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Inappropriate land management leads to soil loss with destruction of the land’s resource and sediment input into the receiving river. Part of the sediment budget of a catchment is the estimation of soil loss. In the Ruzizi catchment in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), only limited research has been conducted on soil loss mainly dealing with local observations on geomorphological forms or river load measurements; a regional quantification of soil loss is missing so far. Such quantifications can be calculated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). It is composed of four factors: precipitation (R), soil (K), topography (LS), and vegetation cover (C). The factors can be calculated in different ways according to the characteristics of the study area. In this paper, different approaches for calculating the single factors are reviewed and validated with field work in two sub-catchments of Ruzizi River supplying the water for the reservoirs of Ruzizi I and II hydroelectric dams. It became obvious that the (R)USLE model provides the best results with revised R and LS factors. C factor calculations required to conduct a supervised classification using the Maximum Likelihood Procedure. Different C factor values were assigned to the land cover classes. The calculations resulted in a soil loss rate for the predominantly occurring Ferralsols and Leptosols of around 576 kt/yr in both catchments, when 2016 landcover and precipitation are used. This represents an area-normalized value of 40.4 t/ha/yr for Ruzizi I and 50.5 t/ha/yr for Ruzizi II due to different landcover in the two sub-catchments. The mean value for the whole study area is 47.8 t/ha/yr or even 27.1 t/ha/yr when considering land management techniques like terracing on the slopes (P factor). This work has shown that the (R)USLE model can serve as an easy to handle tool for soil loss quantification when comprehensive field work results are sparse. The model can be implemented in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with free data; hence, a validation is crucial. It becomes apparent that the use of high resolution Sentinel 2a MSI data as the basis for C factor calculations is an appropriate method for considering heterogeneous Land Use Land Cover (LULC) patterns. To transfer the approach to other regions, the calculation of factor R needs to be modified
Durch die vorliegende Arbeit wird die Genese von Nyong- und Ntem-Einzugsgebiet seit der Öffnung des Südatlantiks unter Berücksichtigung neotektonischer Vorgänge nachgezeichnet. Die Ergebnisse unterstützen die Identifikation geeigneter Sedimentfallen als Proxydatenarchive zur Paläoumweltrekonstruktion. Mithilfe von Fernerkundung und Geländearbeit wird der Formenschatz in den Einzugsgebieten hinsichtlich ihrer Morphogenese untersucht. Vier Formengesellschaften werden unterschieden: (1) Rumpfflächen und Inselberge, (2) ‚demi-oranges’ und ‚bas-fonds’, (3) anastomosierender Flusslauf und (4) Rumpfstufe mit Inselgebirge und Kerbtälern. Sie werden morphodynamisch-genetisch interpretiert. (1) Ein Pisolithhorizont unter einer hillwash-Decke wird als Ferricretresiduum einer Paläooberfläche gedeutet und als Ergebnis der Pedimentierung gewertet. Die Morphogenese eines Inselbergs ergänzt die Diskussion zur Einrumpfung. Die Entwicklung zweier Altarme zeigt einen dritten Prozess, der vermutlich LGM-zeitlich die Region veränderte. Die Kuppe eines Inselbergs gibt ein ehemaliges Flächenniveau wieder. Durch die rückschreitende Verlagerung einer Stufe wurde er herauspräpariert. (2) In den oberen Einzugsgebieten liegen zwischen polykonvexen Hügeln breite Auen. Es wird angenommen, dass sich der Formenschatz durch Lateralerosion nach einer initialen Eintiefung gebildet hat. Flussanzapfungen reduzieren das obere Einzugsgebiet des Nyong. Eine Klassifikation in drei Klassen ist anhand der Überformung der Anzapfungen möglich: Die erste ist durch eine Talwasserscheide und Anzapfungsknie definiert. Bei der zweiten ist das Erscheinungsbild überprägt, die Orientierung zum ehemaligen Vorfluter ist jedoch eindeutig zu erkennen. Die dritte Klasse lässt nur noch aufgrund der Flussbettphysiognomie eine Anzapfung vermuten. (3) Im Ntem-Binnendelta wurden weitflächig Schotter und Gesteinsbruchstücke abgelagert und durch Mangan- und Eisenoxid zu einem Fanglomerat ausgehärtet. Das Gewässernetz bildet die geologischen Strukturen ab. Es wird angenommen, dass sich das Binnendelta primär durch eine gestaffelte Abschiebung entlang E-W verlaufender Brüche gebildet hat. Die Sedimentfallen wurden vom Ntem mit spätpleistozänen bis holozänen Sedimenten verfüllt. Ein ursprünglich flächenhaft ausgebildetes Ferricret wurde durch E-W verlaufende Brüche unterteilt. (4) Unterhalb des Binnendeltas überwindet der Ntem in einem Kerbtal entlang einer NNE-SSW-Struktur mit zwei linearen Störungen die Rumpfstufe. Es erinnert an einen Graben mit zwei Transformstörungen. Entlang des Tals wurden weitflächig Gesteinsbruchstücke und Schotter abgelagert, die zu einem Fanglomerat aushärteten. Gesteinsschnitte geben verschiedene Prozesse wieder, die die Bildung des Kerbtals als Graben belegen. Ergänzend wird eine Lineamentanalyse durchgeführt. Es werden vier Cluster herausgearbeitet, die die linearen Einheiten primär der panafrikanischen Orogenese zuordnen. Archaische Strukturen konnten nicht eindeutig zugewiesen werden. In der Synthese wird versucht, die Einzelergebnisse auf die Fläche zu extrapolieren. Die Arbeit bietet einen breiten Einblick in die tropische Geomorphologie mit der genetischen Diskussion unterschiedlicher Formengesellschaften. Es werden primär die strukturellen Richtungen N-S, E-W und NE-SW hervorgehoben, entlang derer eine neotektonische Remobilisation stattfand. Hebungen, die sich seit dem Miozän verstärkt haben, sind Auslöser für geomorphologische Modifikationen und Extensionsbrüche. Die Nähe zur aktiven Cameroon Volcanic Line und die Kompression des Kongokratons durch Riftprozesse lösen die tektonischen Ereignisse aus. Die wiederholte tektonische Erneuerung durch Hebungen des zentralafrikanischen Hinterlands führte zu einer Umgestaltung des Drainagenetzes.
The Late Tertiary to Quaternary evolution of the Ntem interior delta in SW Cameroon shall be modelled. A step fault was formed along neotectonically remobilized Precambrian structures. Uncalibrated 14C-datations in this ‘sediment trap’ show Pleistocene to Holocene ages. Both within and below the interior delta pebbles and clasts which are cemented in an iron and manganese matrix were found. These ‘fanglomerates’ are used to discuss different processes of the younger evolution also concerning climatic fluctuations in the study area.
Beim Clusterprojekt ELEMENTS von Goethe-Universität, TU Darmstadt, Universität Gießen und GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung arbeiten Theorie und Experiment Hand in Hand, um die Struktur der Materie unter extremen Bedingungen zu verstehen. So wird ersichtlich, warum etwa Kollisionen von Neutronensternen viele der schweren Elemente auf unserem Planeten geliefert haben.
Questions: Habitat islands are often characterized by the presence of more or less sharp boundaries to adjacent matrix habitats. However, knowledge on boundaries of natural habitat islands is scarce, especially regarding patterns of beta diversity and its two underlying components: species turnover and nestedness. We therefore aim to quantify the effects of fine-scaled and sharp boundaries of quartz islands (quartz gravel-covered soils) on the different components of plant beta diversity and how they are linked to different soil environmental drivers. Location: Knersvlakte, Western Cape, South Africa. Methods: We sampled plant species richness in 56 fine-scale transects of 6 m × 1 m plots across eight different boundary types (four quartz island to matrix, four between habitats on quartz islands). Soil depth and chemistry (pH, electrical conductivity) were analyzed for each 1 m2 plot. Differences in the two beta diversity components (turnover and nestedness) for each boundary type were tested by t tests. We used linear models to test relationships between species and environmental dissimilarity. Results: All boundary types showed high beta diversity. Species turnover was the prevailing component for six boundary types, the nestedness component was only important for two boundary types. We found a significant linear increase of species dissimilarity with increasing dissimilarity in soil pH and distinct plant communities for the habitat types, but no significant increase for electrical conductivity or soil depth. Conclusions: The spatial distinctiveness of the quartz islands leads to sharp boundaries, which result in high beta diversity, mainly through species turnover. This reflects the high levels of diversification and adaptation of the local plant communities. Nestedness occurred at two boundaries to the matrix, indicating that the latter does not necessarily represent an impermeable boundary for all species of the respective ecosystem. Studying diversity patterns across boundaries contributes to the question of applicability of island biogeography theory to habitat islands.
Positive plant–plant interactions are thought to drive vegetation patterns in harsh environments, such as semi-arid areas. According to the stress-gradient hypothesis (SGH), the role of positive interactions between species (facilitation) is expected to increase with harshness, predicting associated variation in species composition along environmental gradients. However, the relation between stress and facilitation along environmental gradients is debated. Furthermore, differentiating facilitative interactions from other underlying mechanisms, such as microtopographic heterogeneity, is not trivial. We analysed the spatial co-occurrence relationships of vascular plant species that form patchy vegetation in arid lapilli fields (tephra) from recent volcanic eruptions on La Palma, Canary Islands. Assuming a harshness gradient negatively correlated with elevation because the lower elevations are more arid and water availability is considered the most limiting resource, and that an outcome of facilitation is plants co-occurring in the same patch, from the SGH we expected a greater degree of co-occurrence at lower elevation. We tested this at both the species and the individual plant level. We analysed the species composition of 1277 shrubby vegetation patches at 64 different sampling points, ranging from the coast to around 700 m a.s.l. Patch morphology and microtopographic heterogeneity variables were also measured, to account for their potential effects on the species composition of patches. We used generalized linear models and generalized mixed-effects models to analyse species richness, number of individuals in patches and percentage of patches with positive co-occurrences, and a pairwise co-occurrence analysis combined with a graphical network analysis to reveal positive links between 13 of the species. We found that the percentage of patches with positive co-occurrences increased at higher elevations, in contrast to the predictions of the SGH, but in accordance with a refined stress-gradient hypothesis for arid sites, in which characteristics of the interacting species are incorporated.
Selbstbedienung im Museum
(1974)
Es wird kurz über die Geschichte des Museums berichtet, das als Abteilung im "Städtischen Museum Osnabrück" 1890 seinen Anfang nahm. 1963 konnte die "Schlikkersche Villa" bezogen werden, und 1971 wurde die Abteilung zum selbständigen "Naturwissenschaftlichen Museum". Die weitere Entwicklung bis zum Tag der Eröffnung wird dargestellt und Angaben zum Gebäude und zum Personal bestand gemacht. Die Ansprachen anläßlich der Eröffnungsfeier werden wiedergegeben und die wesentlichen Schwerpunkte der Ausstellung beschrieben.
Binary nucleation of sulphuric acid-water particles is expected to be an important process in the free troposphere at low temperatures. SAWNUC (Sulphuric Acid Water Nucleation) is a model of binary nucleation that is based on laboratory measurements of the binding energies of sulphuric acid and water in charged and neutral clusters. Predictions of SAWNUC are compared for the first time comprehensively with experimental binary nucleation data from the CLOUD chamber at European Organization for Nuclear Research. The experimental measurements span a temperature range of 208–292 K, sulphuric acid concentrations from 1·106 to 1·109 cm−3, and distinguish between ion-induced and neutral nucleation. Good agreement, within a factor of 5, is found between the experimental and modeled formation rates for ion-induced nucleation at 278 K and below and for neutral nucleation at 208 and 223 K. Differences at warm temperatures are attributed to ammonia contamination which was indicated by the presence of ammonia-sulphuric acid clusters, detected by an Atmospheric Pressure Interface Time of Flight (APi-TOF) mass spectrometer. APi-TOF measurements of the sulphuric acid ion cluster distributions (math formula with i = 0, 1, ..., 10) show qualitative agreement with the SAWNUC ion cluster distributions. Remaining differences between the measured and modeled distributions are most likely due to fragmentation in the APi-TOF. The CLOUD results are in good agreement with previously measured cluster binding energies and show the SAWNUC model to be a good representation of ion-induced and neutral binary nucleation of sulphuric acid-water clusters in the middle and upper troposphere.
The SAWNUC microphysical aerosol nucleation model is used to study the effect of reactor walls on the interpretation of nucleation experiments with respect to nucleation theory. This work shows that loss processes, such as wall losses, influence the interpretation of nucleation experiments, especially at low growth rates and short lifetime of freshly nucleated particles. In these cases the power dependency of the formation rates, determined at a certain particle size, with respect to H2SO4 does not correspond to the approximate number of H2SO4 molecules in the critical cluster as expected by the first nucleation theorem. Observed ∂log(J)/∂log([H2SO4]) therefore can vary widely for identical nucleation conditions but different sink terms.