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The article gives an overview of the most important linguistic publications on the Burgenland Croatian dialects so far and concludes that our picture of these dialects is still far from complete. Two examples are given of unsolved questions that illustrate why a more complete picture than we have at the moment is necessary. The author wishes to point out that good quality linguistic fieldwork in this region deserves higher priority than it is given now, especially since the dialects are dying out so fast.
Vremenski instrumental
(2014)
U radu se analizira metoda opisa tvorbe pridjeva u Grammatik der illyrischen Sprache (Wien, 1854.) Andrije Torkvata Brlića i u Slovnici Hèrvatskoj za gimnazije i realne škole (Zagreb, 1859.) Antuna Mažuranića. Modeli se opisa tvorbe pridjeva propituju s obzirom na tvorbene načine te pripadajuće im sufikse i tvorbene preoblike. Dobiveni se rezultati analize uspoređuju sa suvremenim pristupima gramatičkim tvorbenim opisima pridjeva u hrvatskome jeziku.
Autor, motiviran ponajprije poznatom pretpostavkom o tome da je Marko Marulić možda studirao pravne znanosti, prvo daje pregled dosadašnjih ograničenih pokušaja da se govori o pravnoj terminologiji u Marulićevu opusu na hrvatskom jeziku. Poslije se, s obzirom na to da se u prikazanoj literaturi katkada implicira (ali i eksplicira) da se Marulić koristi tim terminima zato što je bio pravnik, pretragom spomenutog opusa u potrazi za potencijalnim pravnim terminima pokušava utvrditi može li se takvo razmišljanje bolje potkrijepiti ili pak opovrgnuti. Na kraju se raspravlja o metodološkim problemima, ograničenjima, ali i mogućnostima poboljšanja takvih filoloških istraživanja.
U novoštokavskim se govorima još uvijek dobro čuvaju ostatci starih naglasnih paradigama te su terenskim istraživanjem u govoru Komazina prikupljene imenice o-osnovâ muškoga roda. U članku se iznosi trenutačno stanje i opisuju promjene koje su zahvatile sve naglasne paradigme. Potvrđena je tendencija prelaska nekih imenica iz n. p. A u n. p. B, dok u množinskim oblicima nisu zabilježene sekundarne promjene naglaska. Staro stanje, pomičnost naglaska i preskakanje na proklitiku čuva se u n. p. C, no u množini se širi nepomičan naglasak na prvome slogu. Većina imenica n. p. B mno¬žinu ujednačava prema n. p. C, dok obrnut utjecaj nije zabilježen, a na n. p. A je neznatan. Donose se primjeri koji upućuju na moguće postojanje sinkronijske n. p. D.
U ovome se radu obrađuju naglasne značajke u govorima i toponimiji Zažablja i Popova. U prvome se dijelu rada iznose bitne fonološke, morfološke, sintaktičke i leksičke značajke obrađenoga područja te ga se uspoređuje s drugim štokavskim govorima. U središnjemu se dijelu rada obrađuju mjesne naglasne osobitosti, primjerice naglašivanje starih i suvremenih posuđenica, razlikovna uloga naglaska te odrazi praslavenskih naglasnih paradigma. U završnome se dijelu iznose i neke naglasne razlike u mjesnim govorima, poglavito s obzirom na narodnosnu pripadnost.
U ovome radu autor će, na osnovu vlastitih istraživanja, pokušati dati sumaran prikaz akcenatskih svojstava govora otoka Iža, smještenog u zadarskom arhipelagu. Namjera mu je smjestiti iški govor i akcenatski sustav među drugim čakavskim otočkim govorima, dati fonetski i fonološki opis pojedinih akcenata i potkrijepiti ih primjerima koje je čuo od iških govornika i, konačno, pokušati utvrditi fonološki status čakavskog akuta u iškome govoru. Budući da su istraživanja bila ograničenoga karaktera, ovaj rad nije zamišljen kao konačan opis, već kao polažišna točka za buduća istraživanja koja je potrebno izvršiti na osnovu kojih će se moći napraviti što iscrpniji i potpuniji opis iškoga govora i akcenatskoga sustava.
U članku je riječ o sklonidbi i naglasku imenica srednjega roda o-sklonidbe u mjesnom govoru sela Jevšček pokraj Livka (općina Kobarid, Slovenija), koji pripada nadiškomu dijalektu slovenskoga, i to sa sinkronijskoga i dijakronijskoga aspekta. S aspekta jezikoslovnoga opisa prikazani su nastavci i njihova distribucija s obzirom na osnovu te naglasni tipovi i njihove paradigme. U jezičnopovijesnome dijelu određuje se povijesni izvod pojedinih nastavaka i naglasnih tipova. Opisani oblici i naglasni sustav postavljaju se u širi slovenski i slavenski kontekst.
The article analyzes the accentuation of western South Slavic l-participles of verbal stems ending in an occlusive that are formed by adding the formant *-l- directly to the stem, e.g. *nes-lъ, Croatian nȅsao, Slovene nesel. Data from Slovene, Čakavian, Kajkavian and Štokavian dialects are compared and discussed against the background of late Proto-Slavic and early dialectal accentual and phonological changes. The operation of accentological changes such as Dybo’s law, Stang’s law and the rise of the neocircumflex, as well as the reduction of weak jers caused alternations in tone, vowel-length and position of the ictus. These alterations could be analogically eliminated or extended at different times and in different areas during the linguistic history of western South Slavic, thus causing the rise of some of the earliest isoglosses in the area in which western South Slavic is spoken.
Ovaj rad predstavit će akcentuaciju, podrijetlo i distribuciju naglasaka u kajkavskim govorima istočne ludbreške Podravine. Prozodija ludbreških govora naselja istočno od Ludbrega, u smjeru Ludbreg – Legrad, nije prikazana u dosadašnjim istraživanjima mjesnih govora toga kraja pa je cilj ovoga rada opisati sadašnje stanje koje se zbog utjecaja medija i migracija stanovništva mijenja, a jedna od očekivanih promjena u razvoju fonoloških sustava mjesnih govora gubljenje je oprjeke po kvantiteti. Istraživanja će se nadovezati na dosad provedena istraživanja fonoloških sustava govora ludbreške Podravine.
Tema članka je naglasak i-glagolâ u govoru mjesta Banjole (oko 6 km južno od Pule), koji pripada premanturskoj skupini govorâ jugozapadnoga istarskog dijalekta. Ta je skupina govora zanimljiva jer se odlikuje nekim obilježjima tipičnima za štokavsko narječje (npr. nastavak -ā u Gmn.) te vjerojatno predstavlja ostatak prijelaznih južnočakavsko-zapadnoštokavskih govora, donesen u Istru tijekom seobâ u 16. i 17. st. Naglasni se sustav tih govora i u općim crtama donekle razlikuje od onoga ostalih JZ istarskih govora; npr. naglasak se tu povlači na prethodni slog u većem broju okolinâ, čuva se preskakanje naglaska na prednaglasnice i sl., zbog čega se oni, uz ostalo, i svrstavaju u zasebnu skupinu.
Kada je riječ o naglasku i-glagolâ, stanje je u raznim slavenskim govorima raznoliko i složeno. Opis situacije u govoru Banjolâ dopunit će sliku dobivenu istraživanjima drugih slavenskih govorâ te pripomoći rekonstrukciji naglaska toga glagolskog tipa u općeslavenskom.
U članku se opisuje naglasak imenica u govoru mjesta Kali na otoku Ugljanu. Uvodni dio rada čini kraći prikaz kaljskih glasova i deklinacije kaljskih imenica, jezgru čini pregled kaljskih imeničkih naglasnih paradigama te naglaska imenica s prefiksima i sufiksima, a na kraju se nalaze popis češćih kaljskih imenica i kraći kaljski tekst kao primjer govora.
Sadržaj: 1. Uvod; 2. Glasovi; 3. Oblici imenica; 4. Naglasak imenica; 5. Naglasak imenica s nekim sufiksima i prefiksima; 6. Češće kaljske imenice podijeljene na sinkronijske naglasne paradigme; 7. Primjer kaljskoga govora; Literatura
Nakon uvodnih napomena o gornjomeđimurskome naselju Dragoslavec Breg (s osobitim osvrtom na povijest njegova imena, neslužbeni etnik i kretanje broja stanovnika), u radu se na osnovi terenskim i arhivskim istraživanjem prikupljene građe analizira antroponimijski sustav toga naselja. Pokazuju se značajke osobnih imena (njihova službena i neslužbena uporaba te učestalost), prezimena njegovih stanovnika (učestalost, podrijetlo, značenje i tvorbena struktura) kao i njihovi obiteljski nadimci (motivacija i tvorbene značajke).
Zastupljenost romanizama u govorima srednjodalmatinskoga priobalja i otoka opširno je i bogato analizirana u dosadašnjim jezikoslovnim istraživanjima. Manje su, i ne baš sustavno, istraženi govori unutrašnjega dijela srednje Dalmacije. U radu se opisuju ostatci romanskoga utjecaja na prostorno velikom, a danas slabo naseljenom zabiokovskom arealu. Budući da se jezično posuđivanje najčešće ostvaruje u kategorijama imenica i glagola, posebna se pozornost posvećuje morfološkoj osobitosti pridjeva romanskoga podrijetla kao slabije proučavanoj gramatičkoj kategoriji. Promatrani korpus dobiven je ekscerpiranjem romanizama iz recentnih dijalekatnih leksikografskih djela. Nakon opisa društveno-povijesnoga okvira Zabiokovlja, koji je i doveo do različitih romanskih utjecaja, prikazuje se leksikološka i etimološka obrada pridjeva romanskoga podrijetla te se analiziraju načini adaptacije romanskih pridjevskih posuđenica u govorima Zabiokovlja.
Osnovni je cilj članka analiza naglaska glagolâ s i-prezentom u mjesnom govoru Medulina (kod Pule) na sinkronijskoj i dijakronijskoj razini. Materijal je dobiven u razgovoru s izvornom govornicom te iz Rječnika medulinskoga govora (v. popis literature). Glagoli se razvrstavaju prema naglasnim paradigmama (A, B ili C) i drugim obilježjima, poput dužine samoglasnika u osnovi, formanta u oblicima infinitivne osnove (-i- ili -ě-) i dr. Usporedbom suvremenoga stanja s praslavenskim utvrđeno je da se razvoj naglaska toga glagolskoga tipa u medulinskom govoru uvelike podudara s onim u većini čakavskih i štokavskih govora.
U ovome se članku analiziraju poredbeni frazemi jednoga hrvatskog čakavskog govora prikupljeni na terenskome dijalektološkom istraživanju i uspoređuju s poredbenim frazemima hrvatskoga standardnog jezika. Posebna se pozornost poklanja onim čakavskim frazemima koji imaju različitu sliku u pozadini frazema unutar istoga frazemskog koncepta i onima koji nemaju ekvivalenta u standardu.
U radu se donosi opis tvorbenih tipova riječi s brojevnim značenjem u hrvatskom kajkavskom književnom jeziku. Obrađene potvrde ekscerpirane su iz Habdelićeva i Jambrešićeva rječnika, a potvrde nekoliko tvorbenih tipova, kojih nema u kajkavskim rječnicima, pronađene su u Šilobodovu matematičkom priručniku Arithmetika horvatszka.
U radu se analizira opis rječotvornih procesa u hrvatskim dopreporodnim gramatikama. Istraživani korpus čine dvije najstarije hrvatske gramatike – Kašićeva čakavsko-štokavska i Križanićeva koja opisuje tronarječni hibridni jezik ozaljskoga kruga – i gramatike kajkavskoga književnog jezika.
Cilj je bio utvrditi istosti i razlike u poimanju i prikazu tvorbe riječi u hrvatskim slovnicama koje opisuju različite književne jezike.
Cilj je ovoga rada predstaviti morfološke značajke imenica a-deklinacije u govoru Svetoga Đurđa. Analiza se temelji na ekscerpiranim primjerima iz transkripcija ogledā slobodnoga govora prikupljenih tijekom vlastitih terenskih istraživanja te na podatcima iz detaljnih morfoloških upitnika. Građa je provjerena i u Rječniku govora Svetog Đurđa. U radu su imenice a-vrste opisane po sljedećemu načelu: najprije je predstavljen tablični pregled nastavaka u vrsti te su zabilježene posebnosti vezane uz određene padeže. Poslije njih slijedi pregled morfonoloških alternacija, naglasnih tipova iz sinkronijske perspektive te pregled povijesnoga razvoja morfologije imenica navedene vrste. Posebno su analizirane te objašnjene u komentarima imenice koje se svojom paradigmom ne uklapaju u najčešće obrasce. Zaključci dobiveni ovim istraživanjem uspoređeni su s dosad objavljenim prikazima morfologije govora Svetoga Đurđa u kritičkome osvrtu. Novi, detaljniji i precizniji zaključci, koji potiču na opis drugih sklonidbenih vrsta imenica, odnosno, morfološki opis drugih vrsta riječi, doprinijet će boljemu poznavanju govora.
Gornjolonjskomu dijalektu svojstveno je nekoliko temeljnih obilježja koja ga izdvajaju u posebnu cjelinu unutar kajkavskoga narječja. U ovome se radu na temelju dosadašnjih istraživanja ponajviše zelinskih i vrbovečkih govora toga dijalekta i objavljenih članaka (Kalinski, Lončarić, Šojat) opisuju osnovna jezična obilježja gornjolonjskoga dijalekta: fonološka (vokalizam, konzonantizam, prozodija), morfološka (promjenjive i nepromjenjive riječi), sintaktička (sintaksa padeža i glagolskih vremena, s primjerima vrbovečkih govora) i leksička.
Grčke i semitske riječi u latinskome tekstu Ivanova evanđelja izražavaju specifične biblijske pojmove, gotovo potpuno nepoznate većini engleskog stanovništva do evangelizacije tijekom sedmoga stoljeća. Cilj je ovoga istraživanja ispitati na koje su sve načine one prevedene na staroengleski i srednjoengleski jezik te objasniti razloge takva prevođenja ondje gdje je to moguće. Komparativnom metodom istražit ćemo utjecaj porijekla riječi na njihov oblik i značenje i pokušati rasvijetliti kognitivne razlike u doživljaju biblijskih pojmova među autorima prijevoda i njihovih suvremenika, do kojih je došlo uslijed relativno dugoga razdoblja proteklog između triju prijevoda.
U ovome se radu uspoređuju sustavi vokalnih fonema suvremenih standardnih jezika: južnoslavenskoga hrvatskog i istočnoslavenskih (redoslijedom): ruskoga, ukrajinskoga i bjeloruskoga, pri čemu se za svaki daje odnos današnjih prema vokalnim fonemima staroslavenskoga jezika kao etalona. U vezi s pokazanim drugačijim odnosom vokala i suglasnika u hrvatskome, s jedne strane, i istočnoslavenskima, s druge, navode se grafemi vokalnih fonema u četirima grafijama i pokazuju, objašnjavaju te imenuju principi njihova pravopisanja.
U radu se razmatraju teorijska i metodološka polazišta u opisu prijedloga s obzirom na organske i anorganske sustave – dijalekte i standardni jezik, i dalje u odnosu na konkretne ekavskočakavske govore, južnočakavske govore i hrvatski standardni jezik. Osnovna razlika u usporedbi prijedloga u dvama dijalektima i prijedloga u hrvatskome standardnom jeziku uspostavlja se prema kriteriju fonološke, distribucijske i značenjske razlikovnosti, i dodatno prema kriteriju odstupanja od norme standardnoga jezika u odnosu na dijalekte na primjeru pojedinih prijedloga.
Autori na temelju terenskoga istraživanja i pregleda povijesne građe obrađuju oko 300 toponimskih različnica u selu Kotezi u sjeveroistočnome dijelu Popova. U prvome se dijelu rada opisuje zemljopisni smještaj sela i iznosi kratak povijesni pregled. Osvrt na demografske prilike iznosi se u drugome dijelu rada. U trećemu se dijelu tumači ojkonim Kotezi, a u četvrtomu značenjski raščlanjuju ostali seoski toponimi. U petome dijelu rada toponimi se dijele prema jezičnome postanju. Iz obilja toponomastičke građe izdvajaju se vjerojatni romanski prežitci Puč i Skorata. U toponimiji su se uščuvali i danas nepoznati slavenski apelativi kao što su bit (usp. češki byt 'stan') i hrž (usp. kajkavski hrž 'raž'). Od adstratnih slojeva najzastupljeniji je turski.
Keith Langston disagrees with my account of the Slovene neo-circumflex. He rejects compensatory lengthening as an explanation of the neo-circumflex, primarily on theoretical grounds. His "moraic analysis" is quite unacceptable to me because it starts from an a priori segmentation of the speech flow. In a strict autosegmental approach, the segmentation of the speech flow should be part of the analysis and not be given a priori. Langston's rejection of van Wijk's law, according to which the simplification of certain consonant clusters yielded lengthening of the following vowel, is based on a misguided theoretical interpretation which led him astray.
U radu se s različitih gledišta analiziraju nazivi koji imaju sastavnicu e-. Sastavnica e- može značiti elektronički, ali i excellent, emergency, europski, nasuprot (entgegen), evolventan ili označavati samo slovo/glas e-. Sastavnica e-može stajati i ispred imena i s njom se mogu tvoriti različite prigodne novovorenice. Pozornost se u radu posvećuje u prvome redu nazivima u kojima sastavnica e- znači 'elektronički'. Ti se nazivi analiziraju s tvorbenoga, pravopisnoga, normativnoga, leksikografskoga, semantičkoga i terminološkoga stajališta te autori predlažu vlastita rješenja na svim navedenim razinama.
U radu se analiziraju učinci jezične politike u hrvatskoj u dvama vremenskim presjecima: u pedesetim godinama 20. stoljeća na primjeru popularnoznanstvene historiografije te u 2000. godini na primjeru tiskanih medija. Empirijska analiza pokazuje da se u prvom razdoblju (u tom konkretnom žanru) nije nametao ujednačen hrvatsko-srpski jezični izraz te da se ni u drugom slučaju nije nametnulo isključivo hrvatsku preskriptivnu normu (odnosno koristili su se srbizmi i navodni srbizmi). Kad je u pitanju druga vremenska razina, analiza pokazuje da su se mediji polarizirali po tom pitanju: izbor poželjnih jezičnih jedinica ovisio je o ideološkom profilu medija. U radu se zaključuje da nam još uvijek nedostaje znanje o jezičnoj zbilji koja bi mogla verificirati teze generalizirajućeg tipa: »U Jugoslaviji su se hrvatskom jeziku nametali srbizmi.« ili »U neovisnoj su se Hrvatskoj potiskivali srbizmi.« ili koje druge. Tek nam empririjska istraživanja u više domena komuniciranja, u više stilova i žanrova, u više vremenskih razdoblja, s brigom o frekvenciji jezičnih pojava, mogu odgovoriti na pitanje o načinu, vremenu i mjestu ostvarivanja jedne ili druge jezične politike.
U radu se raspravlja o leksikografskome statusu dvorječnih pozdrava dobro jutro, dobar dan, dobra večer i laku noć u hrvatskim rječnicima te se upućuje i na strane leksikografske pristupe. Naglasak je na značenjskim i komunikacijskim obilježjima pozdrava koja ih određuju kao posebnu leksičku skupinu te se predlaže da dvorječni pozdravi kao i jednorječni (zdravo, zbogom, doviđenja) postanu samostalne rječničke natuknice.
Donose se neke nove spoznaje o Lajpciškom lekcionaru, ćiriličnom rukopisu najvjerojatnije iz šestog ili sedmog desetljeća XVI. stoljeća. Ponajprije je riječ o rezultatima analize vodenih znakova, što je osobito važno jer je datacija rukopisa u literaturi bila prijeporna, a zatim i o novim podacima o knjižnici i signaturi rukopisa. Također se, u bliskoj vezi s analizom folijacije rukopisa, izlaže jedna važna tekstološka spoznaja koja pouzdano pokazuje da je predložak bio cjelovit, što indirektno osnažuje tezu da rukopisu na početku nedostaje devet listova, a ne, kako je tvrdio Joseph Schütz, samo jedan.
V prispevku je predstavljeno slovensko narečno besedje za pomen ‘sinova žena’ v Slovenskem lingvističnem atlasu (SLA) v primerjavi s kajkavskim narečnim besedjem za ta pomen, zbranim za Hrvaški jezikovni atlas (HJA). Narečno gradivo, zbrano za ta dva temeljna nacionalna dialektološka projekta je namreč zanimivo tudi za raziskovanje slovensko-hrvaškega jezikovnega stika, saj zlasti v Pomurju in Medžimurju, v Posotelju, Beli krajini, na Kostelskem in v Gorskem kotarju ter v Istri jezika in njuna obmejna narečja bolj postopoma prehajajo eden v drugega in imajo zato mnoge skupne značilnosti tako na fonološki in morfološki kot tudi na leksikalni ravnini. Na primeru narečnega gradiva za vprašanji SLA-V614 snaha in HJA-V548 snaha, nevjesta je skupaj z morfonološko analizo in kartografskim prikazom prostorske razširjenosti narečnih leksemov predstavljen tudi način komentiranja narečnega gradiva v SLA.
Der Beitrag hat die Keilschriftrechtsgeschichte als rechtshistorische Teildisziplin zum Gegenstand. Bei ihrer wissenschaftsgeschichtlichen Einordnung zeigt sich eine charakteristische Prägung durch den methodischen Ansatz der historischen Rechtsvergleichung wie auch durch eine stark interdisziplinäre Ausrichtung. Stand und Perspektiven der von juristischer Seite betriebenen Keilschriftrechtsgeschichte werden anhand von aktuellen Forschungsvorhaben im Rahmen Frankfurter Verbundprojekte exemplarisch beschrieben. Dabei wird deutlich, dass das Fach, nicht zuletzt aufgrund der vorgenannten Prägung, in hohem Maße anschlussfähig an kulturübergreifende Erkenntnisinteressen ist.
This paper discusses word classes in Tagalog, the dominant language of the Philippines, using analyses developed by Himmelmann (2007) and LaPolla (2008). The goal is to clarify issues related to the identification of word classes in Tagalog, and show the distinct features of these word classes. Through the discussion of word classes in Tagalog, the authors also hope to shed some light on the issue of word classes in Chinese.
It has been claimed and widely assumed that caseless direct objects in Turkish exhibit a sort of syntactic incorporation, and only their cased counterparts are true syntactic arguments (Kornfilt 1997; Knecht 1986; Nilsson 1986; Öztürk 2005 among others). Cased and caseless objects are thus widely taken as derivationally related, crystallized in Kelepir's (2001) proposal that objects pick up overt accusative as they move out of the VP. In this paper, I would like to revisit both the empirical evidence and the interpretation leading to these claims and propose revisions.
I first show that not all caseless objects are the same. Mostly drawing on Aydemir (2004), I argue that bare caseless objects and those with indefinite expressions have differences that would be very unusual if they were both incorporated. However, adopting Öztürk (2005) and against Aydemir (2004), neither of the cases can be analyzed as head incorporation.
I then turn to the cased vs. caseless distinction and argue that cased and caseless objects are not that different after all. Based on data with strictly controlled information structure, I arrive at a different generalization than most of the earlier reports and claim that caseless objects are morphosyntactically as moveable as their cased counterparts.
Hence, I propose to replace the notion of incorporation in the literature of Turkish syntax with the notion of weak case (de Hoop 1992) and conclude by a discussion of the domain of syntactic analysis in this primarily semantic phenomenon.
In this article, I provide a description and analysis of the morphemes čiɫ 'do to', ḥta 'do towards' and cḥin 'do for' in the Southern Wakashan language Nuuchahnulth (nuučaan̓uɫ). I argue that these morphemes are verbal applicatives that add a non-core argument to the thematic structure of a verb.
Verbal applicatives in Nuuchahnulth are interesting to investigate because they exhibit typologically unique behaviour that has never been studied before. Applicatives are traditionally considered functional elements whose only purpose is to add an indirect object to the argument structure of the verb (Pylkkanen 2002:17). Nuuchahnulth is the only known language that productively uses independent verbs for this purpose.
Nuuchahnulth is an indigenous language of Canada spoken in the province of British Columbia. It consists of 14 major dialects, most of which have never been studied. All of these dialects are now highly endangered and urgently need to be documented.
This paper presents the analyses of transitivity and questions about transitivity in two languages (Rawang and Qiang) that have been described using very different definitions of transitivity, with a view to showing that each language must be analysed on its own terms, and so the criteria used for identifying transitivity, if it is to be identified at all, might be different between languages. In the case of these two languages it is at least partly due to the two languages differing in terms of the degree of systematicity of the marking, with the Rawang marking being more systematic.
Recorded by Randy J. LaPolla from Mr. Chen Yonglin of Qugu Village, Chibusu District, Mao County, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China.
Note on the transcription: The recording here is phonetic rather than phonemic, and so, for example, glottal stops are recorded, even though they are not phonemic.
The annual conferences on Sino-Tibetan languages and linguistics began on a small scale at Yale in 1968, with only eight conferees sitting around a table, but have grown tremendously over the years, until they now usually attract over 100 participants, and have become the chief focus of scholarly activity in the field. Ever since 1971, the word “international” has appeared in the official title of the Conferences, and rightly so, since they have become truly global in scope. Since the mid-1970’s, they have increasingly been held outside the U.S.: Copenhagen (1976), Paris (1979), Beijing (1982), Bangkok (1985), Vancouver (1987), Lund (1988), Bangkok (1991), Osaka (1993), Paris (1994) [planned].
[...] Most of the papers presented at the Conferences are of high quality, and usually find their way into print within a few years. Yet in spite of valiant attempts to put out real volumes of Proceedings, e.g. the partial collection achieved for #14 (University of Florida, 1983), the most that has been managed is a photocopied version of the papers velo-bound together (e.g. for #16, University of Washington, 1983), or a collection of the abstracts submitted by the participants, e.g. for #15 (Beijing, 1982), for #18 (Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, 1985), or for #25 (University of California, Berkeley, 1992). It was realized early on that it would be a good thing to keep some kind of record of which papers were presented when, before things got too badly out of hand. [...] The first version of this Bibliography (1989) was produced with admirable thoroughness and rapidity by the members of the STEDT staff. John B. Lowe devised the Macintosh software for the job, and the inputting of the authors and titles was done by many willing hands. Randy J. LaPolla did most of the editorial work on the first edition: he translated the dozens of Chinese titles, tracked down almost all the published versions of the papers by scouring journals and bibliographies, and wrote personally to many authors requesting addenda and corrigenda to the listings of their works.
This book is a full reference grammar of Qiang, one of the minority languages of southwest China, spoken by about 70,000 Qiang and Tibetan people in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in northern Sichuan Province. It belongs to the Qiangic branch of Tibeto-Burman (one of the two major branches of Sino-Tibetan). The dialect presented in the book is the Northern Qiang variety spoken in Ronghong Village, Yadu Township, Chibusu District, Mao County. This book, the first book-length description of the Qiang language in English, is the result of many years of work on the language.
This paper argues that long-standing problems in the analysis of Chinese, such as the question of word classes and grammatical relations, can be resolved, or actually done away with completely, if we take a constructionist approach in the analysis. This means the constructions are taken as basic, so we only need to look at the propositional functions of elements in the construction (referential, modifying, or predicative), and do not need to posit global categories such as word classes and grammatical relations.
In terms of the direction of development, I referred to Johanna Nichols' work on head-marking vs. dependant marking. Nichols did not make reference to any languages in Tibeto-Burman, but all of the Tibeto-Burman languages that do not have verb agreement systems are solidly dependent-marking (i.e., they have marking on the nouns for case or pragmatic function); those languages with verb agreement systems, a type of head marking, also have many dependent-marking features (of the same types as the non-pronominalized languages). The question, then, is which is older, the dependent-marking type or the headmarking (actually mixed) type?
The Sino-Tibetan language family enshrines the migratory histories of many East Asian populations, including the Chinese, Tibetans, and Burmese. Its history is intimately associated with Neolithic and Bronze Age developments in China itself, and today it is one of the major world language families in terms of population numbers.
Evidentiality is a grammatical category which has source of information as its primary meaning — whether the narrator actually saw what is being described, or made inferences about it based on some evidence, or was told about it, and so on. Evidentials are a particularly salient feature of Tibeto-Burman languages. This volume features in-depth studies of evidentiality systems in six languages: Rgyalthang, a Kham Tibetan dialect, by Krisadawan Hongladarom; Yongning Na (Naxi group; believed to be closely related to Lolo-Burmese), by Liberty Lidz; Darma (Almora branch of Western Himalayish), by Christina Willis; nDrapa (Qiangic), by Satoko Shirai; Magar (Himalayish), by Karen Grunow-Hårsta, and Tabo (or Spiti), a Tibetan dialect, by Veronika Hein. Each opens new perspectives on the composition and the semantics of evidential systems, on the marking of more than one information source in one sentence, and on the grammaticalized expression of mirativity.
The new insights on evidentiality and related issues from the Tibeto-Burman area are crucial for understanding evidentials in a cross-linguistic perspective.
Qiang
(2003)
Qiang is spoken in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in northwest Sichuan Province. China; it belongs to the Qiangic branch of Tibeto-Burman. There are two major Qiang dialects. Northern Qiang (spoken in Heishui County, and the Chibusu district of Mao County; roughly 70,000 speakers) and Southern Qiang (spoken in Li County, Wenchuun County, Mao County, and Songpan County; about 60,000) (Sun 1981a: 177-78), The dialect presented here is the Northern Qiang variety spoken in Ronghong Village, Yadu Township, Chibusu District, Mao County.
Dulong
(2003)
Dulong [...] is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in China, closely related to the Rawang language of Myanmar (Burma). The Dulong speakers mainly live in Gongshan Dulong and Nu Autonomous County in Yunnan, China, and belong to either what is known as the Dulong nationality (pop. 5816 according to the 1990 census), or to one part (roughly 6000 people) of the Nu nationality (those who live along the upper reaches of the Nu River). The exonym 'Dulong' (or 'Taron', or 'Trung') was given to this nationality because they mostly live in the valley of the Dulong (Taron/Trung) River. In the past, the Dulong River was known as the Kiu (Qiu) river, and the Dulong people were known as the Kiu (Qiu), Kiutze (Qiuzi), Kiupa, or Kiao. Dulong is usually talked about as having four dialects, based on areas where it is spoken: First Township, Third Township, Fourth Township, and Nujiang. In this chapter, we will be using data of the First Township dialect spoken in Gongshan county.
Dulong/Rawang is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken on both sides of the China/Myanmar (Burma) border just south and cast of Tibet. [...] In this chapter, I will be using data of the Mvtwang (Mvt River) dialect, which is considered the most central of those dialects in Myanmar and so has become something of a standard for writing and intergroup communication, though most of the phenomena we will be discussing are general to dialects in both China and Myanrnar. I will use the short form 'Rawang' in referring to this dialect.
Using arguments based on the data on verb agreement (pronominalization) in Tibeto-Burman, LaPolla 1989 (see also LaPolla 1992) argues that Proto-Tibeto-Burman should be reconstructed as a language with no inflectional morphology. In that paper it is argued that the Proto-Tibeto- Burman system of grammatical relations1 was closer to the typical 'role-dominated' (Van Valin & Foley 1980) Burmese-Yipho system (epitomized by Lahu—see Matisoff 1973). That is, a system where there is no definable 'subject' or 'direct object'; a system where semantic and pragmatic principles govern the organization of discourse, not syntactic functions. In this paper we look at the nature of 'objects' in Tibeto-Burman languages, and here also find support for this view of Proto-Tibeto-Burman grammatical relations. From a survey of ninety-five reliable grammars or descriptions of languages in the Tibeto-Burman family, I found eleven languages with no nominal object marking, twenty languages with nominal morphology consistently marking the patient as object, regardless of clause type, and sixty-four languages with a type of marking where the patient in monotransitve clauses is often or always marked with the same postposition as the goal or beneficiary (dative) in ditransitve clauses. This type of marking is discussed in Dryer 1986 as Primary Object marking. I argue that this type of marking in the Tibeto-Burman languages reflects the semantically based nature of grammatical relations in Proto-Tibeto-Burman.
Since the mid-1970's, the question of whether or not a verb agreement system1 (VAS) should be reconstructed for Proto-Tibeto-Bunnan (PTB) has been a controversial topic, but because of the large amount of work published arguing in favor of reconstructing a VAS for PTB, especially by James J. Bauman (1974, 1975a, 1975b, 1979) and Scott DeLancey (1980, 1983, 1988, 1989, to appear), many people have begun to accept the existence of a VAS in PTB as received knowledge. In a recent paper on verb agreement systems in Tibeto-Burman, Scott DeLancey states that 'There can no longer be any serious doubt that a system of verb agreement must be attributed to Proto-Tibeto-Bunnan (PTB)' (DeLancey 1988: 1). Though the number of papers supporting this position is quite large, I would like to raise several serious doubts about the theoretical and methodological basis for reconstructing a VAS for PTB' and at the same time argue for the use of functionally and typologically based theories of grammar, as exemplified by the head-marking/dependent-marking distinction developed in Nichols 1986, in diachronic syntax and syntactic reconstruction.
This paper is the second in a series arguing for a discourse·based analysis of grammatical relations in Chinese in which there is a direct mapping between semantic role and grammatical function, and there are no relation-changing lexical rules such as passivization that can change that mapping. The correct assignment of semantic roles to the constituents of a discourse is done by the listener purely on the basis of the discourse structure and pragmatics (real world knowledge). Though grammatical analyses of certain constructions can be done on the sentence level, the sentence is generally not the central unit for understanding anaphora and grammatical relations in Chinese. Two related arguments are presented here: the question of 'subject' and the structure of discourse developed from an analysis of the nature of discourse referent tracking.
This exercise explores the historical relationship between tone, aspiration, prefixes and stem initial consonants in Tibetan. (The stem-initial consonant is underlined in those words that have prefixes or initial clusters; [ts], [tsh], [tç], [tçh], etc., all count as single consonants.) Other phonetic developments are also explored.
Historio kaj teorio de Ido
(1913)
In the present paper, we concentrate on (selected) Bantu and Nilotic bare-passive strategies and lay out the basis for a typology of transitive passive constructions in these languages. We argue that bare-passives constitute an optimal strategy to change prominence relations between arguments, in languages that strongly hold to the default mapping between the highest thematic role available and the grammatical subject (i.e. Spec,TP). The Nilotic and Bantu languages discussed here differ in their way of satisfying this default mapping. In particular, impersonal bare-passives satisfy it by resorting to an agentive place-holder (an indefinite subject marker) and realizing the logical agent as a lower thematic/semantic role (e.g. instrument or locative). Left-dislocation and so called 'subjectobject' reversal bare-passives realize the default matching between agent and subject in a more straightforward way, but locate the patient in a higher argument position within the inflectional domain (Spec,TopP). As argued in Hamlaoui and Makasso (2013) and Hamlaoui (2013), and in line with Noonan (1977), the present languages display a clauseinternal split between subjecthood (being the grammatical subject in Spec,TP) and topicality (being the subject of the predication, in an inflectional-domain internal Spec,TopP).
The papers in this volume take up some aspects of the preverbal domain(s) in Bantu languages. They were originally presented at the Workshop BantuSynPhonIS: Preverbal Domain(s), held at the Center for General Linguistics (ZAS), in Berlin, on 14-15 November 2014. This workshop was coorganized by ZAS (Fatima Hamlaoui & Tonjes Veenstra) and the Humboldt University (Tom Güldemann, Yukiko Morimoto and Ines Fiedler).
Usings songs to teach aural comprehension in the intermediate-advanced foreign language classroom
(2000)
In this article, we will present an aural comprehension development technique for intermediate-advanced students of Russian which aims at expanding comprehensible input through the use of song-poems. We will argue that learning can be enhanced by expanding Krashen's notion of i+1 to i+1,2,3,4... We will discuss how the prosodic and poetic structures of song lyrics make this type of input particularly effective in the second or foreign language classroom. We will also examine the merits of this approach from the standpoint of motivating students, reducing their classroom anxiety, and encouraging the use of effective language learning strategies. Finally, we illustrate in detail the application of this method in the first author's Russian language textbook based on the songs of Bulat Okudzhava.
A grammar of Pite Saami
(2014)
Pite Saami is a highly endangered Western Saami language in the Uralic language family currently spoken by a few individuals in Swedish Lapland. This grammar is the first extensive book-length treatment of a Saami language written in English. While focussing on the morphophonology of the main word classes nouns, adjectives and verbs, it also deals with other linguistic structures such as prosody, phonology, phrase types and clauses. Furthermore, it provides an introduction to the language and its speakers, and an outline of a preliminary Pite Saami orthography. An extensive annotated spoken-language corpus collected over the course of five years forms the empirical foundation for this description, and each example includes a specific reference to the corpus in order to facilitate verification of claims made on the data. Descriptions are presented for a general linguistics audience and without attempting to support a specific theoretical approach, but this book should be equally useful for scholars of Uralic linguistics, typologists, and even learners of Pite Saami.
Bu çalışmada, Türkçedeki emir kipinin bir alt ulamı olan ve Almancada Jussiv terimiyle karşılanan 3. kişilere yönelik emir-istek1 biçimleri ve bunların Almancaya nasıl aktarılabileceği konulaştırılmaktadır. Bu amaçla Yaşar Kemal’in Kuşlar da Gittiromanındaki söz konusu emir-istek biçimleri aynı kitabın Almanca çevirisi Auch die Vögel sind fort’taki çevirileriyle karşılaştırılmaktadır. Karşılaştırmanın amacı çeviri eleştirisi değildir; yalnızca durum saptaması yapılmaktadır. Saptanan çeviri olanaklarının Alman dili eğitimi öğrencilerinde nasıl yansıma bulacağını görebilmek için bir de dar kapsamlı bir çeviri anketi uygulanmıştır. Türk dilinin bu dolaylı emir-istek için somut dilbilgisel bir ulam (Ali gelsin!) geliştirmişken, Almancada bire bir karşılaştırılabilir dilbilgisel bir eşdeğerlilik saptanmamıştır. Bu ulamın işlevi Almancada özellikle 3. kişi dolaylı anlatımla (Jeder kehre vor seiner eigenen Haustür!) ve yardımcı eylemlerle (Das Feuer soll von hier mitgenommen werden) karşılanmaktadır. Anlamsal bir ulam olan kipselliğin Türkçe ifadesindeki birçok örtüşmezlik, bu konunun Almanca öğretiminde daha çok dikkate alınması gerektiğini göstermiştir. Öğrencilerle yaptığımız çeviri uygulamasındaki diğer saptamamız, çevirilerdeki yetersizliğin sözlük kullanımındaki yetersizliğe dayandığıdır.
Die hier vorgelegte empirische Untersuchung der Fokuspartikeln im Georgischen zeichnet sich u.a. durch die sprach¬immanente Tatsache aus, dass die Fokusstrukturen im Georgischen mit expliziten Partikeln markiert werden können. Die in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Fokuspartikelgruppen ( ġa, c und c+ḳi) sind entsprechend den semantischen Implikationen der Restriktion, Addition und der Skalierung gegliedert worden.
Trotz gewisser Unterschiede im Einzelnen ergab sich folgendes gemeinsames Modell für die Stellungseinschränkungen in Relation zum Prädikatsverb:
• Durch Fokuspartikeln fokussierte Wörter stehen im Georgischen in der Regel unmittelbar vor dem Prädikatsverb.
• Die Skopi der Fokuspartikeln (wenn die fokusmarkierten Worte grammatische Köpfe der NPs sind) stehen im Georgischen in der Regel vor dem Prädikatsverb.
• Die nächstmögliche optimale Interpretationsposition für fokusmarkierte Wörter ist in der Regel die unmittelbare Verbnachstellung.
• Die nächstmögliche optimale Interpretationsposition der
Fokusgruppe ist in der Regel die unmittelbare Verbnachstellung.
Aufgrund der herausgearbeiteten Stellungseinschränkungen entwerfe ich das pragmatische Modell der informationsgliedernden Verbfinalität als Basisabfolge im georgischen Satz.
For reasons of space, we only discussed one text in which the metaphors used seem to take their root in the context in which it has been written. One text is definitely not enough to make any definite claims on how widespread this phenomenon is. Given what we know about the two domains - Food and taste - one has reasons to believe that when speakers/conceptualisers (e.g. journalists) describe something which stands in some relation to both, they may intuitively be reaching for taste metaphors of the kind described above on the premise that this kind of ‘ornamentation’ will add some spice to what the addressee might otherwise consider a trivial (and boring) topic. At the same time, taste is only one among many properties a particular item of food or a substance (e.g. sugar) has. In consequence, one may well imagine contexts in which it is not its taste, but other properties (e.g. what Harbottle [1997:183] refers to as its 'pure white and deadly’ image) that will make the conceptualiser reach for a particular linguistic or conceptual metaphor.
Der Beitrag präsentiert die Problematik der Possessivität in zwei typologisch diversen Sprachsystemen. Die Autoren analysieren die Ausdrucksweisen und die Spezifika der Kategorie der Possessivität in der deutschen Sprache (als einem Repräsentanten der germanischen Sprachgruppe) und in der slowakischen Sprache (als einem Repräsentanten der slawischen Sprachgruppe und zugleich der Muttersprache der Autoren). Es werden die vielseitigen semantischen und strukturellen Aspekte in beiden Sprachen beschrieben, wobei die konfrontative und kontrastive Betrachtung von Bedeutung ist. Es wurden die Konstruktionen beider Sprachen ausgewählt, die nach der von den Autoren angenommenen Begriffsbestimmung der Possessivität als possessiv zu betrachten sind. Die präsentierte Problematik kann für weitere Analysen und Untersuchungen sowohl im Bereich der Sprachwissenschaft als auch für die Erweiterung der interlingualen Kompetenz in beiden Sprachsystemen inspirierend und hilfreich sein.
It has been hypothesized that sounds which are less perceptible are more likely to be altered than more salient sounds, the rationale being that the loss of information resulting from a change in a sound which is difficult to perceive is not as great as the loss resulting from a change in a more salient sound. Kohler (1990) suggested that the tendency to reduce articulatory movements is countered by perceptual and social constraints, finding that fricatives are relatively resistant to reduction in colloquial German. Kohler hypothesized that this is due to the perceptual salience of fricatives, a hypothesis which was supported by the results of a perception experiment by Hura, Lindblom, and Diehl (1992). These studies showed that the relative salience of speech sounds is relevant to explaining phonological behavior. An additional factor is the impact of different acoustic environments on the perceptibility of speech sounds. Steriade (1997) found that voicing contrasts are more common in positions where more cues to voicing are available. The P-map, proposed by Steriade (2001a, b), allows the representation of varying salience of segments in different contexts. Many researchers have posited a relationship between speech perception and phonology. The purpose of this paper is to provide experimental evidence for this relationship, drawing on the case of Turkish /h/ deletion.
This article deals with the Tashlhiyt dialect of Berber (henceforth TB) spoken in the southern part of Morocco. In TB, words may consist entirely of consonants without vowels and sometimes of only voiceless obstruents, e.g. tft#tstt "you rolled it (fem)". In this study we have carried out acoustic, video-endoscopic and phonological analyses to answer the following question: is schwa, which may function as syllabic, a segment at the level of phonetic representations in TB? Video-endoscopic films were made of one male native speaker of TB, producing a list of forms consisting entirely of voiceless obstruents. The same list was produced by 7 male native speakers of TB for the acoustic analysis. The phonological analysis is based on the behaviour of vowels with respect to the phonological rule of assibilation. This study shows the absence of schwa vowels in forms consisting of voiceless obstruents.
In this study, cross-dialectal variation in the use of the acoustic cues of VOT and F0 to mark the laryngeal contrast in Korean stops is examined with Chonnam Korean and Seoul Korean. Prior experimental results (Han & Weitzman, 1970; Hardcastle, 1973; Jun, 1993 &1998; Kim, C., 1965) show that pitch values in the vowel onset following the target stop consonants play a supplementary role to VOT in designating the three contrastive laryngeal categories. F0 contours are determined in part by the intonational system of a language, which raises the question of how the intonational system interacts with phonological contrasts. Intonational difference might be linked to dissimilar patterns in using the complementary acoustic cues of VOT and F0. This hypothesis is tested with 6 Korean speakers, three Seoul Korean and three Chonnam Korean speakers. The results show that Chonnam Korean involves more 3-way VOT and a 2-way distinction in F0 distribution in comparison to Seoul Korean that shows more 3-way F0 distribution and a 2-way VOT distinction. The two acoustic cues are complementary in that one cue is rather faithful in marking 3-way contrast, while the other cue marks the contrast less distinctively. It also seems that these variations are not completely arbitrary, but linked to the phonological characteristics in dialects. Chonnam Korean, in which the initial tonal realization in the accentual phrase is expected to be more salient, tends to minimize the F0 perturbation effect from the preceding consonants by taking more overlaps in F0 distribution. And a 3-way distribution of VOT in Chonnam Korean, as compensation, can be also understood as a durational sensitivity. Without these characteristics, Seoul Korean shows relatively more overlapping distribution in VOT and more 3-way separation in F0 distribution.
According to standard Binding Theory, pronouns and reflexives are in (nearly) complementary distribution. However, representational NPs (e.g. 'picture of her/herself') allow both. It has been suggested that in English, reflexives in representational NPs (RNPs) have a preference for 'sources of information' and that pronouns prefer 'perceivers of information.' We conducted two experiments investigating the effects of structural and non-structural (source/perceiver) factors on the interpretation of two kinds of RNP structures in a typologically different language, namely Finnish. Our results reveal source/perceiver effects for postnominal but not for prenominal RNPs in Finnish, with a difference in the degree of sensitivity that pronouns and reflexives exhibit to the source/perceiver manipulation, and our results also suggest that morphological differences in Finnish reflexives correspond to interpretation differences. As a whole, these results support a multiple-factor model of reference resolution, which assumes that multiple factors can play a role in reference resolution and that the relative contributions of these factors can be different for different anaphoric forms (Kaiser 2003b, Kaiser & Trueswell in press).
Die Hauptthese dieser Dissertation ist, dass Nord-Sotho keinen obligatorischen Gebrauch von grammatischen Mitteln zur Markierung von Fokus macht, weder in der Syntax noch in der Prosodie oder Morphologie. Trotzdem strukturiert diese Sprache eine Äußerung nach informationsstrukturellen Aspekten. Konstituenten, die im Diskurs gegeben sind, werden entweder getilgt, pronominalisiert oder an den rechten oder linken Satzrand versetzt. Diese (morpho-)syntaktischen Prozesse wirken so zusammen, dass die fokussierte Konstituente oft final in ihrem Teilsatz erscheint. Obwohl die finale Position keine designierte Fokusposition ist, ist das Wissen um diese Tendenz doch entscheidend für das Verständnis einer morphologischen Alternation, die in Nord-Sotho am Verb erscheint und die in der Literatur im Zusammenhang mit Fokus diskutiert wurde.
Obwohl also ein direkter grammatischer Ausdruck von formaler F(okus)-Markierung im Nord-Sotho fehlt, ist F-Markierung trotzdem entscheidend für die Grammatik dieser Sprache: Fokussierte logische Subjekte können nicht in kanonischer präverbaler Position erscheinen. Sie erscheinen stattdessen entweder postverbal oder in einem Spaltsatz, abhängig von der Valenz des Verbs. Obwohl Nord-Sotho bei Objekten im Gebrauch von Spaltsätzen eine Korrespondenz von komplexer Form mit komplexer Bedeutung zeigt, gilt diese Korrespondenz nicht für logische Subjekte.
Die vorliegende Dissertation modelliert die oben genannten Ergebnisse im theoretischen Rahmen der Optimalitätstheorie (OT). Syntaktischer in situ Fokus und die Abwesenheit von prosodischer Fokusmarkierung können mit unkontroversen Beschränkungen erfasst werden. Für die Ungrammatikaliät fokussierter logischer Subjekte in präverbaler Position schlägt die vorliegende Arbeit die Modifizierung einer in der Literatur vorhandenen Beschränkung vor, die in Nord-Sotho von entscheidener Bedeutung ist. Die Form-Bedeutungs-Korrespondenz wird, wie andere Phänomene pragmatischer Arbeitsteilung auch, innerhalb der schwach bidirektionalen Optimalitätstheorie behandelt.
Im folgenden wird zuerst das Modell vorgestellt, das als theoretische Grundlage für die Betrachtung der Semantik der Aspekt-Tempus-Formen dient (Abschnitt 2). Danach werden die syntagmatischen Markiertheitsrelationen der einzelnen aspektuell-temporalen Formen im Rahmen dieses Modells analysiert (Abschnitt 3). Im Abschnitt 4 werden die paradigmatischen Relationen zwischen den Aspekt-Tempus-Formen erörtert. Abschließend (Abschnitt 5) wird das Fazit aus der Untersuchung gezogen.
Der Umbau des Tempussystems und andere Veränderungen im russischen Verbalsystem wurden durch die Ausprägung der neuen slavischen Aspekte ausgelöst. Die Ausformung und die immer stärker werdende Einbeziehung der Aspekte in das gesamte Verbalsystem hat tiefgreifende Veränderungen der systemdefinierenden Struktureigenschaften des russischen Verbs hervorgerufen. Die Aspekte sind im Laufe der Sprachentwicklung zur eigentlichen Grundlage des gesamten russischen Verbalsystems geworden. Die Entwicklung der Tempora verläuft im präteritalen und im nichtpräteritalen Bereich gewissermaßen in entgegengesetzten Richtungen. Das Subsystem der Vergangenheitstempora wurde im Altrussischen maximal reduziert, während der Funktionsbereich der Nicht-Vergangenheit in Präsens und Futur aufgelöst wurde. Die beiden Entwicklungsrichtungen stehen in direktem Zusammenhang mit der Ausprägung der Aspekte. Ich betrachte deshalb die Entwicklung der Tempora und die Entwicklung der Aspekte parallel.
Inhalt dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung einer digitalen Korpusanwendung zur türkeitürkischen Dialektologie, in welcher der Inhalt des in Kapitel 3.1 beschriebenen Wörterbuchs komplett enthalten und umfangreich durchsuchbar sein soll. Da das Dialektwörterbuch insgesamt 126.468 Einträge enthält, ist eine manuelle Recherche darin äußerst zeitintensiv und unkomfortabel. Selbst die Suche innerhalb einer digitalen Version, die z. B. in einer Word-Datei gespeichert sein kann, ist nicht komfortabel möglich, sobald Optionen bzw. Einschränkungen getätigt werden sollen, wie z. B. die Beschränkung der Ergebnisse auf das Vorkommen in einer bestimmten Provinz. Daher ist es das Ziel der Entwicklung, den Anwendern folgende Suchmöglichkeiten zu bieten: Das Wörterbuch soll entweder komplett im Volltext durchsucht werden können, oder nur innerhalb des Lemmas1. Dabei soll jeweils die Angabe einer oder mehrerer Provinzen möglich sein, sodass die Suchergebnisse nur jene Einträge beinhalten, in denen Suchbegriff und Provinz in der gleichen Zeile enthalten sind. Die Treffer der Suche sollen farbig hervorgehoben sein, damit insbesondere bei großen Wörterbucheinträgen nicht manuell nach den darin enthaltenen Suchbegriffen gesucht werden muss, sondern diese dem Anwender direkt auffallen. Außerdem ist es wünschenswert, mittels Platzhaltern und sogenannten Coversymbolen nach Wortformen und phonetisch bedingten Allomorphen suchen zu können. Letzteres ist für Linguisten, die sich mit dem Türkischen beschäftigen, bei der Eingabe der Suchbegriffe äußerst praktisch, da das Türkische eine vokalharmonische Sprache ist, in der phonetisch bedingte Varianten üblicherweise durch die Schreibung mit Coversymbolen dargestellt werden: z. B. -lAr für die Pluralallomorphe -lar und -ler...
On the Indo-European nature of non-Indo-European animals metaphor : the case of Chinese zoosemy
(2007)