550 Geowissenschaften
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Conference Proceeding (18) (remove)
Has Fulltext
- yes (18)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (18)
Keywords
- Aging (1)
- Hygroscopicity (1)
- Organosulfates (1)
- SFAP (1)
- SOA (1)
- UAV (1)
- land-use change (1)
- multiscale (1)
- object-based classification (1)
- remote sensing (1)
This article presents a multiscale approach for detecting and monitoring soil erosion phenomena (i.e. gully erosion) in the agro-industrial area around the city of Taroudannt, Souss basin, Morocco. The study area is characterized as semi-arid with an annual average precipitation of 200 mm. Water scarcity, high population dynamics and changing land use towards huge areas of irrigation farming present numerous threats to sustainability. The agro-industry produces citrus fruits and vegetables in monocropping, mainly for the European market. Badland areas strongly affected by gully erosion border the agricultural areas as well as residential areas. To counteract the significant loss of land, land-leveling measures are attempted to create space for plantations and greenhouses. In order to develop sustainable approaches to limit gully growth the detection and monitoring of gully systems is fundamental. Specific gully sites are monitored with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) taking small-format aerial photographs (SFAP). This enables extremely high-resolution analysis (SFAP resolution: 2-10 cm) of the actual size of the gully channels as well as a detailed continued surveillance of their growth. Transferring the methodology on a larger scale using Quickbird satellite data (resolution: 60 cm) leads to the possibility of a large-scale analysis of the whole area around the city of Taroudannt (Area extent: ca. 350 km²). The results will then reveal possible relationships of gully growth and agro-industrial management and may even illustrate further interdependencies. The main objective is the identification of areas with high gully-erosion risk due to non-sustainable land use and the development of mitigation strategies for the study area.
Im Zusammenhang mit der Diskussion des globalen Klimawandels stellt sich die Frage, ob extreme Wettersituationen wahrscheinlicher werden. Diese Frage ist wegen der Gefahren, die von extremen Wettersituationen ausgehen, weit über die Grenzen der Meteorologie hinaus von Bedeutung. Dennoch findet man in der Fachliteratur sehr wenige Beiträge zu diesem Thema. Dies liegt im wesentlichen daran, dass bei der Analyse von Extremwerten im allgemeinen von konstanten Überschreitungswahrscheinlichkeiten für Schwellwerte ausgegangen wird. Wenn diese Arbeitshypothese wahr ist, können Wiederkehrzeiten einfach als Kehrwert der Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit angesehen werden. Dann – nur dann - macht der Ausdruck Jahrhundertereignis einen Sinn, der über den Moment hinaus reicht. In diesem Beitrag soll zunächst das Vokabular zur Beschreibung von Extremwerten (hier als Werte oberhalb von Schwellen) vorgestellt bzw. in Erinnerung gerufen werden. Diese werden auf den einfachen Fall stationärer Zeitreihen angewendet, woraus die üblichen vereinfachten Zusammenhänge folgen. Im Anschluss wird ein künstliches Beispiel einer Variable mit veränderlichem Mittelwert untersucht. Dieses zeigt deutlich, wie stark die Kenngrößen des Extremverhaltens von Schwankungen im Mittelwert abhängen können. Bei der Analyse klimatologischer Beobachtungsdaten, steht man vor dem Problem, dass kein einfaches Modell für die Generierung der Zeitreihe zur Verfügung steht, woraus man die Eigenschaften des Extremverhaltens ableiten könnte. Gelingt es jedoch, die Beobachtungen mit Hilfe einfacher empirischer Modellgleichungen hinreichend gut zu beschreiben, so ist der Weg zur Analyse der Extremwerte in instationären Zeitreihen geebnet. Dabei braucht man nicht, wie oft üblich, nur die (relativ wenigen) (Extremwerte für die Analyse des Extremverhaltens heranzuziehen, sondern kann die gesamte von der Zeitreihe zur Verfügung gestellte Information nutzen. Diese Strategie wird exemplarisch an zwei Zeitreihen vorgestellt. Aus Gründen der Einfachheit sind dies Monatsmittel bzw. Jahresmittel der Temperatur. In diesen sind eindeutige Änderungen sowohl im mittleren als auch im extremen Verhalten sichtbar. Daraus kann zwar geschlossen werden, dass sich die Wettersituationen im Laufe der Zeit verändert haben, nicht aber wie. Ein häufigeres Auftreten extremer Mittelwerte kann bedeuten, dass warme Wettersituationen häufiger oder wärmer geworden sind, oder das kalte Wettersituationen wärmer oder weniger geworden sind, oder aber, dass eine Überlagerung verschiedener Veränderungen zu diesem Ergebnis führt. So kann die Frage, ob extreme Wettersituationen wahrscheinlicher werden, in diesem Beitrag nicht abschließend geklärt werden, jedoch wird ein Werkzeug vorgestellt, das geeignet erscheint, diese Frage zu beantworten.
In November 2016, magnetotelluric (MT) data were collected at the Ceboruco Volcano in cooperation with the Centro de Sismología y Volcanología de Occidente (SisVoc, Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico). The Ceboruco is a 2280 m high stratovolcano, located in Nayarit State, Mexico. It is placed in the central part of the Tepic-Zacoalco Rift (TZR), which constitutes the north-western end of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Together with Chapala and Colima (in the Jalisco Block), they form the triple rift system developed as a consequence of the ongoing subduction of the Rivera and Cocos oceanic plates beneath the North American continental crust. Although its last eruption occurred in 1870, it is the most active volcano in the area, showing volcanic-earthquake activity together with ongoing vapor emissions. The survey was part of a geothermal project (CeMIEGeo-P24) and focused on the determination of electrical conductivity properties to characterize the deep structure and the geothermal potential of the Volcano. Frequency dependent magnetotelluric response functions were calculated from 25 broadband MT stations, which covered an area of 10 x 10 km2 including its crater, calderas and foreland. The results were interpreted using anisotropic 3-D forward modelling and isotropic 3-D inversion approaches, considering strong topographical effects. The final resistivity model implies a highly conductive layer, reaching from near-surface to approximately 2 km depth, which might be related to a hydrothermal system. Here, mineralized fluids and clay minerals can cause high conductivities around 1 S/m. For longer periods, the principal axes of the MT response tensors (phase tensor, apparent resistivity tensor) are in good agreement with the strike direction of the underlying rift system. However, they are not rendered by the isotropic inversion. Thus the data suggest an anisotropic electrical conductivity at greater depth with its principal axis determined by the response tensors.
The Ceboruco is a 2280 m high stratovolcano located in Nayarit State, Mexico. Despite its last eruption which occurred in 1870, it is the most active volcano in the area, showing volcanicearthquake activity together with ongoing vapor emissions. The magnetotelluric survey was carried out in November 2016. It was part of a geothermal project (CeMIEGeo-P24) and focused on the determination of the electrical conductivity distribution in the subsurface of the volcano.
The Magnetotelluric Apparent Resistivity Tensor, as introduced by Brown (2016), can be decomposed into an amplitude and a phase tensor. The fundamental physics behind those new tensors were presented in Hering et al. (2019), using canonical models in 1-D (isotropic and anisotropic) and 2-D resistivity environments. Here, the tensors are introduced for a high-quality data set, where their interpretational benefits become very obvious. Additionally, results from an isotropic 3-D inversion are presented and compared to an alternative 3-D anisotropic forward model.
Recently, new soil data maps were developed, which include vertical soil properties like soil type. Implementing those into a multilayer Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer (SVAT) scheme, discontinuities in the water content occur at the interface between dissimilar soils. Therefore, care must be taken in solving the Richards equation for calculating vertical soil water fluxes. We solve a modified form of the mixed (soil water and soil matric potential based) Richards equation by subtracting the equilibrium state of soil matrix potential ψE from the hydraulic potential ψh. The sensitivity of the modified equation is tested under idealized conditions. The paper will show that the modified equation can handle with discontinuities in soil water content at the interface of layered soils.
Garnet xenocrysts from kimberlites provide unique insights into the composition, structure and evolution of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). For example, different metasomatic events in the SCLM are reflected in compositional differences between garnet xenocrysts. As mantle metasomatism largely controls the physical and chemical properties of the SCLM, it exerts first order control over the genesis of kimberlitic magmas and diamond formation. However, dating mantle lithologies and processes is complicated by high ambient temperatures that allow the equilibration of most isotopic systems up to the time of kimberlite eruption. As a consequence, the temporal connection between metasomatic events in the mantle and kimberlite genesis is commonly ambiguous.
In this study, we applied LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating to 43 harzburgitic, lherzolithic and megacrystic garnet xenocrysts from the ~376 Ma diamondiferous V. Grib kimberlite, Russia, in order to investigate the link between different types of mantle metasomatism and kimberlite genesis.
Our results indicate that, with two possible exceptions, only harzburgitic garnet overlaps in age with the kimberlite eruption, whereas lherzolitic and megacrystic garnet crystals are ~20 to 130 million years older. Furthermore, garnet U-Pb ages and Ni-in-garnet temperatures of ~820 to 1200 °C do not correlate. This, and the high closure temperature of U-Pb in garnet (≥900 °C) suggests that the garnet U-Pb ages indeed reflect metasomatic events in the SCLM. However, the U-Pb ages could also reflect cooling ages. In this case, the metasomatic events recorded in the garnet crystals must still have occurred up to ~130 million years prior to the eruption of the V. Grib kimberlite.
These findings have far-reaching implications for the genesis of (diamondiferous) kimberlites, as they clearly show that the time lag between metasomatic events in the SCLM, as recorded in kimberlitic garnet xenocrysts, and kimberlite eruption may extend to tens of millions of years.
A 3d regional density-driven flow model of a heterogeneous aquifer system at the German North Sea Coast is set up within the joint project NAWAK (“Development of sustainable adaption strategies for the water supply and distribution infrastructure on condition of climatic and demographic change”). The development of the freshwater-saltwater interface is simulated for three climate and demographic scenarios.
Groundwater flow simulations are performed with the finite volume code d3f++ (distributed density driven flow) that has been developed with a view to the modelling of large, complex, strongly density-influenced aquifer systems over long time periods.