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Als abschließende Glieder regressiver Sedimentationsphasen treten im westlichen Wiehengebirge innerhalb oberjurassischer Sand-, Mergel- und Tonstein-Wechselfolgen "Bröckeltonsteine" auf, die sich durch große Mächtigkeit (bis über 10 m), homogene schluffig-tonige Textur, auffallend grobpolyedrische Struktur, glänzende, mit etwa 20°–40° Grad geneigte Gleitflächen ("Slickensides") und domartige, einander randlich durchschneidende Aufwölbungs-Strukturen von 1,5 - 3 m horizontaler Ausdehnung auszeichnen. Die in semiariden bis subhumiden Überflutungs- Landschaften gebildeten Sedimente wurden synsedimentär durch Peloturbation beeinflusst. Dies erklärt die teilweise extrem große Mächtigkeit der vertischen Merkmale. Mikromorphologisch zeigt das Material deutlich ausgeprägte Bioturbations-Merkmale sowie Stress-Kutane. Erhöhte Temperaturen durch die Aktivität eines Plutons in der Kreide-Zeit scheinen eine Smektit-zu-Illit-Umwandlung und eine diagenetische Kornvergrößerung bewirkt zu haben. Im Verlauf der synsedimentären Bodenbildung kam es zu einer deutlichen Kompaktierung, sodass Groß-Dinosaurier über die Flächen hinweg schreiten konnten, ohne tiefer als etwa 5 cm einzusinken. Im Quartär dürfte es zu teilweise intensiver Eisen-Umverteilung, zum Eindringen von Ton in Spalten sowie zur Freilegung der bereits im Jura präformierten Polyeder ("Bröckel") gekommen sein.
An interior delta in the lower course of the Ntem River near the sub-prefecture Ma’an was identified after interpretation of satellite images, topographical maps of SW Cameroon and geological as well as hydrological references and a reconnaissance fieldtrip to the study area. Here neotectonic processes have initiated the establishment of a ‘sediment trap’ (step fault), which in combination with environmental changes strongly generated the fluvial morphology. It transitionally led to temporary lacustrine and palustrine conditions in parts of this river section. Inside the interior delta an anastomosing multi-branched river system has developed, which contains ‘stillwater locations', periodically inundated sections, islands and rapids. Following geomorphological, physiogeographical and sedimentological research approaches, the alluvial plain has been prospected and studied extensively. 91 hand-corings, including three NE–SW transects, were carried out on river benches, levees, cut-off and periodical branches, islands as well as terraces throughout the entire alluvial plain and have unveiled multi-layered, sandy to clayey alluvia reaching up to 440 cm depth. At many locations, fossil organic horizons and palaeosurfaces were discovered, containing valuable palaeoenvironmental proxy data. At these sites, through additional detailed stratigraphical analysis (close-meshed hand-coring and exposure digging) a comprehensive insight into the stratification (lamination) of the alluvia could be gained, clarifying processes and conditions that prevailed in the catchment area during the period of their deposition. 32 Radiocarbon data of macro-rests (leafs, wood), charcoal and organic sediment sampled from these horizons provided ages between 48.230 ± 6.411 and 217 ± 46 years BP (not calibrated). This constitutes the importance of the alluvia as an additional, innovative palaeoarchive for proxy data contributing to the reconstruction of palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate in western Equatorial Africa. The further examination of the alluvia will not only provide additional information on the dynamics of vegetation, climate and hydrology (esp. fluvial morphology) in SW Cameroon since the ‘First Millennium BC Crisis’ (around 3.000 years BP), the main focus of the DFG-research project, but also on conditions prevailing since the Late Pleistocene, during the Last Glacial Maximum (~18.000 years BP), the Younger Dryas impact (~11.000 years BP) and the ‘Humid African Period’ (~9.000–6.000 years BP). Delta13C-values (–31,4 to –26,4‰) evidence that at the particular drilling sites rain forest has prevailed during the corresponding time period (rain forest refuge theory). The sampled macrorests all indicate rain forest dominated ecosystems, which were able to persist in fluvial habitats, even during arid periods.
Until now, the NW Indian Ocean was sparsely covered with coral proxy records, and records from the Maldives Archipelago do not exist. The first such coral proxy record from the central Maldives is presented in this study. It originates from a massive Porites lutea (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) colony that was sampled March 2007 in the lagoon of Rasdhoo Atoll (4°N/ 73°W), which is located in the central Maldives. The record spans a period of 90 yrs and reaches back to 1917 AD with monthly to bimonthly resolution. This study investigates temporal variations of the skeletal stable oxygen (delta18O) and carbon (delta13C) isotopes, the strontium-to-calcium (Sr/Ca), and the annual extension-rates, and their relationship to historical climate variations 1917-2007. Annual extension-rates show an increase over the 20th century, and are correlated with instrumental sea surface temperatures (SST). The interannual variation of the extension-rates within 2.5-4 years is driven by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The amount of skeletal extension during the summer months is triggered by variations in the strength of the SW monsoon. Interannual and decadal variability in monsoon current activity (18-19 yrs) and rainfall over India are an expression of the summer monsoon strength. This is the reason why a statistical link between coral extension-rates and precipitation over India can be established. This implies that annual extension-rates in corals can be used as a new proxy for Indian monsoon variability on decadal resolution. The delta18O record exhibits the 20th century warming trend that is influenced by the effect of monsoon-induced cooling. delta18O also reveals interannual ENSO triggered variability, which is due to ENSO-forced variations in SST and sea surface salinity (SSS). A decadal variation at 12-14 yrs cannot be linked to SST variations in the NW Indian Ocean, but with decadal variations of SSS. They could be caused by ENSO- forced variations of the monsoon currents during the mature phase of ENSO teleconnections in the Indian Ocean in boreal winter. The Sr/Ca record does not indicate a significant warming, in spite of the observed SST rise at the sampling site. Changes in seawater Sr/Ca cannot be excluded. Nevertheless, interannual ENSO forcing is still evident. Evidence for the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is found during 1917-1955. Afterwards, the Sr/Ca data indicate the disappearance of PDO forcing. By the combination of Sr/Ca and delta18O it is possible to detect ~80% of historical El Niño and La Niña events at the sample site. This study confirms the notion that interannual to multi-decadal climate fluctuations in the Pacific play a crucial role for climate variability in the Indian Ocean.
Die Studie zur holozänen und pleistozänen Umweltgeschichte Süd-Kameruns betrachtet den Aussagewert alluvialer Ablagerungen der Flüsse Boumba, Dja, Nyong, Ntem und Sanaga für die Paläoumweltforschung. Die zugrundeliegende Forschungsarbeit fand im Rahmen des ReSaKo-Projektes, als Teil der interdisziplinären DFG-Forschergruppe 510 (“Ökologischer Wandel und kulturelle Umbrüche in West- und Zentralafrika”) statt, welches die zeitliche und räumliche Korrelation zwischen Klimawandel, Landnutzungsstrategien und kulturellen Innovationen während der “First Millennium BC Crisis” untersucht hat. Hierfür wurde der ökologisch sensitive Bereich des tropischen bis äquatorialen, immergrünen bis halb-immergrünen Guineisch-Kongolesischen Regenwaldes und dessen Übergangszone zur Savanne im Süden Kameruns ausgewählt. Als Hauptziele galten dabei zum einen der Nachweis und die Interpretation umweltgeschichtlich verwertbarer Alluvionen in einer diesbezüglich bisher unerforschten Region und zum anderen die Korrelation der Befunde mit bereits vorliegenden terrestrischen und hemi-pelagischen Paläoumweltarchiven zur weiteren Rekonstruktion der Paläoumweltbedingungen im westlichen (monsunalen) Äquatorialafrika. Nach der Identifizierung geeigneter Arbeitsgebiete entlang verzweigter, mäandrierender und verflochtener bis anastomosierender Flussabschnitte mittels Fernerkundung von Satellitenbildszenen (LANDSAT ETM+ und ASTER), wurden unter Verwendung physiogeographischer und geomorphologischer Arbeitsmethoden ausgedehnte Feldarbeiten während der Trockenzeiten der Jahre 2005-2008 durchgeführt. Zahlreiche Bohrarbeiten (161 Handbohrungen bis 550 cm Tiefe) zur Sedimentprobennahme (1093 Proben) innerhalb der Alluvial- und Auenbereiche der fluvialen Systeme lieferten einen umfassenden Einblick in die Stratigraphie und fluvial-morphologische als auch paläoökologische und –hydrologische Entwicklung der verschiedenen fluvialen Ökosysteme. Die mehrschichtigen, sandigen bis tonigen Alluvionen enthalten Paläooberflächen (z. B. Gyttjen, reliktische Sümpfe, fossile organische Lagen/Horizonte), die hervorragende zusätzliche Proxydaten-Archive für die Rekonstruierung umweltgeschichtlicher Bedingungen darstellen. Bohrtransekte und die Interpretation von Korngrößensequenzen (Verfeinerung, Vergröberung) und Paläooberflächen aus solchen alluvialen Sedimentarchiven stellen ein wichtiges, diagnostisches Instrument bei der Rekonstruktion paläoökologischer und paläohydrologischer Bedingungen und Veränderungen dar und belegen zeitweise einsetzende Austrocknung und Bodenbildung in den Auen sowie die Entstehung von Sümpfen, Mudden, Altarmen und Altwasserseen. Dies zeugt eindeutig von einer modifizierten Dynamik der fluvialen Systeme als Reaktion auf endogene Steuer-größen und (fluss-)interner Variabilität (equilibrium). Eine Vielzahl (76) von 14C (AMS)-Datierungen an organischem Sediment und Makroresten aus diesen Alluvionen lieferten spätpleistozäne bis rezente Alter (~48 – 0,2 ka BP). Die dazugehörigen δ13C-Werte (-35.5 bis -18.0 ‰) belegen für den Großteil der Untersuchungsstandorte (außer Oberläufe des Nyong und Sanaga) den Fortbestand von C3-Spezies dominierter Galleriewald-Ökosysteme entlang der Flusssysteme (“fluviale Regenwaldrefugien”) trotz einiger klimatischer Veränderungen/Aridisierungen (z. B. Letztes Glaziales Maximum um etwa 20.000 BP). Trotz der bestehenden Schwierigkeiten bei der Interpretation tropischer Sedimentarchive (z. B. Hiatusproblematik) und fluvialer Archive im Allgemeinen, unterstützen weitere sedimentologische und pedologische Analysen (bodenchemische und -physikalische Laboranalysen: Korngrößen, Kohlenstoff [Ctot], Stickstoff [N], Eisengehalt [Feo und Fed], pH, Munsell-Farben und C/N) und ausgewählte 14C (AMS)-Datierungen und δ13C-Bestimmungen diesen Beitrag zur hypothetischen Rekonstruktion der umweltgeschichtlichen und paläohydrologischen Entwicklung des Untersuchungsraumes. Die Interpretation des Alluvialarchivs liefert zusätzlich fundierte Informationen hinsichtlich der komplexen Zusammenhänge zwischen Klima, Ozean, fluvialen und ökologischen Systemen und anthropogener Einflussnahme in einem regional weitestgehend unerforschten Gebiet mit hoch-sensitiven tropischen Ökosystemen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine hohe Korrelation mit früheren Paläoumweltstudien, die über Untersuchungen an weiteren terrestrischen (lakustrin und palustrin) und hemi-pelagischen Archiven dieser Region gewonnen werden konnten. Sie bekräftigen Milanković- bis sub-Milanković-skalige Fluktuationen (bes. Präzession-Zyklus) der Intensität des westafrikanischen Monsuns und daraus resultierende klimatische, hydrologische und ökologische Modifikationen im Untersuchungsgebiet, was wiederum weitreichende Telekonnektionen und Reorganisationen impliziert. Insgesamt können im Liegenden grobkörnige, sandige sedimentäre Einheiten, welche turbulente fluvial-morphologische Bedingungen und geöffnete Landschaftsstrukturen während des Spätpleistozäns (48-30 ka BP) vermuten lassen, von fein-sandigen LGM-zeitlichen (22-16 ka BP) und mächtigen schluffigen bis tonigen, holozänen Sedimenteinheiten im Hangenden unterschieden werden, welche eher stabilisierte und saisonale Umweltverhältnisse widerspiegeln. Größere Um- und Verlagerungen innerhalb der Alluvialbereiche (v. a. Gerinnebettverlagerungen, Versumpfung) konnten für den Übergang vom Pleistozän zum Holozän (14-10 ka BP) nachgewiesen werden. Weitere einschneidende Veränderungen traten im Spätholozän auf (um 4, 2 und 0,8 ka BP), wahrscheinlich begünstigt durch die einsetzende Sesshaftwerdung Bantu sprechender Volksgruppen im tropischen Regenwald Zentralafrikas und die Einführung der Metallurgie um 3 ka BP. Die Informationen über regionale umweltgeschichtliche Oszillationen und Variationen im Prozess- und Landschaftsgefüge sind in den alluvialen Sedimenten gut dokumentiert und erhalten geblieben und ergänzen somit frühere Ergebnisse (z. B. ECOFIT Programm) zur spätquartären Umweltgeschichte des vom Monsun geprägten westlichen Äquatorialafrikas. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen vor allem die Bedeutung und Anwendbarkeit tropischer (afrikanischer) alluvialer Sedimente für die Paläoumweltforschung und belegen zudem, dass neben (neo-)tektonischen Impulsen das Klima die tragende Rolle in der Gestaltung der Landschaft und der Dynamik, sowie der Entwicklung der Flusseinzugsgebiete gespielt hat.
Global-scale information on natural river flows and anthropogenic river flow alterations is required to identify areas where aqueous ecosystems are expected to be strongly degraded. Such information can support the identification of environmental flow guidelines and a sustainable water management that balances the water demands of humans and ecosystems. This study presents the first global assessment of the anthropogenic alteration of river flow regimes, in particular of flow variability, by water withdrawals and dams/reservoirs. Six ecologically relevant flow indicators were quantified using an improved version of the global water model WaterGAP. WaterGAP simulated, with a spatial resolution of 0.5 degree, river discharge as affected by human water withdrawals and dams around the year 2000, as well as naturalized discharge without this type of human interference. Compared to naturalized conditions, long-term average global discharge into oceans and internal sinks has decreased by 2.7% due to water withdrawals, and by 0.8% due to dams. Mainly due to irrigation, long-term average river discharge and statistical low flow Q90 (monthly river discharge that is exceeded in 9 out of 10 months) have decreased by more than 10% on one sixth and one quarter of the global land area (excluding Antarctica and Greenland), respectively. Q90 has increased significantly on only 5% of the land area, downstream of reservoirs. Due to both water withdrawals and reservoirs, seasonal flow amplitude has decreased significantly on one sixth of the land area, while interannual variability has increased on one quarter of the land area mainly due to irrigation. It has decreased on only 8% of the land area, in areas downstream of reservoirs where consumptive water use is low. The impact of reservoirs is likely underestimated by our study as small reservoirs are not taken into account. Areas most affected by anthropogenic river flow alterations are the Western and Central USA, Mexico, the western coast of South America, the Mediterranean rim, Southern Africa, the semi-arid and arid countries of the Near East and Western Asia, Pakistan and India, Northern China and the Australian Murray-Darling Basin, as well as some Arctic rivers. Due to a large number of uncertainties related e.g. to the estimation of water use and reservoir operation rules, the analysis is expected to provide only first estimates of river flow alterations that should be refined in the future.
The ENVISAT validation programme for the atmospheric instruments MIPAS, SCIAMACHY and GOMOS is based on a number of balloon-borne, aircraft, satellite and ground-based correlative measurements. In particular the activities of validation scientists were coordinated by ESA within the ENVISAT Stratospheric Aircraft and Balloon Campaign or ESABC. As part of a series of similar papers on other species [this issue] and in parallel to the contribution of the individual validation teams, the present paper provides a synthesis of comparisons performed between MIPAS CH4 and N2O profiles produced by the current ESA operational software (Instrument Processing Facility version 4.61 or IPF v4.61, full resolution MIPAS data covering the period 9 July 2002 to 26 March 2004) and correlative measurements obtained from balloon and aircraft experiments as well as from satellite sensors or from ground-based instruments. In the middle stratosphere, no significant bias is observed between MIPAS and correlative measurements, and MIPAS is providing a very consistent and global picture of the distribution of CH4 and N2O in this region. In average, the MIPAS CH4 values show a small positive bias in the lower stratosphere of about 5%. A similar situation is observed for N2O with a positive bias of 4%. In the lower stratosphere/upper troposphere (UT/LS) the individual used MIPAS data version 4.61 still exhibits some unphysical oscillations in individual CH4 and N2O profiles caused by the processing algorithm (with almost no regularization). Taking these problems into account, the MIPAS CH4 and N2O profiles are behaving as expected from the internal error estimation of IPF v4.61 and the estimated errors of the correlative measurements.
NASAs Stardust Mission ist die erste Mission, die - nach den Apollo Missionen zum Mond - Material von einem extraterrestrischen Körper erfolgreich für die Untersuchung auf der Erde, zurückgebracht hat. Desweiteren konnten erfolgreich Proben von einem Interstellaren Partikelstrom aufgesammelt werden, der das Sonnensystem derzeit passiert. Die Mission erlaubt einen Einblick in die Beschaffenheit der Kometenpartikel, die Rolle von Kometen im Sonnensystem sowie den Eintrag von Staub in die Zodiakalwolke. Desweiteren erlaubt die Analyse der Kometenpartikel den direkten Vergleich zu bereits untersuchten Meteoriten und Interplanetaren Staub Partikeln (IDPs) die auf der Erde bzw. deren Stratosphäre gesammelt wurden. Stardust ist die vierte ”Discovery” Mission und wurde am 7. Februar 1999 gestartet. Während des Fluges zum Kometen 81P/Wild 2 wurde ein interstellarer Partikelstrom beprobt und der Asteroid Annefrank passiert. Nach fünf Jahren kam es zum Zusammentreffen mit dem Kometen 81P/Wild 2 und über fünf Minuten, wurden Proben mit einer Auffangvorrichtung eingesammelt. Es dauerte weitere zwei Jahre bis die Stardust Sonde die Proben erfolgreich zur Erde zurückgebracht hat und zur Untersuchung freigegeben wurden. Interstellare und kometare Partikel wurden mit einer tennisschlägerartigen Auffangvorrichtung eingefangen, die aus einer Vielzahl von Aerogel Zellen aufgebaut ist. Das für die Stardust Mission verwendete Aerogel besteht aus SiO2 dessen dendritische Struktur zu 99,8 % aus Luft (Poren) besteht. Dadurch erscheint es nahezu transparent, was die optische Suche mit Mikroskopen nach den Einschlagsspuren der Körner vereinfacht. Die jeweiligen Partikel wurden auf unterschiedlichen Seiten der Vorrichtung eingefangen, da unterschiedliche Eigenschaften des Aerogels notwendig waren und um sie später voneinander unterscheiden zu können. Die Seite, in der die Kometenpartikel eingefangen wurde, musste Körner mit unterschiedlichen Grössen, Morphologien und niedrigeren Geschwindigkeiten abbremsen, während auf der interstellaren Seite die Körner von wesentlich höheren Geschwindigkeiten abgebremst werden mussten. Die Aerogelzellen haben ein variierendes Dichteprofil: an der Oberfläche ist die Dichte geringer (5 mg/ml) und erhöht sich mit der Tiefe auf 30-50 mg/ml. Dieses Dichteprofil ist notwendig, da beim Einschlag der Körner auf das Auffangmedium ein hoher Druck entsteht, der umso geringer ist, je niedriger die Dichte im Moment des Auftreffens ist. Die Aerogelzellen für die Kometenpartikel haben drei Lagen mit unterschiedlichen Dichten, die Zellen für die interstellaren Körner haben zwei unterschiedliche Dichten (Tsou et al., 2003)....
The Late Tertiary to Quaternary evolution of the Ntem interior delta in SW Cameroon shall be modelled. A step fault was formed along neotectonically remobilized Precambrian structures. Uncalibrated 14C-datations in this ‘sediment trap’ show Pleistocene to Holocene ages. Both within and below the interior delta pebbles and clasts which are cemented in an iron and manganese matrix were found. These ‘fanglomerates’ are used to discuss different processes of the younger evolution also concerning climatic fluctuations in the study area.
New industries are recognized as new impetus to national wealth. At the same time, they are increasingly becoming geographically concentrated in some well defined areas. But current studies on the emergence of industrial clusters tend to analyze favorable driving factors. This dissertation takes the example of a Chinese endogenous industrial cluster, the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) cluster at Tonghua, a small peripheral city in Northeastern China, to contribute to the theoretical understanding of the emergence of industrial cluster as a co-evolutionary process of organizations, institutions and firms, or, to put it more broadly, as economic evolution embedded in complex socio-economic contexts. The recent advance in evolutionary and co-evolutionary economics which considers the economy and economic landscape as dynamic process instead of equilibrium can be regarded as a part of broader and more intellectual turn of quest for history in social sciences. Although the principle of "history matters" is widely acknowledged, it tends to be reduced to a quite simple concept of "path dependence". However, path dependence cannot offer space for new path creation, except from an external shock. Accordingly, the role of human conscious action or Schumpeterian innovation should be added to path analysis through the concept of path creation. Furthermore, and more importantly, history should be understood as context, and historical context can be explored through the understanding of multi-paths and interaction among them over time. So path inter-dependence (co-evolution between paths) would be useful to better understand the complexity of real history. Since the industrial cluster is composed of interconnected firms and is also subject to changes in institution and technology, I will focus on the multi-way causal relationship between firm, institution and technology. The theorizing is not entirely new, but most of the theoretical and empirical discussions are at the national or industrial level, not regional or local one. A competitive cluster can be regarded as a co-evolutionary hotspot in which multiple populations actively interact and are interconnected. Co-evolution itself is a dynamic and evolutionary process. So I will adopt a dynamic and evolutionary view to examine co-evolutionary degree or co-evolutionary effects in the Tonghua pharmaceutical cluster through time. After a brief introduction which deals with the national institutional changes that are highly associated with new venture creation, entrepreneurship, and innovation, with registrations on drug and healthcare system, and with changes in market demand of China’s pharmaceutical industry and geographical distribution, I will collect evidences from three aspects based upon field survey and second hand data, i.e., the history of the enterprises, the origin of entrepreneurship, and the knowledge of evolution, linking their respective generative relationships through the genealogical method. In this volume, the evolution of the Tonghua pharmaceutical firm organization, the formation of local entrepreneurship, historical accumulation of knowledge, and particular knowledge of transfer among generations of firms will be discussed, then I will probe into co-adaption and co-evolution between local formal and informal institutions and organizations in Tonghua’s TCM industry. In addition, I will try to understand the co-evolutionary process at different geographical levels (namely, national and local). In summary, my main findings include the following several points. Firstly, in the course of the emergence of Tonghua’s pharmaceutical industry, local social networks and the traditional alliance between enterprises and government have played important roles. Secondly, the most important factor that influences the evolution of endogenous industrial clusters such as the Tonghua pharmaceutical industry in transitional countries is not the change in technology, but the change in fundamental national institutions. Thirdly, the success of the Tonghua pharmaceutical industry can be ascribed to the creation of multiple paths largely based on initial conditions, which implies that economic policy should have historical consciousness, namely, new economic innovation should make full use of both historical legacies and existing assets. Finally, it is co-adaption and co-selection of firm organization, institution, and technology that have jointly made Tonghua’s pharmaceutical industry become highly competitive, which means that whether one region can grasp new opportunities partially depends on its capabilities to coordinate a varity of development agents.
Trace elemental concentrations of bivalve shells content a wealthy of environmental and climatic information of the past, and therefore the studies of trace elemental distributions in bivalve shells gained increasing interest lately. However, after more than half century of research, most of the trace elemental variations are still not well understood and trace elemental proxies are far from being routinely applicable. This dissertation focuses on a better understanding of the trace elemental chemistry of Arctica islandica shells from Iceland, and paving the way for the application of the trace elemental proxies to reconstruct the environmental and climatic changes. Traits of trace elemental concentrations on A. islandica shells were explored and evaluated. Then based the geochemical traits of the shells, four non-environmental/climatic controlling is indentified. (1) Trace elemental concentrations of bivalve shells are effected by early diagenesis by the leach or exchange of elemental ions, especially in shell tip part, even with the protection of periostrucum; (2) The analytical methods also affect the results of trace elemental concentrations, especially for the element, such as Mg, which is highly enriched in organic matrices; (3) Shell organic matrices are found play a dominating role on the concentration of trace elements on A. islandica shells. Most trace elements only occurred in insoluble organic matrices (IOM), although others are only found in the carbonate fraction. IOM of A. islandica shells is significantly enriched in Mg, while Li and Na are more deplete in IOM, but enriched in shell carbonate. Ba is more or less even contented in IOM and shell carbonate. The concentrations of certain elements vary between primary layer and secondary layer; (4) The vital /physiological controlling on trace elemental distributions of bivalve shells is also confirmed. Six elemental (B, Na, Mg, Mn, Sr, and Ba) concentrations show significant correlation (exponential functions) with ontogenetic age and shell grow rates (logarithmic equations). It is worthy to remark that B, Mg, Sr and Ba concentrations are negatively correlated with shell growth rate, positive with ontogenetic age, while the concentrations of Na and Mn show the opposite trends. At last, all the controlling described above can be taken into account and corrected to extract the environmental and climatic signal by a kind of standardization. The derived six exponential functions of the high correlations between six trace elemental concentrations and ontogenetic year are applied to make the standardization of these element-Ca ratios. The gotten standardized indices are compared with the variations of environmental and climatic parameters in this region, and many correlations are found. Standardized indices of Sr/Ca ratios are strongly related to the sun spot number, autumn NAO, autumn Europe surface air temperature (SAT) and Arctic sea surface temperature anomaly (TA), and those of Mg/Ca ratios are strongly associated with Arctic TA, Europe SAT and Solar variation (irradiance). The variations of autumn Europe SAT demonstrated more similarity with standardized indices of B/Ca than other parameters. Except for the SAT index of Arctic, the standardized indices of Na/Ca showed no distinct relation to temperature. European precipitation and the Arctic sea level pressure index compared well the Na/Ca ratios of the shells, and so did the autumn NAO. Standardized indices of Mn/Ca were correlated with the number of hurricanes in the North Atlantic, Northern Europe SAT and sun spot number.
Si espongono i risultati delle ricerche, riguardo agli scavi alla stratigrafia, la sedimentologia e alla industria litica, nel giacimento di Montemiletto (AV). Si tratta di una frattura beante il cui riempimento è probabilmente avvenuto in un breve arco di tempo e comprende tre momenti principali di sedimentazione: sedimenti fini (argille) nella parte più bassa, grossolani (sabbie) nella parte mediana e ancora fini (limi) in quella alta. L'industria litica, raccolta in tutti i livelli, e omogenea nell'intera serie, è riferita ad un Musteriano a denticolati, caratterizzato da una scarsa varietà di tipi; in genere su scheggia piatta; di tecnica debolmente levallois.
Stadtpolitik greift immer häufiger auf »best practices« aus anderen Städten zurück und nutzt sie als Blaupausen für ihre Entwicklungskonzepte. Doch was geschieht, wenn globalisierte Politikmodelle auf lokale Gegebenheiten heruntergebrochen werden? Neue Fragestellungen für die Humangeografie – die Frankfurter Wissenschaftler erforschen dies an konkreten Beispielen für die Mainmetropole.