni izrazi (1)
- bilježenje naglasaka (1)
- bizovački govor (1)
- bjeloruski (1)
- blends (1)
- brojevne riječi (1)
- bugarski jezik (1)
- canonical visitations (1)
- case terms (1)
- change of state verb (1)
- chinesische Idiome (1)
- chunking (1)
- circumposition (1)
- cirkumpozcija (1)
- classes of objects (1)
- classification (1)
- classifiers (1)
- clause complex (1)
- clitic pronouns (1)
- clitics (1)
- clitics positioning (1)
- codification (1)
- colligation (1)
- combination potential (1)
- common European phrasemes (1)
- comparative idioms (1)
- compensatory lengthening (1)
- compensatory role of congruence (1)
- complex verbal predicate (1)
- compound verbs (1)
- conjunctions (1)
- constituency (1)
- contact position (1)
- conversational implicatures (1)
- coordination (1)
- corpora (1)
- corpus (1)
- corpus application (1)
- crkveni jezik (1)
- crta (1)
- crtica (1)
- curriculum model (1)
- das ChaF-Selbstlernen (1)
- dash (1)
- dativ štete (1)
- declension (1)
- definicije (1)
- definitions (1)
- demonstratives (1)
- determinatori (1)
- developement (1)
- devoicing (1)
- dialect (1)
- dictionary (1)
- dictionary entry (1)
- dictionary of foreign words (1)
- differences in accent marking (in the times of Klaić, compared to the present situation) (1)
- dijelovi rečenice (1)
- diminutives (1)
- discontinuous noun phrases (1)
- discourse analysis (1)
- distaktna pozicija (1)
- ditransitive verbs (1)
- dolenjski dijalekt (1)
- doseg (1)
- doseg negacije (1)
- dubrovački književni jezik XVII. stoljeća (1)
- dvoprijelazni glagoli (1)
- e-riječi (1)
- e-words (1)
- eastern Ludbreg-Podravina region (1)
- ecclesiastical language (1)
- egzistencijalnost (1)
- eighteenth century (1)
- ekavski čakavski dijalekt (1)
- element se (1)
- eliptična pozicija (1)
- elliptical position (1)
- engleski (1)
- eponym Novoselčani (1)
- etnik Novoselčani (1)
- etymological writing (1)
- eulogies (1)
- external factors (1)
- fazni glagoli (1)
- first name (1)
- flexión de los sustantivos cuyo genitivo termina en –a (1)
- focus movement (1)
- fonologija (1)
- fonološko nazivlje (1)
- fonološko-sintaktičko sučelje (1)
- foreign words (1)
- formula čitkosti FRE (1)
- frazemi (1)
- frazemske polusloženice (1)
- frazeologija (1)
- function of literature (1)
- functional grammar (1)
- functional sentence perspective (1)
- functional syntactic perspective (1)
- functional words (1)
- funkcije književnosti (1)
- funkcionalistički pogled na rečenicu (1)
- funkcionalna gramatika (1)
- funkcionalna rečenična perspektiva (1)
- gazete metinleri (1)
- general linguistics (1)
- generalizacija (1)
- generalization (1)
- generative grammar (1)
- generative phonology (1)
- generativna fonologija (1)
- generativna gramatika (1)
- genitivno -ah (1)
- genre (1)
- glagoli (1)
- glagoli govorenja (1)
- glagoli negativnog transfera (1)
- glagoli percepcije (1)
- glagolska akcentuacija (1)
- glagolski okviri (1)
- glagolski pridjev radni (1)
- glagolski vid (1)
- glasovi (1)
- glasovno nazivlje (1)
- gornjolonjski dijalekt (1)
- govor (1)
- govori donje Podravine (1)
- gradišćanski hrvatski (1)
- grafemi (1)
- grafija (1)
- grafoderivati (1)
- gramatika hrvatskoga jezika (1)
- gramatika uloga i referenci (1)
- grammar (1)
- grammars of Croatian language (1)
- grammatical aspect (1)
- grammaticalization (1)
- graphemes (1)
- graphics (1)
- graphoderivatives (1)
- grounding (1)
- grčki (1)
- género masculino y neutro (1)
- hebrejski (1)
- heritage speakers (1)
- hipotaksa (1)
- historical linguistics (1)
- historical sociolinguistics (1)
- historical syntax (1)
- hrvatska dijalektologija (1)
- hrvatska frazeologija (1)
- hrvatski pravopis (1)
- hyphen (1)
- hypotaxis (1)
- i-Stamm (1)
- identity (1)
- ideological code (1)
- ideološki kod (1)
- idioms (1)
- ikavski južnočakavski dijalekt (1)
- imbrication (1)
- imenice e-vrste (1)
- imenice i-vrste (1)
- imenice srednjega roda o sklonidbe (1)
- imenska skupina (1)
- indefinite pronouns (1)
- infinitiv (1)
- infinitive (1)
- informacijska struktura rečenice (1)
- information structure (1)
- information structure of the sentence (1)
- instrumental (1)
- intensification (1)
- intensification scale (1)
- intensifiers (1)
- intensity (1)
- intenzifikacija (1)
- intenzifikatori (1)
- interposition (1)
- interpozicija (1)
- intonation in a tone language (1)
- istočna ludbreška Podravina (1)
- itembased constructions (1)
- jednačenje po zvučnosti (1)
- jednostavne i kompleksne riječi (1)
- jezikopis (1)
- jezikoslovno nazivlje (1)
- jezična norma (1)
- jezična promjena (1)
- jezični kontakt (1)
- jezično usvajanje (1)
- kajkavska sintaksa (1)
- kanonske vizitacije (1)
- karstology (1)
- klase objekata (1)
- klasifikacija (1)
- klitike (1)
- kodifikacija (1)
- koligacija (1)
- kombinacijski potencijal (1)
- kompenzacijska uloga sročnosti (1)
- kompenzacijsko duljenje (1)
- konstrukcije zasnovane na čestici (1)
- kontaktna pozicija (1)
- konverzacijska implikatura (1)
- koordinacijske tvorenice (1)
- korijensko pisanje (1)
- korpusna lingvistika (1)
- l-participle (1)
- language acquisition (1)
- language change (1)
- language contact (1)
- language model (1)
- language orientation teaching (1)
- langue/parole (1)
- latinski (1)
- latinski jezik (1)
- leksik (1)
- leksikografska analiza (1)
- leksički vid (1)
- leksičko-gramatički model (1)
- lexical tone (1)
- lexico-grammar model (1)
- lexicographic analysis (1)
- light-verb constructions (1)
- linguistic norm (1)
- linguistic terminology (1)
- linguistic theory (1)
- linguography (1)
- lingvistika teksta (1)
- ljestvica pojačajnosti (1)
- loan-words (1)
- loanwords (1)
- lokalizacija (1)
- macroroles (1)
- makrouloge (1)
- malefactive dative (1)
- maritime terminology (1)
- markedness (1)
- metalepsa (1)
- metalepsis (1)
- metanarativnost (1)
- metanarrative (1)
- methodology (1)
- metodologija (1)
- mjestopis (1)
- modal particles (1)
- modal verbs (1)
- modality (1)
- modalne čestice (1)
- modalni glagoli (1)
- modifiers (1)
- modifikatori (1)
- morfología (1)
- morfonološko pravopisno načelo (1)
- morphophonological orthographic principle (1)
- multilingualism in Transylvania (1)
- muški i srednji rod (1)
- nadiški dijalekt slovenskoga (1)
- naglasna tipologija (1)
- naglasne paradigme (1)
- naravna fonologija (1)
- narječje (1)
- national unity (1)
- natural phonology (1)
- nazivlje (1)
- nazivlje glasovnih promjena (1)
- nazivlje jezikoslovnih disciplina (1)
- negacija (1)
- negation (1)
- negativan prijenos (1)
- negative concord (1)
- negative prefix (1)
- negative transfer (1)
- nenaglašene sintaktičke jedinice (nenaglasnice/klitike) (1)
- neo cirkumfleks (1)
- neo-circumflex (1)
- neodređene zamjenice (1)
- neologisms (1)
- neuter o-stem nouns (1)
- nickname (1)
- niječni prefiks (1)
- niječno slaganje (1)
- njemački (1)
- nominal e-stems (1)
- nominal i-stems (1)
- non-prepositional phrases (1)
- noun phrase (1)
- novolatinski jezik (1)
- novotvorenice (1)
- null objects (1)
- numerals (1)
- o-stem (1)
- o-stems (1)
- obezvučivanje (1)
- obilježenost (1)
- obiteljski nadimak (1)
- object realization (1)
- obligatory control (1)
- obvezna kontrola (1)
- occasionalisms in advertisements (1)
- oikonymy (1)
- ojkonimija (1)
- older Croatian grammars (1)
- optimality theory (1)
- optimalnosna teorija (1)
- opća lingvistika (1)
- općeeuropski frazemi (1)
- orthographic methodology (1)
- ortography (1)
- padežno nazivlje (1)
- panned language (1)
- paradigmofonemski (1)
- paradigmophonemic (1)
- parataksa (1)
- parataxis (1)
- parenteza (1)
- parenthesis (1)
- parts of the sentence (1)
- pastoralism (1)
- periodizacija (1)
- personal name (1)
- phase verbs (1)
- phonetics (1)
- phonological terminology (1)
- phonology (1)
- phonology-syntax interface (1)
- phraseology (1)
- pisanje i izgovor jata (1)
- pivot-constructions (1)
- pivot-sheme (1)
- pleonastična pozicija (1)
- podgajački govor (1)
- pojačajnost (1)
- pokrate (1)
- poljski jezik (1)
- položaj niječnih izraza (1)
- položaj zanaglasnica (1)
- polusloženice (1)
- pomorsko nazivlje (1)
- poredbeni frazemi (1)
- position of enclitics (1)
- position of negative expressions (1)
- posmrtni govori (1)
- post-colonialism (1)
- postpozicija (1)
- posvojnost (1)
- povijesna sintaksa (1)
- povijesna sociolingvistika (1)
- povijesno jezikoslovlje (1)
- povijest hrvatskoga jezika (1)
- povijest hrvatskoga jezičnoga standarda (1)
- povratni glagoli (1)
- pozicijska obilježja (1)
- pozicioniranje klitika (1)
- poštapalice (1)
- pragmatics (1)
- pragmatika (1)
- praksa poučavanja (1)
- prapositions (1)
- praslavenski (1)
- pravopisna metodologija (1)
- predicate (1)
- predikat (1)
- premanturski govori (1)
- preposition (1)
- prepositional phrases (1)
- prepositions (1)
- prepozicija (1)
- prevođenje i recepcija starogrčkih tragedija (1)
- prezime (1)
- prijedložni izrazi (1)
- prijedložno-padežni izrazi s mjesnim značenjem (1)
- prijevod (1)
- prijevodni i paralelni korpusi (1)
- prilozi (1)
- priložna oznaka mjesta (1)
- prokliza (1)
- pronoun sebe (self) (1)
- pronouns (1)
- prosody (1)
- protoslavenski jezik (1)
- proverbs (1)
- rapid prosody transcription (1)
- razlike u bilježenju naglasaka (u Klaićevo vrijeme i danas) (1)
- readability (1)
- reading (1)
- referencija (1)
- reklamni diskurs (1)
- reklamni okazionalizmi (1)
- relative clauses (1)
- relatives terminology (1)
- resumptive pronouns (1)
- rječnički članak (1)
- rodbinsko nazivlje (1)
- romanizmi (1)
- rusizmi (1)
- russianisms (1)
- scalar implicature (1)
- scope (1)
- scope of negation (1)
- se element (1)
- sedentarism (1)
- semantic role (1)
- semantička promjena (1)
- semantičke promjene (1)
- semantičke uloge (1)
- sentence prosody (1)
- simple and complex words (1)
- sintagmofonemski (1)
- sintaksički ambigvitet (1)
- sintaktički ambigvitet (1)
- sintaktički razvoj (1)
- sklonidba (1)
- slavenska akcentologija (1)
- slavenski neocirkumfleks (1)
- slavonski dijalekt (1)
- slogotvorno r (1)
- slovenski (1)
- slovopis (1)
- složena rečenica (1)
- složeni glagolski predikat (1)
- smješnice (1)
- sociolect (1)
- sociolekt (1)
- sound terms (1)
- specialised discourse (1)
- speech processing (1)
- spelling (1)
- spojnica (1)
- spontani razgovor (1)
- srbizmi (1)
- srednjoengleski (1)
- starije hrvatske slovnice (1)
- staroengleski (1)
- starohrvatska pravna terminologija (1)
- staroslavenski (1)
- staroštokavski (1)
- staroštokavski podravski govori (1)
- statistical text analysis (1)
- statistička analiza teksta (1)
- stavovi nastavnika hrvatskog jezika (1)
- stopljenice (1)
- strane riječi (1)
- stress (1)
- stress shifting (1)
- stručni diskurs (1)
- su (1)
- subject-only resumption (1)
- subordinacijske tvorenice (1)
- subordination (1)
- surname (1)
- sustantivos (1)
- suznačne riječi (1)
- syntactic development (1)
- syntagmophonemic (1)
- syntax-phonology interface (1)
- teaching practice (1)
- tekst (1)
- tekstologija (1)
- telicity (1)
- teorija jezika (1)
- teorija optimalnosti (1)
- terminology (1)
- terminology of sound changes (1)
- terms denoting linguistic disciplines (1)
- text (1)
- text linguistics (1)
- textology (1)
- the Bible (1)
- the Croatian Kajkavian literary language (1)
- the Roman Catholic Church (1)
- the discourse of advertising (1)
- the history of Croatian language (1)
- time (1)
- tipologija jezika (1)
- topography (1)
- toponimija (1)
- toponymy (1)
- trans-colonialism (1)
- transfer (1)
- translation (1)
- translation and reception of ancient Greek tragedy in Croatia (1)
- translational and parallel corpora (1)
- tvorba pridjeva (1)
- ukrajinski (1)
- umanjenice (1)
- unikod (1)
- unstressed syntactic units (clitics) (1)
- valpovački govor (1)
- valpovački tip govora (1)
- van Wijk's law (1)
- van Wijkov zakon (1)
- vanjski faktori (1)
- verb frames (1)
- verbal accentuation (1)
- verbal aspect (1)
- verbs (1)
- verbs of negative transfer (1)
- verbs of perception (1)
- verbs of speaking (1)
- veznici (1)
- voicing assimilation (1)
- vokalni fonemi (1)
- vowel phonemes (1)
- vrijeme (1)
- words of the Russian origin (1)
- zamjenica sebe; povratni glagoli (1)
- zamjenice (1)
- zamjenički pridjev sam (1)
- znanost o kršu (1)
- Äquivalenz (1)
- Übername (1)
- Čakavian Ekavian dialect (1)
- Čakavian Southikavian dialect (1)
- čakavian (1)
- čakavisch (1)
- čakavski govor (1)
- češki (1)
- čitanje (1)
- čitkost (1)
- ē-osnove (1)
- ē–stems (1)
- ě-glagoli (1)
- ě-verbs (1)
- Šaptinovci type speeches (1)
- Šokci (1)
- Štokavian dialect (1)
- šaptinovački tip govora (1)
- šokački (1)
- štokavsko narječje (1)
- žanr (1)
- болгарский язык (1)
- история хорватского языкового стандарта (1)
- локализация (1)
- модальность (1)
- написание и произношение буквы ять (1)
- посессивность (1)
- русский язык (1)
- слогообразующее р (1)
- типология язика (1)
- хорватский стандартный язык (1)
- чешский язык (1)
- экзистенциальность (1)
Institute
- Extern (40)
- Sprachwissenschaften (17)
- Neuere Philologien (13)
- SFB 268 (13)
- Institut für Deutsche Sprache (IDS) Mannheim (10)
- Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaften (6)
- Präsidium (4)
- Geschichtswissenschaften (3)
- Frobenius Institut (2)
- Rechtswissenschaft (1)
Gornjolonjskomu dijalektu svojstveno je nekoliko temeljnih obilježja koja ga izdvajaju u posebnu cjelinu unutar kajkavskoga narječja. U ovome se radu na temelju dosadašnjih istraživanja ponajviše zelinskih i vrbovečkih govora toga dijalekta i objavljenih članaka (Kalinski, Lončarić, Šojat) opisuju osnovna jezična obilježja gornjolonjskoga dijalekta: fonološka (vokalizam, konzonantizam, prozodija), morfološka (promjenjive i nepromjenjive riječi), sintaktička (sintaksa padeža i glagolskih vremena, s primjerima vrbovečkih govora) i leksička.
Grčke i semitske riječi u latinskome tekstu Ivanova evanđelja izražavaju specifične biblijske pojmove, gotovo potpuno nepoznate većini engleskog stanovništva do evangelizacije tijekom sedmoga stoljeća. Cilj je ovoga istraživanja ispitati na koje su sve načine one prevedene na staroengleski i srednjoengleski jezik te objasniti razloge takva prevođenja ondje gdje je to moguće. Komparativnom metodom istražit ćemo utjecaj porijekla riječi na njihov oblik i značenje i pokušati rasvijetliti kognitivne razlike u doživljaju biblijskih pojmova među autorima prijevoda i njihovih suvremenika, do kojih je došlo uslijed relativno dugoga razdoblja proteklog između triju prijevoda.
U ovome se radu uspoređuju sustavi vokalnih fonema suvremenih standardnih jezika: južnoslavenskoga hrvatskog i istočnoslavenskih (redoslijedom): ruskoga, ukrajinskoga i bjeloruskoga, pri čemu se za svaki daje odnos današnjih prema vokalnim fonemima staroslavenskoga jezika kao etalona. U vezi s pokazanim drugačijim odnosom vokala i suglasnika u hrvatskome, s jedne strane, i istočnoslavenskima, s druge, navode se grafemi vokalnih fonema u četirima grafijama i pokazuju, objašnjavaju te imenuju principi njihova pravopisanja.
U radu se razmatraju teorijska i metodološka polazišta u opisu prijedloga s obzirom na organske i anorganske sustave – dijalekte i standardni jezik, i dalje u odnosu na konkretne ekavskočakavske govore, južnočakavske govore i hrvatski standardni jezik. Osnovna razlika u usporedbi prijedloga u dvama dijalektima i prijedloga u hrvatskome standardnom jeziku uspostavlja se prema kriteriju fonološke, distribucijske i značenjske razlikovnosti, i dodatno prema kriteriju odstupanja od norme standardnoga jezika u odnosu na dijalekte na primjeru pojedinih prijedloga.
Autori na temelju terenskoga istraživanja i pregleda povijesne građe obrađuju oko 300 toponimskih različnica u selu Kotezi u sjeveroistočnome dijelu Popova. U prvome se dijelu rada opisuje zemljopisni smještaj sela i iznosi kratak povijesni pregled. Osvrt na demografske prilike iznosi se u drugome dijelu rada. U trećemu se dijelu tumači ojkonim Kotezi, a u četvrtomu značenjski raščlanjuju ostali seoski toponimi. U petome dijelu rada toponimi se dijele prema jezičnome postanju. Iz obilja toponomastičke građe izdvajaju se vjerojatni romanski prežitci Puč i Skorata. U toponimiji su se uščuvali i danas nepoznati slavenski apelativi kao što su bit (usp. češki byt 'stan') i hrž (usp. kajkavski hrž 'raž'). Od adstratnih slojeva najzastupljeniji je turski.
Keith Langston disagrees with my account of the Slovene neo-circumflex. He rejects compensatory lengthening as an explanation of the neo-circumflex, primarily on theoretical grounds. His "moraic analysis" is quite unacceptable to me because it starts from an a priori segmentation of the speech flow. In a strict autosegmental approach, the segmentation of the speech flow should be part of the analysis and not be given a priori. Langston's rejection of van Wijk's law, according to which the simplification of certain consonant clusters yielded lengthening of the following vowel, is based on a misguided theoretical interpretation which led him astray.
U radu se s različitih gledišta analiziraju nazivi koji imaju sastavnicu e-. Sastavnica e- može značiti elektronički, ali i excellent, emergency, europski, nasuprot (entgegen), evolventan ili označavati samo slovo/glas e-. Sastavnica e-može stajati i ispred imena i s njom se mogu tvoriti različite prigodne novovorenice. Pozornost se u radu posvećuje u prvome redu nazivima u kojima sastavnica e- znači 'elektronički'. Ti se nazivi analiziraju s tvorbenoga, pravopisnoga, normativnoga, leksikografskoga, semantičkoga i terminološkoga stajališta te autori predlažu vlastita rješenja na svim navedenim razinama.
U radu se analiziraju učinci jezične politike u hrvatskoj u dvama vremenskim presjecima: u pedesetim godinama 20. stoljeća na primjeru popularnoznanstvene historiografije te u 2000. godini na primjeru tiskanih medija. Empirijska analiza pokazuje da se u prvom razdoblju (u tom konkretnom žanru) nije nametao ujednačen hrvatsko-srpski jezični izraz te da se ni u drugom slučaju nije nametnulo isključivo hrvatsku preskriptivnu normu (odnosno koristili su se srbizmi i navodni srbizmi). Kad je u pitanju druga vremenska razina, analiza pokazuje da su se mediji polarizirali po tom pitanju: izbor poželjnih jezičnih jedinica ovisio je o ideološkom profilu medija. U radu se zaključuje da nam još uvijek nedostaje znanje o jezičnoj zbilji koja bi mogla verificirati teze generalizirajućeg tipa: »U Jugoslaviji su se hrvatskom jeziku nametali srbizmi.« ili »U neovisnoj su se Hrvatskoj potiskivali srbizmi.« ili koje druge. Tek nam empririjska istraživanja u više domena komuniciranja, u više stilova i žanrova, u više vremenskih razdoblja, s brigom o frekvenciji jezičnih pojava, mogu odgovoriti na pitanje o načinu, vremenu i mjestu ostvarivanja jedne ili druge jezične politike.
U radu se raspravlja o leksikografskome statusu dvorječnih pozdrava dobro jutro, dobar dan, dobra večer i laku noć u hrvatskim rječnicima te se upućuje i na strane leksikografske pristupe. Naglasak je na značenjskim i komunikacijskim obilježjima pozdrava koja ih određuju kao posebnu leksičku skupinu te se predlaže da dvorječni pozdravi kao i jednorječni (zdravo, zbogom, doviđenja) postanu samostalne rječničke natuknice.
Donose se neke nove spoznaje o Lajpciškom lekcionaru, ćiriličnom rukopisu najvjerojatnije iz šestog ili sedmog desetljeća XVI. stoljeća. Ponajprije je riječ o rezultatima analize vodenih znakova, što je osobito važno jer je datacija rukopisa u literaturi bila prijeporna, a zatim i o novim podacima o knjižnici i signaturi rukopisa. Također se, u bliskoj vezi s analizom folijacije rukopisa, izlaže jedna važna tekstološka spoznaja koja pouzdano pokazuje da je predložak bio cjelovit, što indirektno osnažuje tezu da rukopisu na početku nedostaje devet listova, a ne, kako je tvrdio Joseph Schütz, samo jedan.
V prispevku je predstavljeno slovensko narečno besedje za pomen ‘sinova žena’ v Slovenskem lingvističnem atlasu (SLA) v primerjavi s kajkavskim narečnim besedjem za ta pomen, zbranim za Hrvaški jezikovni atlas (HJA). Narečno gradivo, zbrano za ta dva temeljna nacionalna dialektološka projekta je namreč zanimivo tudi za raziskovanje slovensko-hrvaškega jezikovnega stika, saj zlasti v Pomurju in Medžimurju, v Posotelju, Beli krajini, na Kostelskem in v Gorskem kotarju ter v Istri jezika in njuna obmejna narečja bolj postopoma prehajajo eden v drugega in imajo zato mnoge skupne značilnosti tako na fonološki in morfološki kot tudi na leksikalni ravnini. Na primeru narečnega gradiva za vprašanji SLA-V614 snaha in HJA-V548 snaha, nevjesta je skupaj z morfonološko analizo in kartografskim prikazom prostorske razširjenosti narečnih leksemov predstavljen tudi način komentiranja narečnega gradiva v SLA.
Der Beitrag hat die Keilschriftrechtsgeschichte als rechtshistorische Teildisziplin zum Gegenstand. Bei ihrer wissenschaftsgeschichtlichen Einordnung zeigt sich eine charakteristische Prägung durch den methodischen Ansatz der historischen Rechtsvergleichung wie auch durch eine stark interdisziplinäre Ausrichtung. Stand und Perspektiven der von juristischer Seite betriebenen Keilschriftrechtsgeschichte werden anhand von aktuellen Forschungsvorhaben im Rahmen Frankfurter Verbundprojekte exemplarisch beschrieben. Dabei wird deutlich, dass das Fach, nicht zuletzt aufgrund der vorgenannten Prägung, in hohem Maße anschlussfähig an kulturübergreifende Erkenntnisinteressen ist.
This paper discusses word classes in Tagalog, the dominant language of the Philippines, using analyses developed by Himmelmann (2007) and LaPolla (2008). The goal is to clarify issues related to the identification of word classes in Tagalog, and show the distinct features of these word classes. Through the discussion of word classes in Tagalog, the authors also hope to shed some light on the issue of word classes in Chinese.
It has been claimed and widely assumed that caseless direct objects in Turkish exhibit a sort of syntactic incorporation, and only their cased counterparts are true syntactic arguments (Kornfilt 1997; Knecht 1986; Nilsson 1986; Öztürk 2005 among others). Cased and caseless objects are thus widely taken as derivationally related, crystallized in Kelepir's (2001) proposal that objects pick up overt accusative as they move out of the VP. In this paper, I would like to revisit both the empirical evidence and the interpretation leading to these claims and propose revisions.
I first show that not all caseless objects are the same. Mostly drawing on Aydemir (2004), I argue that bare caseless objects and those with indefinite expressions have differences that would be very unusual if they were both incorporated. However, adopting Öztürk (2005) and against Aydemir (2004), neither of the cases can be analyzed as head incorporation.
I then turn to the cased vs. caseless distinction and argue that cased and caseless objects are not that different after all. Based on data with strictly controlled information structure, I arrive at a different generalization than most of the earlier reports and claim that caseless objects are morphosyntactically as moveable as their cased counterparts.
Hence, I propose to replace the notion of incorporation in the literature of Turkish syntax with the notion of weak case (de Hoop 1992) and conclude by a discussion of the domain of syntactic analysis in this primarily semantic phenomenon.
In this article, I provide a description and analysis of the morphemes čiɫ 'do to', ḥta 'do towards' and cḥin 'do for' in the Southern Wakashan language Nuuchahnulth (nuučaan̓uɫ). I argue that these morphemes are verbal applicatives that add a non-core argument to the thematic structure of a verb.
Verbal applicatives in Nuuchahnulth are interesting to investigate because they exhibit typologically unique behaviour that has never been studied before. Applicatives are traditionally considered functional elements whose only purpose is to add an indirect object to the argument structure of the verb (Pylkkanen 2002:17). Nuuchahnulth is the only known language that productively uses independent verbs for this purpose.
Nuuchahnulth is an indigenous language of Canada spoken in the province of British Columbia. It consists of 14 major dialects, most of which have never been studied. All of these dialects are now highly endangered and urgently need to be documented.
This paper presents the analyses of transitivity and questions about transitivity in two languages (Rawang and Qiang) that have been described using very different definitions of transitivity, with a view to showing that each language must be analysed on its own terms, and so the criteria used for identifying transitivity, if it is to be identified at all, might be different between languages. In the case of these two languages it is at least partly due to the two languages differing in terms of the degree of systematicity of the marking, with the Rawang marking being more systematic.
Recorded by Randy J. LaPolla from Mr. Chen Yonglin of Qugu Village, Chibusu District, Mao County, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China.
Note on the transcription: The recording here is phonetic rather than phonemic, and so, for example, glottal stops are recorded, even though they are not phonemic.
The annual conferences on Sino-Tibetan languages and linguistics began on a small scale at Yale in 1968, with only eight conferees sitting around a table, but have grown tremendously over the years, until they now usually attract over 100 participants, and have become the chief focus of scholarly activity in the field. Ever since 1971, the word “international” has appeared in the official title of the Conferences, and rightly so, since they have become truly global in scope. Since the mid-1970’s, they have increasingly been held outside the U.S.: Copenhagen (1976), Paris (1979), Beijing (1982), Bangkok (1985), Vancouver (1987), Lund (1988), Bangkok (1991), Osaka (1993), Paris (1994) [planned].
[...] Most of the papers presented at the Conferences are of high quality, and usually find their way into print within a few years. Yet in spite of valiant attempts to put out real volumes of Proceedings, e.g. the partial collection achieved for #14 (University of Florida, 1983), the most that has been managed is a photocopied version of the papers velo-bound together (e.g. for #16, University of Washington, 1983), or a collection of the abstracts submitted by the participants, e.g. for #15 (Beijing, 1982), for #18 (Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, 1985), or for #25 (University of California, Berkeley, 1992). It was realized early on that it would be a good thing to keep some kind of record of which papers were presented when, before things got too badly out of hand. [...] The first version of this Bibliography (1989) was produced with admirable thoroughness and rapidity by the members of the STEDT staff. John B. Lowe devised the Macintosh software for the job, and the inputting of the authors and titles was done by many willing hands. Randy J. LaPolla did most of the editorial work on the first edition: he translated the dozens of Chinese titles, tracked down almost all the published versions of the papers by scouring journals and bibliographies, and wrote personally to many authors requesting addenda and corrigenda to the listings of their works.
This book is a full reference grammar of Qiang, one of the minority languages of southwest China, spoken by about 70,000 Qiang and Tibetan people in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in northern Sichuan Province. It belongs to the Qiangic branch of Tibeto-Burman (one of the two major branches of Sino-Tibetan). The dialect presented in the book is the Northern Qiang variety spoken in Ronghong Village, Yadu Township, Chibusu District, Mao County. This book, the first book-length description of the Qiang language in English, is the result of many years of work on the language.
This paper argues that long-standing problems in the analysis of Chinese, such as the question of word classes and grammatical relations, can be resolved, or actually done away with completely, if we take a constructionist approach in the analysis. This means the constructions are taken as basic, so we only need to look at the propositional functions of elements in the construction (referential, modifying, or predicative), and do not need to posit global categories such as word classes and grammatical relations.
In terms of the direction of development, I referred to Johanna Nichols' work on head-marking vs. dependant marking. Nichols did not make reference to any languages in Tibeto-Burman, but all of the Tibeto-Burman languages that do not have verb agreement systems are solidly dependent-marking (i.e., they have marking on the nouns for case or pragmatic function); those languages with verb agreement systems, a type of head marking, also have many dependent-marking features (of the same types as the non-pronominalized languages). The question, then, is which is older, the dependent-marking type or the headmarking (actually mixed) type?
The Sino-Tibetan language family enshrines the migratory histories of many East Asian populations, including the Chinese, Tibetans, and Burmese. Its history is intimately associated with Neolithic and Bronze Age developments in China itself, and today it is one of the major world language families in terms of population numbers.
Evidentiality is a grammatical category which has source of information as its primary meaning — whether the narrator actually saw what is being described, or made inferences about it based on some evidence, or was told about it, and so on. Evidentials are a particularly salient feature of Tibeto-Burman languages. This volume features in-depth studies of evidentiality systems in six languages: Rgyalthang, a Kham Tibetan dialect, by Krisadawan Hongladarom; Yongning Na (Naxi group; believed to be closely related to Lolo-Burmese), by Liberty Lidz; Darma (Almora branch of Western Himalayish), by Christina Willis; nDrapa (Qiangic), by Satoko Shirai; Magar (Himalayish), by Karen Grunow-Hårsta, and Tabo (or Spiti), a Tibetan dialect, by Veronika Hein. Each opens new perspectives on the composition and the semantics of evidential systems, on the marking of more than one information source in one sentence, and on the grammaticalized expression of mirativity.
The new insights on evidentiality and related issues from the Tibeto-Burman area are crucial for understanding evidentials in a cross-linguistic perspective.
Qiang
(2003)
Qiang is spoken in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in northwest Sichuan Province. China; it belongs to the Qiangic branch of Tibeto-Burman. There are two major Qiang dialects. Northern Qiang (spoken in Heishui County, and the Chibusu district of Mao County; roughly 70,000 speakers) and Southern Qiang (spoken in Li County, Wenchuun County, Mao County, and Songpan County; about 60,000) (Sun 1981a: 177-78), The dialect presented here is the Northern Qiang variety spoken in Ronghong Village, Yadu Township, Chibusu District, Mao County.
Dulong
(2003)
Dulong [...] is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in China, closely related to the Rawang language of Myanmar (Burma). The Dulong speakers mainly live in Gongshan Dulong and Nu Autonomous County in Yunnan, China, and belong to either what is known as the Dulong nationality (pop. 5816 according to the 1990 census), or to one part (roughly 6000 people) of the Nu nationality (those who live along the upper reaches of the Nu River). The exonym 'Dulong' (or 'Taron', or 'Trung') was given to this nationality because they mostly live in the valley of the Dulong (Taron/Trung) River. In the past, the Dulong River was known as the Kiu (Qiu) river, and the Dulong people were known as the Kiu (Qiu), Kiutze (Qiuzi), Kiupa, or Kiao. Dulong is usually talked about as having four dialects, based on areas where it is spoken: First Township, Third Township, Fourth Township, and Nujiang. In this chapter, we will be using data of the First Township dialect spoken in Gongshan county.
Dulong/Rawang is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken on both sides of the China/Myanmar (Burma) border just south and cast of Tibet. [...] In this chapter, I will be using data of the Mvtwang (Mvt River) dialect, which is considered the most central of those dialects in Myanmar and so has become something of a standard for writing and intergroup communication, though most of the phenomena we will be discussing are general to dialects in both China and Myanrnar. I will use the short form 'Rawang' in referring to this dialect.
Using arguments based on the data on verb agreement (pronominalization) in Tibeto-Burman, LaPolla 1989 (see also LaPolla 1992) argues that Proto-Tibeto-Burman should be reconstructed as a language with no inflectional morphology. In that paper it is argued that the Proto-Tibeto- Burman system of grammatical relations1 was closer to the typical 'role-dominated' (Van Valin & Foley 1980) Burmese-Yipho system (epitomized by Lahu—see Matisoff 1973). That is, a system where there is no definable 'subject' or 'direct object'; a system where semantic and pragmatic principles govern the organization of discourse, not syntactic functions. In this paper we look at the nature of 'objects' in Tibeto-Burman languages, and here also find support for this view of Proto-Tibeto-Burman grammatical relations. From a survey of ninety-five reliable grammars or descriptions of languages in the Tibeto-Burman family, I found eleven languages with no nominal object marking, twenty languages with nominal morphology consistently marking the patient as object, regardless of clause type, and sixty-four languages with a type of marking where the patient in monotransitve clauses is often or always marked with the same postposition as the goal or beneficiary (dative) in ditransitve clauses. This type of marking is discussed in Dryer 1986 as Primary Object marking. I argue that this type of marking in the Tibeto-Burman languages reflects the semantically based nature of grammatical relations in Proto-Tibeto-Burman.
Since the mid-1970's, the question of whether or not a verb agreement system1 (VAS) should be reconstructed for Proto-Tibeto-Bunnan (PTB) has been a controversial topic, but because of the large amount of work published arguing in favor of reconstructing a VAS for PTB, especially by James J. Bauman (1974, 1975a, 1975b, 1979) and Scott DeLancey (1980, 1983, 1988, 1989, to appear), many people have begun to accept the existence of a VAS in PTB as received knowledge. In a recent paper on verb agreement systems in Tibeto-Burman, Scott DeLancey states that 'There can no longer be any serious doubt that a system of verb agreement must be attributed to Proto-Tibeto-Bunnan (PTB)' (DeLancey 1988: 1). Though the number of papers supporting this position is quite large, I would like to raise several serious doubts about the theoretical and methodological basis for reconstructing a VAS for PTB' and at the same time argue for the use of functionally and typologically based theories of grammar, as exemplified by the head-marking/dependent-marking distinction developed in Nichols 1986, in diachronic syntax and syntactic reconstruction.
This paper is the second in a series arguing for a discourse·based analysis of grammatical relations in Chinese in which there is a direct mapping between semantic role and grammatical function, and there are no relation-changing lexical rules such as passivization that can change that mapping. The correct assignment of semantic roles to the constituents of a discourse is done by the listener purely on the basis of the discourse structure and pragmatics (real world knowledge). Though grammatical analyses of certain constructions can be done on the sentence level, the sentence is generally not the central unit for understanding anaphora and grammatical relations in Chinese. Two related arguments are presented here: the question of 'subject' and the structure of discourse developed from an analysis of the nature of discourse referent tracking.
This exercise explores the historical relationship between tone, aspiration, prefixes and stem initial consonants in Tibetan. (The stem-initial consonant is underlined in those words that have prefixes or initial clusters; [ts], [tsh], [tç], [tçh], etc., all count as single consonants.) Other phonetic developments are also explored.
Historio kaj teorio de Ido
(1913)
In the present paper, we concentrate on (selected) Bantu and Nilotic bare-passive strategies and lay out the basis for a typology of transitive passive constructions in these languages. We argue that bare-passives constitute an optimal strategy to change prominence relations between arguments, in languages that strongly hold to the default mapping between the highest thematic role available and the grammatical subject (i.e. Spec,TP). The Nilotic and Bantu languages discussed here differ in their way of satisfying this default mapping. In particular, impersonal bare-passives satisfy it by resorting to an agentive place-holder (an indefinite subject marker) and realizing the logical agent as a lower thematic/semantic role (e.g. instrument or locative). Left-dislocation and so called 'subjectobject' reversal bare-passives realize the default matching between agent and subject in a more straightforward way, but locate the patient in a higher argument position within the inflectional domain (Spec,TopP). As argued in Hamlaoui and Makasso (2013) and Hamlaoui (2013), and in line with Noonan (1977), the present languages display a clauseinternal split between subjecthood (being the grammatical subject in Spec,TP) and topicality (being the subject of the predication, in an inflectional-domain internal Spec,TopP).
The papers in this volume take up some aspects of the preverbal domain(s) in Bantu languages. They were originally presented at the Workshop BantuSynPhonIS: Preverbal Domain(s), held at the Center for General Linguistics (ZAS), in Berlin, on 14-15 November 2014. This workshop was coorganized by ZAS (Fatima Hamlaoui & Tonjes Veenstra) and the Humboldt University (Tom Güldemann, Yukiko Morimoto and Ines Fiedler).
Usings songs to teach aural comprehension in the intermediate-advanced foreign language classroom
(2000)
In this article, we will present an aural comprehension development technique for intermediate-advanced students of Russian which aims at expanding comprehensible input through the use of song-poems. We will argue that learning can be enhanced by expanding Krashen's notion of i+1 to i+1,2,3,4... We will discuss how the prosodic and poetic structures of song lyrics make this type of input particularly effective in the second or foreign language classroom. We will also examine the merits of this approach from the standpoint of motivating students, reducing their classroom anxiety, and encouraging the use of effective language learning strategies. Finally, we illustrate in detail the application of this method in the first author's Russian language textbook based on the songs of Bulat Okudzhava.
A grammar of Pite Saami
(2014)
Pite Saami is a highly endangered Western Saami language in the Uralic language family currently spoken by a few individuals in Swedish Lapland. This grammar is the first extensive book-length treatment of a Saami language written in English. While focussing on the morphophonology of the main word classes nouns, adjectives and verbs, it also deals with other linguistic structures such as prosody, phonology, phrase types and clauses. Furthermore, it provides an introduction to the language and its speakers, and an outline of a preliminary Pite Saami orthography. An extensive annotated spoken-language corpus collected over the course of five years forms the empirical foundation for this description, and each example includes a specific reference to the corpus in order to facilitate verification of claims made on the data. Descriptions are presented for a general linguistics audience and without attempting to support a specific theoretical approach, but this book should be equally useful for scholars of Uralic linguistics, typologists, and even learners of Pite Saami.
Bu çalışmada, Türkçedeki emir kipinin bir alt ulamı olan ve Almancada Jussiv terimiyle karşılanan 3. kişilere yönelik emir-istek1 biçimleri ve bunların Almancaya nasıl aktarılabileceği konulaştırılmaktadır. Bu amaçla Yaşar Kemal’in Kuşlar da Gittiromanındaki söz konusu emir-istek biçimleri aynı kitabın Almanca çevirisi Auch die Vögel sind fort’taki çevirileriyle karşılaştırılmaktadır. Karşılaştırmanın amacı çeviri eleştirisi değildir; yalnızca durum saptaması yapılmaktadır. Saptanan çeviri olanaklarının Alman dili eğitimi öğrencilerinde nasıl yansıma bulacağını görebilmek için bir de dar kapsamlı bir çeviri anketi uygulanmıştır. Türk dilinin bu dolaylı emir-istek için somut dilbilgisel bir ulam (Ali gelsin!) geliştirmişken, Almancada bire bir karşılaştırılabilir dilbilgisel bir eşdeğerlilik saptanmamıştır. Bu ulamın işlevi Almancada özellikle 3. kişi dolaylı anlatımla (Jeder kehre vor seiner eigenen Haustür!) ve yardımcı eylemlerle (Das Feuer soll von hier mitgenommen werden) karşılanmaktadır. Anlamsal bir ulam olan kipselliğin Türkçe ifadesindeki birçok örtüşmezlik, bu konunun Almanca öğretiminde daha çok dikkate alınması gerektiğini göstermiştir. Öğrencilerle yaptığımız çeviri uygulamasındaki diğer saptamamız, çevirilerdeki yetersizliğin sözlük kullanımındaki yetersizliğe dayandığıdır.
Die hier vorgelegte empirische Untersuchung der Fokuspartikeln im Georgischen zeichnet sich u.a. durch die sprach¬immanente Tatsache aus, dass die Fokusstrukturen im Georgischen mit expliziten Partikeln markiert werden können. Die in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Fokuspartikelgruppen ( ġa, c und c+ḳi) sind entsprechend den semantischen Implikationen der Restriktion, Addition und der Skalierung gegliedert worden.
Trotz gewisser Unterschiede im Einzelnen ergab sich folgendes gemeinsames Modell für die Stellungseinschränkungen in Relation zum Prädikatsverb:
• Durch Fokuspartikeln fokussierte Wörter stehen im Georgischen in der Regel unmittelbar vor dem Prädikatsverb.
• Die Skopi der Fokuspartikeln (wenn die fokusmarkierten Worte grammatische Köpfe der NPs sind) stehen im Georgischen in der Regel vor dem Prädikatsverb.
• Die nächstmögliche optimale Interpretationsposition für fokusmarkierte Wörter ist in der Regel die unmittelbare Verbnachstellung.
• Die nächstmögliche optimale Interpretationsposition der
Fokusgruppe ist in der Regel die unmittelbare Verbnachstellung.
Aufgrund der herausgearbeiteten Stellungseinschränkungen entwerfe ich das pragmatische Modell der informationsgliedernden Verbfinalität als Basisabfolge im georgischen Satz.
For reasons of space, we only discussed one text in which the metaphors used seem to take their root in the context in which it has been written. One text is definitely not enough to make any definite claims on how widespread this phenomenon is. Given what we know about the two domains - Food and taste - one has reasons to believe that when speakers/conceptualisers (e.g. journalists) describe something which stands in some relation to both, they may intuitively be reaching for taste metaphors of the kind described above on the premise that this kind of ‘ornamentation’ will add some spice to what the addressee might otherwise consider a trivial (and boring) topic. At the same time, taste is only one among many properties a particular item of food or a substance (e.g. sugar) has. In consequence, one may well imagine contexts in which it is not its taste, but other properties (e.g. what Harbottle [1997:183] refers to as its 'pure white and deadly’ image) that will make the conceptualiser reach for a particular linguistic or conceptual metaphor.
Der Beitrag präsentiert die Problematik der Possessivität in zwei typologisch diversen Sprachsystemen. Die Autoren analysieren die Ausdrucksweisen und die Spezifika der Kategorie der Possessivität in der deutschen Sprache (als einem Repräsentanten der germanischen Sprachgruppe) und in der slowakischen Sprache (als einem Repräsentanten der slawischen Sprachgruppe und zugleich der Muttersprache der Autoren). Es werden die vielseitigen semantischen und strukturellen Aspekte in beiden Sprachen beschrieben, wobei die konfrontative und kontrastive Betrachtung von Bedeutung ist. Es wurden die Konstruktionen beider Sprachen ausgewählt, die nach der von den Autoren angenommenen Begriffsbestimmung der Possessivität als possessiv zu betrachten sind. Die präsentierte Problematik kann für weitere Analysen und Untersuchungen sowohl im Bereich der Sprachwissenschaft als auch für die Erweiterung der interlingualen Kompetenz in beiden Sprachsystemen inspirierend und hilfreich sein.
It has been hypothesized that sounds which are less perceptible are more likely to be altered than more salient sounds, the rationale being that the loss of information resulting from a change in a sound which is difficult to perceive is not as great as the loss resulting from a change in a more salient sound. Kohler (1990) suggested that the tendency to reduce articulatory movements is countered by perceptual and social constraints, finding that fricatives are relatively resistant to reduction in colloquial German. Kohler hypothesized that this is due to the perceptual salience of fricatives, a hypothesis which was supported by the results of a perception experiment by Hura, Lindblom, and Diehl (1992). These studies showed that the relative salience of speech sounds is relevant to explaining phonological behavior. An additional factor is the impact of different acoustic environments on the perceptibility of speech sounds. Steriade (1997) found that voicing contrasts are more common in positions where more cues to voicing are available. The P-map, proposed by Steriade (2001a, b), allows the representation of varying salience of segments in different contexts. Many researchers have posited a relationship between speech perception and phonology. The purpose of this paper is to provide experimental evidence for this relationship, drawing on the case of Turkish /h/ deletion.
This article deals with the Tashlhiyt dialect of Berber (henceforth TB) spoken in the southern part of Morocco. In TB, words may consist entirely of consonants without vowels and sometimes of only voiceless obstruents, e.g. tft#tstt "you rolled it (fem)". In this study we have carried out acoustic, video-endoscopic and phonological analyses to answer the following question: is schwa, which may function as syllabic, a segment at the level of phonetic representations in TB? Video-endoscopic films were made of one male native speaker of TB, producing a list of forms consisting entirely of voiceless obstruents. The same list was produced by 7 male native speakers of TB for the acoustic analysis. The phonological analysis is based on the behaviour of vowels with respect to the phonological rule of assibilation. This study shows the absence of schwa vowels in forms consisting of voiceless obstruents.
In this study, cross-dialectal variation in the use of the acoustic cues of VOT and F0 to mark the laryngeal contrast in Korean stops is examined with Chonnam Korean and Seoul Korean. Prior experimental results (Han & Weitzman, 1970; Hardcastle, 1973; Jun, 1993 &1998; Kim, C., 1965) show that pitch values in the vowel onset following the target stop consonants play a supplementary role to VOT in designating the three contrastive laryngeal categories. F0 contours are determined in part by the intonational system of a language, which raises the question of how the intonational system interacts with phonological contrasts. Intonational difference might be linked to dissimilar patterns in using the complementary acoustic cues of VOT and F0. This hypothesis is tested with 6 Korean speakers, three Seoul Korean and three Chonnam Korean speakers. The results show that Chonnam Korean involves more 3-way VOT and a 2-way distinction in F0 distribution in comparison to Seoul Korean that shows more 3-way F0 distribution and a 2-way VOT distinction. The two acoustic cues are complementary in that one cue is rather faithful in marking 3-way contrast, while the other cue marks the contrast less distinctively. It also seems that these variations are not completely arbitrary, but linked to the phonological characteristics in dialects. Chonnam Korean, in which the initial tonal realization in the accentual phrase is expected to be more salient, tends to minimize the F0 perturbation effect from the preceding consonants by taking more overlaps in F0 distribution. And a 3-way distribution of VOT in Chonnam Korean, as compensation, can be also understood as a durational sensitivity. Without these characteristics, Seoul Korean shows relatively more overlapping distribution in VOT and more 3-way separation in F0 distribution.
According to standard Binding Theory, pronouns and reflexives are in (nearly) complementary distribution. However, representational NPs (e.g. 'picture of her/herself') allow both. It has been suggested that in English, reflexives in representational NPs (RNPs) have a preference for 'sources of information' and that pronouns prefer 'perceivers of information.' We conducted two experiments investigating the effects of structural and non-structural (source/perceiver) factors on the interpretation of two kinds of RNP structures in a typologically different language, namely Finnish. Our results reveal source/perceiver effects for postnominal but not for prenominal RNPs in Finnish, with a difference in the degree of sensitivity that pronouns and reflexives exhibit to the source/perceiver manipulation, and our results also suggest that morphological differences in Finnish reflexives correspond to interpretation differences. As a whole, these results support a multiple-factor model of reference resolution, which assumes that multiple factors can play a role in reference resolution and that the relative contributions of these factors can be different for different anaphoric forms (Kaiser 2003b, Kaiser & Trueswell in press).
Die Hauptthese dieser Dissertation ist, dass Nord-Sotho keinen obligatorischen Gebrauch von grammatischen Mitteln zur Markierung von Fokus macht, weder in der Syntax noch in der Prosodie oder Morphologie. Trotzdem strukturiert diese Sprache eine Äußerung nach informationsstrukturellen Aspekten. Konstituenten, die im Diskurs gegeben sind, werden entweder getilgt, pronominalisiert oder an den rechten oder linken Satzrand versetzt. Diese (morpho-)syntaktischen Prozesse wirken so zusammen, dass die fokussierte Konstituente oft final in ihrem Teilsatz erscheint. Obwohl die finale Position keine designierte Fokusposition ist, ist das Wissen um diese Tendenz doch entscheidend für das Verständnis einer morphologischen Alternation, die in Nord-Sotho am Verb erscheint und die in der Literatur im Zusammenhang mit Fokus diskutiert wurde.
Obwohl also ein direkter grammatischer Ausdruck von formaler F(okus)-Markierung im Nord-Sotho fehlt, ist F-Markierung trotzdem entscheidend für die Grammatik dieser Sprache: Fokussierte logische Subjekte können nicht in kanonischer präverbaler Position erscheinen. Sie erscheinen stattdessen entweder postverbal oder in einem Spaltsatz, abhängig von der Valenz des Verbs. Obwohl Nord-Sotho bei Objekten im Gebrauch von Spaltsätzen eine Korrespondenz von komplexer Form mit komplexer Bedeutung zeigt, gilt diese Korrespondenz nicht für logische Subjekte.
Die vorliegende Dissertation modelliert die oben genannten Ergebnisse im theoretischen Rahmen der Optimalitätstheorie (OT). Syntaktischer in situ Fokus und die Abwesenheit von prosodischer Fokusmarkierung können mit unkontroversen Beschränkungen erfasst werden. Für die Ungrammatikaliät fokussierter logischer Subjekte in präverbaler Position schlägt die vorliegende Arbeit die Modifizierung einer in der Literatur vorhandenen Beschränkung vor, die in Nord-Sotho von entscheidener Bedeutung ist. Die Form-Bedeutungs-Korrespondenz wird, wie andere Phänomene pragmatischer Arbeitsteilung auch, innerhalb der schwach bidirektionalen Optimalitätstheorie behandelt.
Im folgenden wird zuerst das Modell vorgestellt, das als theoretische Grundlage für die Betrachtung der Semantik der Aspekt-Tempus-Formen dient (Abschnitt 2). Danach werden die syntagmatischen Markiertheitsrelationen der einzelnen aspektuell-temporalen Formen im Rahmen dieses Modells analysiert (Abschnitt 3). Im Abschnitt 4 werden die paradigmatischen Relationen zwischen den Aspekt-Tempus-Formen erörtert. Abschließend (Abschnitt 5) wird das Fazit aus der Untersuchung gezogen.
Der Umbau des Tempussystems und andere Veränderungen im russischen Verbalsystem wurden durch die Ausprägung der neuen slavischen Aspekte ausgelöst. Die Ausformung und die immer stärker werdende Einbeziehung der Aspekte in das gesamte Verbalsystem hat tiefgreifende Veränderungen der systemdefinierenden Struktureigenschaften des russischen Verbs hervorgerufen. Die Aspekte sind im Laufe der Sprachentwicklung zur eigentlichen Grundlage des gesamten russischen Verbalsystems geworden. Die Entwicklung der Tempora verläuft im präteritalen und im nichtpräteritalen Bereich gewissermaßen in entgegengesetzten Richtungen. Das Subsystem der Vergangenheitstempora wurde im Altrussischen maximal reduziert, während der Funktionsbereich der Nicht-Vergangenheit in Präsens und Futur aufgelöst wurde. Die beiden Entwicklungsrichtungen stehen in direktem Zusammenhang mit der Ausprägung der Aspekte. Ich betrachte deshalb die Entwicklung der Tempora und die Entwicklung der Aspekte parallel.
Inhalt dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung einer digitalen Korpusanwendung zur türkeitürkischen Dialektologie, in welcher der Inhalt des in Kapitel 3.1 beschriebenen Wörterbuchs komplett enthalten und umfangreich durchsuchbar sein soll. Da das Dialektwörterbuch insgesamt 126.468 Einträge enthält, ist eine manuelle Recherche darin äußerst zeitintensiv und unkomfortabel. Selbst die Suche innerhalb einer digitalen Version, die z. B. in einer Word-Datei gespeichert sein kann, ist nicht komfortabel möglich, sobald Optionen bzw. Einschränkungen getätigt werden sollen, wie z. B. die Beschränkung der Ergebnisse auf das Vorkommen in einer bestimmten Provinz. Daher ist es das Ziel der Entwicklung, den Anwendern folgende Suchmöglichkeiten zu bieten: Das Wörterbuch soll entweder komplett im Volltext durchsucht werden können, oder nur innerhalb des Lemmas1. Dabei soll jeweils die Angabe einer oder mehrerer Provinzen möglich sein, sodass die Suchergebnisse nur jene Einträge beinhalten, in denen Suchbegriff und Provinz in der gleichen Zeile enthalten sind. Die Treffer der Suche sollen farbig hervorgehoben sein, damit insbesondere bei großen Wörterbucheinträgen nicht manuell nach den darin enthaltenen Suchbegriffen gesucht werden muss, sondern diese dem Anwender direkt auffallen. Außerdem ist es wünschenswert, mittels Platzhaltern und sogenannten Coversymbolen nach Wortformen und phonetisch bedingten Allomorphen suchen zu können. Letzteres ist für Linguisten, die sich mit dem Türkischen beschäftigen, bei der Eingabe der Suchbegriffe äußerst praktisch, da das Türkische eine vokalharmonische Sprache ist, in der phonetisch bedingte Varianten üblicherweise durch die Schreibung mit Coversymbolen dargestellt werden: z. B. -lAr für die Pluralallomorphe -lar und -ler...
On the Indo-European nature of non-Indo-European animals metaphor : the case of Chinese zoosemy
(2007)
Die Termini Possessivität und Possession, die wir synonym für einander verwenden wollen, sind vorwissenschaftlich. Ihr Inhalt hat in keinem der Modelle der synchronen Sprachbeschreibung eine befriedigende Präzisierung erfahren. Die Auffassungen darüber, was man in gewissen Sprachen als possessiv anzusehen hat, schwanken. Man hat sich, mit Recht, gefragt, ob man einem entsprechenden Begriff überhaupt einen Platz in der Beschreibung von Sprachen – und damit in der Grammatik – einräumen solle. […] So erwägenswert manches an dieser Einschätzung auch ist, so finde ich es anderseits doch bemerkenswert, daß sich die verschiedensten Linguisten bei der Beschreibung der verschiedensten Sprachen doch immer wieder veranlaßt sehen, solche Termini – und Begriffe – wie "possessiv", "Possession" einzuführen. […] Intuitiv denkt man bei dem Terminus "Possession", "possessiv" in Sprachen wie dem Deutschen an die Konstruktionen mit Genitiv oder Possessivpronomen einerseits 'Karls/sein Haus') und an Konstruktionen mit 'haben', 'gehören', 'besitzen' anderseits ('Karl hat ein Haus'). Es hat nicht an Versuchen gefehlt, das eine auf das andere zu reduzieren. Die orthodoxe TG hat lange genug behauptet, 'Karls Haus' liege ein 'Karl hat ein Haus' zugrunde. Daß sich das nicht verallgemeinern läßt, sieht man etwa an 'Karls Tod', wozu es kein *'Karl hat einen Tod' gibt. Die Hypothese, die ich hier vorlegen und begründen möchte besteht darin, daß beide Ausdrucksweisen, also Genitiv, Possessivpronomen einerseits und 'haben' etc. anderseits einander komplementieren und erst zusammen den Phänomenbereich der Possessivität konstruieren. Eine große Rolle spielt dabei der Unterschied zwischen sogenannten relationalen und nicht-relationalen Nomina. Solche schwierigen Fragen untersucht man einerseits am besten an seiner eigenen Muttersprache. Anderseits aber hoffe ich das hier Gefundene durch die Konfrontation mit den Verhältnissen in einer davon weit abliegenden Sprache, einer Indianersprache Süd-Kaliforniens, Cahuilla, noch plastischer hervortreten zu lassen. Das hier angewendete Beschreibungsmodell ist gemischt. Die zugrundeliegenden Strukturen sind so weit wie möglich als syntaktische dargestellt. Doch konnte ich nicht umhin, in solchen syntaktischen Strukturen gewisse semantische Entitäten unterzubringen. Das gilt insbesondere für die abstrakten oder "höheren" Verben APPLIES und EXIST. Sie haben einen direkten semantischen Wert.
I. Zum Problem der Possessivität im Cahuilla (Uto-Aztekisch, Süd-Kalifornien) -
Von "possessiv", ''Possessivität'' wird in den Grammatiken verschiedener Sprachen in mindestens zwei verschiedenen Zusammenhängen gesprochen: 1.) Im Zusammenhang mit den "Possessivpronomina" und mit "Genitiv", z. B. dt. 'Karls Vater', 'sein Tod', 'seine Verurteilung', 2.) Im Zusammenhang mit 'haben', 'gehören', 'besitzen'. Daß die beiden Zusammenhänge nicht koextensiv sind, zeigt sich etwa bei 'sein Tod', wo neben es kein *'er hat einen Tod' gibt. Ebenso ist neben 'Karls Vater' ein Satz wie *'Karl gehört der (oder: ein) Vater' abweichend, zumindest wenn es sich um den leiblichen Vater Karls handeln soll. Das zeigt sich auch, daß die von der TG lange geübte Praxis, die Genitiv-Syntagmen auf 'haben'-Syntagmen zurückzuführen, nicht den Tatsachen entspricht. In anderen indogermanischen Sprachen finden wir ähnliches wie im Deutschen. Wir wissen zwar, was "Possessivpronomina" qua morphologische Klasse sind; aber syntaktisch und erst recht semantisch ist das Phänomen ''Possessiv'' weitgehend ungeklärt.
[...]
Ich glaube nun in einer Sprache den Bereich der Probleme einigermaßen zu überschauen, die man traditionellerweise und ohne recht zu wissen wie, mit dem Terminus "possessiv" in Verbindung bringt. Die Sprache heißt CAHUILLA, wird im südlichen Kalifornien von wenigen Sprechern noch gesprochen und gehört zur Uto-Aztekischen Sprachfamilie.
II. Possessivität und Universalien -
In meinem ersten Vortrag bin ich davon ausgegangen, daß für eine gegebene Sprache bei guter Kenntnis derselben eine zunächst intuitive Erfassung eines Bereichs der Grammatik möglich ist, den man sodann durch eine Theorie und nachprüfbare Methoden schrittweise auf die Ebene des wissenschaftlichen Bewusstseins zu heben versucht. Es handelt sich um jenen Bereich, dessen Grundprinzipien semantischer Natur sind, an dem aber auch die Syntax einen wesentlichen Anteil hat. Wie man den Bereich nachher nennt, ist weniger wichtig; ich sehe kein Hindernis, den traditionellen Terminus "possessiv", "Possessivität" dafür zu verwenden. Auch heute, in dem zweiten Vortrag, in dem es zunächst vor allem ums Deutsche, dann aber um die Frage nach den sogenannten Universalien geht, will ich wieder davon ausgehen, daß es möglich ist, einen semanto-syntaktischen Bereich "Possessivität" intuitiv abzustecken. Ich will dafür zunächst einen prominenten Zeugen aufrufen, der das fürs Griechische getan hat: Aristoteles.
Zeit im Baskischen
(2000)
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit besteht darin, formale Kategorien der baskischen Verbalflexion funktional voneinander abzugrenzen und in Bezug zueinander zu setzen. Nach einer Übersicht über die soziolinguistischen Fakten des Baskischen im zweiten Kapitel erfolgt zunächst im dritten Kapitel in einem onomasiologisch-deskriptiven Teil die Vorstellung der beiden baskischen Verbalflexionen, der periphrastischen und der synthetischen. Im vierten Kapitel geht es darum, einen Erkenntnisweg zu finden, der die Beschreibungsebene gewissermaßen umkehrt: Um zu einer semasiologischen Beschreibung der verbalen Kategorien zu gelangen, werden zunächst vier morphologische Kategorien anvisiert, die weite Verbreitung in Dialekten und Standardsprache haben: die periphrastischen Verbformen, die mit dem Verbalnomen im Inessiv oder dem Partizip und jeweils einem Auxiliar im Präsens oder Präteritum gebildet werden. Mit Hilfe eines standardisierten TAM-Fragebogens werden daraufhin Ansatzpunkte aufgespürt für die Untersuchung der ausschlaggebenden Parameter für die Verwendung von den mit dem Partizip gebildeten periphrastischen Formen, die beide Vergangenheitstempora sind. Die Arbeit mit einem geschriebenen Textkorpus erlaubt keine Erkenntnisse in dieser Richtung, dient jedoch einer funktionalen Abgrenzung der beiden mit dem präteritalen Auxiliar gebildeten periphrastischen Formen. Die Arbeit mit gesprochenem monologischen Text läßt wiederum keine Erkenntnisse in bezug auf die beiden Vergangenheitstempora zu, grenzt jedoch funktional die mit dem Verbalnomen im Inessiv gebildeten Formen periphrastischer Verben voneinander ab. Für die Unterscheidung der mit dem Partizip gebildeten Formen periphrastischer Verben wird schließlich die Form der direkten Elizitierung gewählt. Mit Hilfe einer Liste von temporaladverbiellen Ausdrücken wird ein temporales Raster von für die jeweilige Verwendung eines Vergangenheitstempus relevanten Zeitreferenzpunkte etabliert. Anhand dieses Rasters wird schließlich der synthetische Flexionstyp zu dem periphrastischen Typ in Verbindung gesetzt und die Übereinstimmungen in einer Tabelle veranschaulicht. Die Arbeit endet mit einer Zusammenfassung und einem Ausblick auf das Untersuchungsfeld der typisch baskischen Strukturen zur Erschaffung temporaler Relationen.
In seinen Schriften zur Typologie des Relativsatzes behandelt Lehmann auch das Baskische […] Die Diskussion um den baskischen Relativsatz geht jedoch schon auf De Rijk (1972) zurück und wird von Oyharqabal (1985) fortgesetzt. In diesen Werken geht es um allgemeine Themen der Typologie des Relativsatzes (vor allem um das Problem der Zugänglichkeit), wobei allerdings wichtige Fragen unberücksichtigt bleiben: Warum gibt es im Baskischen mehrere unterschiedliche Relativsatzkonstruktionen? Worin unterscheiden sie sich? Wie lassen sie sich voneinander und gegen andere Verfahren der Nominalisierung abgrenzen, mit anderen Worten: welche Konstruktion gehört noch zu den Relativsatzbildungen, welche nicht mehr? Ich will hier die verschiedenen Verfahren der Relativsatzbildung (Relativierung) vorstellen und versuchen, mit Hilfe von Lehmanns (1984) Kontinuum der Nominalisierung Ordnung in die Phänomene , zu bringen, um schließlich Erklärungsansätze zu finden.
Das vorliegende Arbeitspapier ist das Skript einer Vorlesung, die ich während des Wintersemesters 1986/87 am Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität zu Köln gehalten habe. […] Das Arbeitspapier gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Im ersten Teil, Kapitel 1 - 4, werden die bei der Untersuchung und Beschreibung einer Sprache auftretenden soziolinguistischen Probleme besprochen, während im zweiten Teil, Kapitel 5 - 11, behandelt wird, wie eine Grammatik geschrieben werden sollte. Es geht dabei also nicht um die grammatische Analyse sprachlicher Daten, sondern um die Darstellung einer Sprache, d.h. um die schriftstellerische Aufgabe des Linguisten, des Grammatikers im eigentlichen Sinn.
Iločki jezikoslovni razmišljaji : (Marko Samardžija: Devet iločkih priopćenja i jedno warszawsko)
(2010)
U radu se predstavljaju rezultati terenskog istraživanja o nazivima za uskršnju pletenicu, provedenog na gotovo dvjesto punktova duž hrvatske obale te u unutrašnjosti Istre i nadopunjenog podatcima iz objavljene literature. Istraživanjem su, radi usporedbe, zahvaćena i neka naselja u Gorskom kotaru te u unutrašnjosti Dalmacije. Analiza prikupljenog korpusa ukazuje na snažnu prisutnost slike sadržaja ‘ptica’ u našim jadranskim nazivima za uskršnju pletenicu, bilo da je riječ o nazivima slavenskog ili romanskog (dalmatskog, istroromanskog ili mletačkog) podrijetla. Na temelju tih zapažanja ponovno se razmatraju neka dosad predložena etimološka rješenja (Skok, Vinja) te donose novi etimološki prijedlozi.
U ovome su radu obradena 232 obiteljska nadimka u Puciscima na otoku Bracu. Obiteljski su nadimci, kao dodatan vid identifikacije koji se razvio još u pretprezimenskome razdoblju, a kasnije je sve zastupljeniji zbog brojnosti nositelja pojedinih prezimena, svojevrsni specifikum hrvatskih otoka koji dosad nije dostatno proucen. U Puciscima se obiteljski nadimci bilježe od konca 16. st. te se na temelju njihove motivacije može djelomicno rekonstruirati fond osobnih imena (odnos hrvatskih narodnih imena te hrvatskih i novijih romanskih prilagodenica kršcanskih imena), vanjština (posebice tjelesne mane), karakterne crte (uglavnom nekonvencionalne) te podrijetlo i svakodnevni život Puciscana. Fond je obiteljskih nadimaka znatno otvoreniji inojezicnim sustavima (poglavito romanskim) te je odraz svojevrsne tisucljetne hrvatsko-romanske simbioze na istocnoj obali Jadranskoga mora.
U ovome se članku obrađuju posuđenice mletačkoga podrijetla u sjevernočakavskom govoru Boljuna u sjeveroistočnoj Istri. Cilj rada bio je etimološki obraditi pridjeve i imenice iz semantičke domene karakternih osobina koji nisu bili uvršteni u Skokov Etimologijski rječnik ni u Vinjine Jadranske etimologije. Polazišna građa ekscerpirana je iz rukopisnoga Rječnika boljunskih govora Ivana Francetića, provjerena je na terenu te je etimološkom i leksičkom analizom dovedena u vezu s istromletačkim, venecijanskim, tršćanskim i talijanskim (etymologia proxima) te s latinskim ili drugim etimonom (etymologia remota), a na sinkronijskoj i dijatopijskoj razini s rječničkim potvrdama u ostalim čakavskim govorima Istre, Kvarnera i Dalmacije.
U ovom članku razmatraju se dokazi koje posuđenice nude za vrste kontakata između Praslavena i njihovih germanskih susjeda, Gota i različitih zapadnogermanskih naroda. Germanske posuđenice u praslavenskome uglavnom pripadaju određenom skupu semantičkih polja. Posuđene riječi mogu se podijeliti u nekoliko semantičkih polja: vlast i vojska, tehnička terminologija, novac i trgovinska razmjena, mjesta za pohranu (bačve, kutije itd.), kršćanska terminologija i imanje. Tehničke riječi i kršćanske riječi vjerojatno su zapadnogermanskoga podrijetla, dok sve ostale semantičke kategorije sadrže i gotske i zapadnogermanske posuđenice.
U radu se raspravlja o etimologiji hrvatske riječi jaram i srodnih riječi u ostalim slavenskim jezicima. Prikazuje se da je ta riječ u baltoslavenskome bila množinski oblik imenice koja je dala hrvatsko rame. Raspravljaju se formalne teškoće te etimologije i analiziraju se brojne usporedne izvedenice u slavenskome.
This paper proposes a new sound rule for Proto-Slavic, according to which *g (from PIE *g, *gw, *gh, and *gwh) was lost before *m. This development was posterior to Winter’s law and the merger of voiced and aspirated stop in Slavic. The operation of the rule is illustrated by new etymologies of four Slavic words: *ama, *jama ‘hole, pit’, *těmę ‘sinciput’, *mąžь ‘husband, man’, and *remy ‘leather belt’.
U članku se raspravlja o istrorumunjskim nazivima koji su u bilo kakvoj svezi sa stablom (općenito). Obrađeni su oblici dio opsežnijega korpusa od preko 8000 oblika koji smo sami prikupili (istraživanja su obavljana u više navrata od 1985. godine – posljednje provjere i dopune korpusa obavljene su tekuće, 2010., godine i to u svim mjestima gdje se i danas govori istrorumunjski: Žejane, Šušnjevica, Nova Vas, Jesenovik, Letaj, Brdo, Škabići, Trkovci, Zankovci, Miheli, Kostrčan). Uz svaku obrađenu riječ navode se odgovarajuće iz svih dostupnih nam istrorumunjskih repertoara. Za svaku riječ daje se etimologijsko tumačenje do kojeg se dolazi usporedbom pojedinog termina s odgovarajućim čakavskim i istromletačkim okolnim govorima, a ako je riječ domaća, daju se i paralele iz ostala tri rumunjska dijalekta. U obrađenoj građi prevladavaju posuđenice iz čakavskih govora. Domaćih je riječi 14, no za neke se to ne može s potpunom sigurnošću utvrditi jer se u potpunosti poklapaju s čakavskim ekvivalentima. Izravnih posuđenica iz (istro)mletačkoga nema.
U radu se analiziraju eliptični oblici anglizama u ruskome i hrvatskome jeziku i dopunjuje pristup njihove dosadašnje kvalifikacije i klasifikacije. Preciznijim definicijama stupnja elipse u anglizmu predlaže se jednostavnije i jasnije određivanje njihovih granica i razlika. Na temelju rezultata analize anglizama uočene su nove mogućnosti u njihovu formiranju. U formiranju eliptičnoga oblika anglizma nije nužno samo ispuštanje određenih elemenata, već se eliptični oblik anglizma može formirati i s pomoću kombinacija drugih tvorbenih načina: kombinacijom elipse i supstitucije, elipse i kompozicije, elipse i adicije, elipse, supstitucije i adicije, elipse, supstitucije i kompozicije te kombinacijom elipse, adicije i kompozicije.
U članku se na temelju podataka dobivenih usmjerenim terenskim istraživanjem u govoru Novalje na otoku Pagu prikazuju naglasni tipovi imenica u tom govoru s obzirom na mjesto i vrstu naglaska (i podtipovi s obzirom na postojanje prednaglasnih duljina te varijante s obzirom na stupanj inovativnosti): a) tip a sa stalnim mjestom naglaska na vokalu osnove, b) tip b sa stalnim mjestom naglaska na vokalu nastavka, c) tip c s alterniraju263;im mjestom naglaska na vokalu osnove i na vokalu nastavka.
U radu se analizira poglavlje Sprichwörter – Prirečja iz Kristijanovićeva Anhanga, aneksnog rječnika dodanog njegovoj Grammatik der kroatischen Mundart. Prirečja sadrže kajkavsku paremiološku građu s njemačkim ekvivalentima koja se analizira s obzirom na njezine izvore i leksikografsku obradbu. Pokazuje se da osim poslovica rječnik sadrži i frazeme i kolokvijalne izraze. Posebna se pozornost posvećuje semantičkoj analizi poslovica i naznačuje na koji se aspekt ljudskog života pouka i poruka odnose.
Elision of /h, ?/ in the Shirazi Dialect of Persian (SHDP) : an optimality theory based analysis
(2010)
Until recently, many researchers have shown interest in studying lenitions, which are examples of the most common universal types of phonological processes. Elision of laryngeals (glottal fricative /h/ and glottal stop /?/) is one of the most common phonological alternations exhibited in the Shirazi dialect of Persian (SHDP) which to the knowledge of the researchers, has not been studied to date. This paper seeks to provide a description of the facts about this common phonological alternation in the addressed regional dialect of Persian and points out some main differences between the behavior of these processes in SHDP and Standard Persian (SP). The analysis is cast in an Optimal Theoretic (OT) framework (McCarthy and Prince 1995, 2001), which holds that linguistic forms are the outcome of interaction among violable universal constraints. The present study shows that the addressed processes of consonant deletion in SHDP are restricted by syllabic position and are conditioned by coda position, intervocalic position or consonant clusters. They are usually blocked in the onset, but there are cases where reduction is allowed in the onset of the stressed syllable. Thus, the study adds SHDP to the list of languages which permit lenition in the onset of the stressed syllable. The addressed processes of elision are always blocked in word-initial position and laryngeal elision is always followed by Compensatory lengthening (CL), even after deletion from the onset of the stressed syllable.
Key words: lenition or weakening, laryngeal elision, phonological processes, Optimality Theory
Rani razvoj goranskih govora
(2010)
U radu se razmatra povijest hrvatskih govora u Gorskome kotaru, koji se obično smatraju kajkavskim govorima. Obrađuju se različite promjene u akcentuaciji, konsonantizmu i vokalizmu do približno 16. stoljeća. One se uspoređuju sa sličnim promjenama u susjednim kajkavskim, slovenskim, čakavskim i štokavskim dijalektima. Najstarije nam izoglose pokazuju da goranske govore ne možemo smatrati doseljenim izdaleka ili miješanim. Moramo ih smjestiti u Gorski kotar već prije otomanskih nadiranja u 15. i 16. stoljeću. Raspravlja se o tome da je Gorski kotar dijalektno područje kroz koje teče više izoglosa koje postaju razumljive kad smještamo ovo područje u perspektivu okolnih južnoslavenskih narječja.
Prema opisima u suvremenim hrvatskim gramatikama dalo bi se zaključiti da hrvatski koordinativne složenice ili ne poznaje ili da ih je toliko malo da ne traže opis. U članku se podsjeća da je u starijim gramatikama o njima bilo riječi, a da svojom suvremenom količinom i različitim ostvarajima (imeničke, pridjevske, priložne, sa spojnicima -o- i -0-) gramatički opis itekako zaslužuju. Pokazuje se zbog kojih se svojih odlika takve složenice mogu smatrati riječima, a ne spojevima riječi, sintagmama. Na primjeru jezika Anke Žagar pokazuje se da model koordinativnih složenica kao potencija može unutar poezije poprimiti i jezičnostvaralačke inačice.
Dijalekti u Gorskom kotaru
(2010)
U Gorskome kotaru govori se svim našim narječjima, kajkavskim, štokavskim i čakavskim, ali rijetki su dijalektolozi koji ih istražuju. U radu se iznosi pregled osnovnih fonoloških i morfoloških karakteristika zabilježenih u dosadašnjim istraživanjima na tom području. Uz zabilježene potvrde promatranih osobina, radu je priložen fonološki zapis jednoga goranskoga idioma.
Posljedice globalizacijskih procesa vidljive su i u jeziku kao tendencija k internacionalizaciji. Internacionalizacija, ili možda preciznije angloamerikanizacija, zahvatila je sve jezike modernoga svijeta. Hrvatski jezik nije iznimka. U ovom ćemo radu spomenuti samo neke od posljedica internacionalizacije, i to na leksičkoj, tvorbenoj i semantičkoj razini.
U prilogu se s kontrastivnog aspekta analiziraju frazemi hrvatskoga i češkoga jezika kojima je sastavnica zoonim. Životinja je još od pradavnih vremena najbliži čovjekov suputnik. U svim se narodima životinjama pripisuju simbolična značenja i ljudske osobine i to najčešće one negativne što ćemo i pokušati dokazati ovim prilogom. Naime, ljudi su kroz povijest pripisivali životinjama određene stereotipe. Tako se pozitivno određuju domaće životinje i to one od kojih čovjek ima više koristi, za razliku od divljih prema kojima je puno kritičniji i skloniji negativnome određenju. S obzirom na to da zoonimska frazeologija obuhvaća širok dijapazon različitih značenja u ovome ćemo se prilogu baviti onim frazemima koji svojim značenjem ulaze u koncept ljudskih osobina, stanja, izgleda, načina kretanja te odnosa prema jelu i piću. Pri tome se objašnjava i simbolika pojedine životinje jer se time razumije i pozadinska slika pojedina frazema. Također u prilogu se provodi i kontrastivna analiza izdvojenih hrvatskih i čeških frazema s obzirom na navedene koncepte te se utvrđuju podudarnosti i razlike.
Ključne riječi: frazem; zoonim; frazemska pozadinska slika; kontrastivna analiza; hrvatski jezik; češki jezik