590 Tiere (Zoologie)
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Beiträge zur Malakozoologie der Kanarischen Inseln : Lamellibranchien, Cephalopoden, Gastropoden
(1932)
Neue Ichneumoniden
(1921)
A world revision of the four entedonine (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Entedoninae) genera of larval parasitoids of thrips (Thysanoptera) is presented: Ceranisus Walker, 1841, Entedonomphale Girault, 1915 stat. rev. (reinstated as a valid taxon from previous synonymy under Ceranisus, with type species E. margiscutum Girault, 1915 stat. rev.), Goetheana Girault, 1920, and Thripobius Ferrière, 1938. The following new generic synonymies are proposed: Cryptomphale Girault, 1917, Entedonastichus Girault, 1920, Pirenoidea Girault, 1922, and Thripoctenoides Erdös, 1954 under Entedonomphale. The proposed new combinations are as follows: Entedonomphale bicolorata (Ishii, 1933), E. nubilipennis (Williams, 1916), and Thripobius javae (Girault, 1917) from Ceranisus; Entedonomphale carbonaria (Erdös, 1954), E. dei (Girault, 1922), E. kaulbarsi (Yoshimoto, 1981), and E. mira (Girault, 1920) from Entedonastichus. New synonymies are proposed for the following species: Ceranisus vinctus (Gahan, 1932) under Ceranisus menes (Walker, 1839), Diglyphus aculeo Walker, 1848 under Ceranisus pacuvius (Walker, 1838); Ceranisus maculatus (Waterston, 1930) and Thripobius semiluteus Boucek, 1976 under Thripobius javae (Girault, 1917); Entedonastichus albicoxis (Szelényi, 1982) under Entedonomphale carbonaria (Erdös, 1954), and Entedonastichus gaussi (Ferrière, 1958) under Entedonomphale bicolorata (Ishii, 1933). Eleven new species are described: Ceranisus barsoomensis and C. votetoda (Australia), C. udnamtak (Nepal); Entedonomphale boccaccioi (USA), E. esenini (Madagascar), E. lermontovi (South Africa), E. quasimodo and E. zakavyka (Australia); Goetheana pushkini (Japan and Republic of Korea) and G. rabelaisi (Australia); and Thripobius melikai (China). Three species are excluded from Ceranisus: C. ancylae (Girault, 1917) (mistakenly listed in Ceranisus) as well as C. nigricornis Motschulsky, 1863 and C. semitestaceus Motschulsky, 1863, both taxa incertae sedis. New data are provided on the distribution and host associations of many of the species included in this review.
Neogastropods are usualiy accepted as the most advanccd prosobranchs, though their organization is approached in several respects in some higher families of Mesogastropoda. This seems, however, to be due to parallel evolution and the neogastropods originated from a much lower grade of mesogastropod. Although some workers derive them from an archaeogastropod stock there are too many features in their anatomy characteristic of mesogastropods rather than of archaeogastropods for this to bc acceptable. On the whofe, neogastropods are a rather uniform group of prosobranchs in their shell, external features, and internal anatomy. In only one System do they show, by comprison with archaeo- and mesogastropods, both extreme specialization and considerable variation: this is the gut, which is in several ways unlike that of any other prosobranch. This is to be associated with their carnivorous way of life, in which respect they again differ markedly from meso- and archaeogastropods. Taylor, Morris Br Taylor (1980) have shown how neogastropod species differ amongst themselves not, primarily, in their rnode of life, but in their often narrow choice of prey. Since the anatomical requirements for predation are more or less constant, the different species remain similar in organization and are often sympatric. In these respects neogastropods differ markedly from mesogastropods, whose adaptive radiation has been extensive and primarily in relation to mode of life. Separation of neogastropods from mesogastropods rests mainly on the siphonal canal in the shell, the siphon on the mantle edge, the rachiglossate or toxoglossate radula, and the presence of a pleurembolic proboscis or one of its varieties (Smith, 1967). The osphradium is large and its axis carries a double series of lamellae, giving it a gill-like appearance. Males always have a penis and females usually a ventral pedal gland. lnternally the anterior part of the alimentary caiial has becorne elaborate, with a complex glandular equipment, and the wall of the kidney is more folded than in mesogastropods. The nervous systern is concentrated, though the visceral ganglia remain posteriorly placed. Eggs are laid in capsules attached to the substratum. A free larval stage is often suppressed and food eggs are common, but neither of these features has much taxonomic significance, occurring apparently randomly throughout the group. Because of their general similarity classification of the Neogastropoda has proved to be no easy task, and there is still no universally-accepted subdivision of the order into superfamilies. It is generally agreed, however, that the order may be split into two groups, primarily on the basis of radular structure. The more primitive of these, the Rachiglossa, has a radula with typically 3 teeth per row; the more advanced, the Toxoglossa, has a radula which, in more primitive genera, resembles the rachiglossate, but which Comes, in more advanced toxoglossans, to have only a single tooth in action at a time. Each tooth has then become scroll-like and is used for the injection of poison from a poison gland into the prey (Shimek & Kohn, 1981). The group Toxoglossa is agreed to contain the superfamily Conacea which includes (as Recent forms) the families Turridae, Conidae, and Terebridae, all with poison apparatus, though with very different shells. Risbec (1955), followed by Taylor & Sohl (1962), has added a second superfamily Mitracea containing, in the family Mitridae, a grouping of genera selected from that family as earlier understood. These have a rachiglossate radula and an apparent poison gland not irnrnediately comparable with that of undoubted toxoglossans. This reclassification of mitrids has not found favour with subsequent workers (Cernohorsky, 1966, 1970; Ponder, 1972). Ponder (1973) made a case for adding a third suborder to the two mentioncd above. This was to contain the single superfamily Cancellariacea with the one family Cancellariidae. The case rests on the unique character of their radula. It is, however, when one turns to the remaining rachiglossan families and- attempts to assign them to superfamilies that difficulties mount. Three groupings Iiave been conventionally recognized - Muricacea, Buccinacea, and Volutacea, though it has often appeared that the last was a collection of animals not obviously assignable to the other two rather than clearly related amongst thernselves. Ponder (1973) came to the somewhat pessimistic conclusion that all rachiglossans should be put into a single taxon, for which he used the name Muricacea. It seems to us, however, that certainly within the limited group of anirnals with which we have to deal here, but even in a broader context, there is still some validity - and certainly convenience - in the older Separation, when due importance is given to internal anatomy; we propose, therefore, to retain the three superfamilies in dealing with a group which is otherwise too large for easy treatment. We adopt this arrangement the more readily as we have no volutacean mernbers of the fauna with which we have to deal, provided that we accept Ponder's proposal to create a separate superfamily for cancellariids. This allows the remaining superfamilies to be split into Muricacea and Buccinacea, and it is between these two superfamilies that lines of division may most obviously be drawn. Taylor & Sohl (1962) noted about 800 genera and subgenera in the rachiglossan group. The Buccinacea, with nearly 400, is rivalled for size only by the superfamilies Rissoacea and Cerithiacea amongst all the prosobranchs. A difficulty arises at this point in relation to the number of species which have been described. Many neogastropods are not intertidal in occurrence. Their capture is dependent upon dredging, a method which can often do no more than sample a few isolated spots on the ocean bed. Many species have been described on the basis of these samples without any real knowledge of the variation whjch may affect populations. It seems, indeed, probable that many of these are no more than local varieties, especially when it is remembered that the anatomy of many is very imperfectly known. We have, therefore, been conservative in nomenclature and tended to use broad generic groupings where others might have used narrower ones. The latter may be right, but it is prernature to be sure of this.
In dieser Arbeit werden vorwiegend taxonomische und nomenklatorische Angaben zu Cryptini und in einem Fall auch zu Phygadeuontini gemacht. Aus der Westpaläarktis sind derzeit etwa 35 Gattungen von Cryptini bekannt. Einige davon wurden in den letzten Jahrzehnten bereits revidiert (z.B. HORSTMANN 1984, 1987, 1990a, VAN ROSSEM 1966, 1969a, 1969b, 1971, SCHWARZ 1988, 1989, 1990a, 1990b, 1997). Inzwischen konnte weiteres Material untersucht werden, wodurch in einigen Fällen neue Erkenntnisse gewonnen werden konnten. In dieser Arbeit werden vor allem Ergänzungen von Revisionen westpaläarktischer Cryptini gemacht. In einigen Fällen erstrecken sich die Angaben auch auf andere Gebiete (Ostpaläarktis, Orientalis, Äthiopis), Zusätzlich werden Ergebnisse von Typenuntersuchungen angeführt. Bei den untersuchten Typen werden wahlweise die genauen Angaben auf den Etiketten wiedergegeben oder, wenn diese in anderen neueren Publikationen erwähnt sind, weggelassen. Nach den Angaben zum Typus bzw. zu den Funddaten bei zusätzlichem Material wird jeweils der Aufbewahrungsort angegeben. Die Reihung der hier behandelten Gattungen und Arten erfolgt alphabetisch. Bei der Auflistung des untersuchten Materials werden entweder die genauen Funddaten, besonders bei Material außerhalb von Europa, oder nur die Länder aufgelistet. Inseln werden, da tiergeografisch besonders interessant, gesondert angeführt.
Gli Autori segnalano per il territorio delle Alpi Liguri 144 specie di Molluschi terrestri e 25 specie di Molluschi acquidulcicoli. L'elenco sistematico riporta, per ciascuna specie, eventuali sinonimie, segnalazioni di letteratura e di collezione e i risultati di ricerche di campagna effettuate dagli Autori negli anni 1977-84; inoltre, vengono fornite la geonemia e brevi considerazioni sulla distribuzionc geografica, le caratteristiche ecologichc ed eventuali problemi tassonomici. Segue un esame critico dei taxa di pteseilza dubbia o di incerta collocazione sistematica, ed un breve elenco delle specie presenti nelle aree circostanti l'area in esame, ma assenti in Alpi Liguri. La malacofauna terrestre delle Alpi Liguri (considerate in toto o nei tre Settori del Cuneese, Imperiese e Savonese) viene confrontata con quella di tre settori piu interni delle Alpi Occidentali (Alpi Marittime settentrionali, Alpi Cozie, Alpi Graie), di un settorc alpino meridionale (Alpi Marittime francesi) e di due settori appenninici (Appennino Ligure ed Aipi Apuane), mediante indici di similarit i di tipo binario (presenza-assenza di specie). Vengono inoltre confrontati tra loro gli spettri corologici delle aree sopracitate. L'area studiata non appare uniforme da1 punto di vista faunistico, ma diversamente caratterizzata nei diversi settori. Per la particolare posizione geografica e le peculiari caratteristiche paleoclimatiche, geomorfologiche ed ambientali, il popolamento malacologico delle Alpi Liguri si presenta qualitativamente vario ed ariicchito da correnti rnigratorie di diversa provenienza (alpina, W-mediterranes, appenninicii). Nella caratterizzazione della fauna e degli endemismi, sembra importante il ruolo di area di rifugio assunto dalle Alpi Liguri in epoca glaciale.
The cirripeds sampled by the N. O. Jean Charcot from the Azores region include thirty-four species: twenty lepadomorphs, eight verrucomorphs and six balanomorphs. Among these are two new species: Arcoscalpellum eponkos n.sp. and Tesseropora arnoldi n.sp. and several little known species. The family Verrucidae is revised, and a key to the genera is included. Verruca and Metaverruca are rediagnosed, two new genera are proposed: Newmaniuerruca n.g. and Costatoverruca n.g. A list of recent species of Verrucidae is provided, reported with keys to all of the species. Forty-five species of cirripeds are reported from the Azores region, of which one third are endemic.
The several experiments, of which tlhs paper presets a resume, were conducted during the early summer of 1903, at the Naples Zoölogical Station, while occupying the table of the Smithsonian Institution, for the courtesy of which it is a pleasure to express my obligations. The primary object of the experiments was to test the regenerative capacity of the Scyphomedusae and to institute certain comparisons between these results and those obtained by similar experiments previously made upon the Hydromedusae. So far as I am aware no similar experiments have been made upon the Scyphomedusae with the definite purpose of testing this particular aspect: of their physiological constitution. Romanes in his experiments upon "Primitive Nervous Systems", 85, has recorded incidentally the fact that certain mutilations of medusae are promptly healed, but gave no details. Eimer, '78, has also carried on similar experiments and with the Same general purpose of testing the character and distribution of nervous centers, but makes no reference to the matter of regeneration. And quite recently Uexküll, has likewise reviewed these experiments of Romanes and Eimer and carried them sornewhat farther than they had done. But while arrivirlg at somewhat different conclusions, drawn from a series of experiments in some features coincident with those to be described now, he makes no reference to any regenerative processes, devoting attentioti almost exclusively to the movements, specially those of rhytmic character, and seeking physical explanations of them. The earlier references of Haeckel to the capacity of larvae of certain medusae to regenerate entire organisms are likewise indefinite. Morgan in referring to the subject in his recent book on "Regeneration", merely remarks that among Scyphozoa "the jelly-fishes belonging to this group have a limited amount of regenerative power". I very much regret that an unusual scarcity of material compels me to leave several points somewhat less fully considered than is desirable, but I trust they are not of suffiicient gravity to seriously mar the general value of the results as a whole. In one respect this scarcity of material, making necessary successive experiments on the same specimen in many cases, proved fortunate rather than otherwise, since facts of importance were thus brought to light which might otherwise have been overlooked. Some of these will be referred to specifically in another connection.
Tentamenta entomologica
(1862)
Neues über Chamaeleons
(1899)
Material of the domestic fowl of appropriate ages, ranging from twelve hours' incubation to the adult bird, was prepared for the purpose of studying the production and development of the germ cells. The primordial germ cells arise in the extra-embryonic region anterior to the head fold in the region of the zone of junction during the primitive-streak stage. These germ cells migrate, through the blood stream, to the region of the future gonad, where they develop into the definitive germ plasm. There is no widespread degeneration of the primordial germ cells after their arrival in the gonadal region, nor is there any widespread transformation of somatic cells into definitive germ cells.
Die Psylliden Japans : I.
(1907)
Sensilla styloconica are elongated microscopically conspicuous chemo-mechano receptors found exclusively at the tongue tip of many adult Lepidoptera. These unique proboscis sensilla were comparatively studied using the scanning electron microscope in 107 species of North American and tropical butterflies. Focus was on 76 species of North American Nymphalidae representing 45 genera and 11 subfamily groups, and 15 species of tropical Nymphalidae representing additional genera and subfamilies. Observations of adult nymphalid feeding behaviour and food preference for correlation with morphological characteristics were made largely in North America and substantially in the Neotropics, where bait traps were used in conjunction with aerial netting. The tongue tips of 16 additional species representing 5 more butterfly families were also examined for the presence and morphological characteristics of sensilla styloconica.
An annotated list of Ecuadorian butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae)
(2001)
Eine Einschränkung des Hörvermögens durch Schäden der Sinnesrezeptoren im Innenohr gilt beim Menschen sowie bei allen anderen Säugetieren als irreversibel. Die Hörforschung ist an der Frage interessiert, ob durch Plastizität in zentralen Teilen des auditorischen Systems Kompensationsmechanismen die Folgen mildern können. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Frage, ob und in welchem Umfang nach peripheren Hörschäden durch zentrale Kompensationsmechanismen eine Erholung des Hörvermögens auftritt auf der Basis von plastischen Änderungen der neuronalen Verarbeitung der Eingangssignale aus dem geschädigten Hörorgan. Schäden des Sinnesepithels im Innenohr, z.B. durch überlaute Beschallung oder ototoxische Substanzen, betreffen in der Regel zunächst die äußeren Haarzellen und führen zu einem Verlust der Empfindlichkeit und Frequenzspezifität des Hörvermögens. Eine primäre selektive Schädigung der inneren Haarzellen (IHZ) tritt im Tiermodell, aus unbekannten Gründen nur bei einer Spezies auf, dem Chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger) und zwar nach Gabe des antineoplastischen Medikament Carboplatin. Das gute Tieffrequenzhören der Chinchillas (0.1-20 kHz) ermöglicht außerdem Aussagen zur akustischen Signalverarbeitung in einem für das menschliche Gehör relevanten Frequenzbereich (0.02-16 kHz). Dieses Tiermodell bietet somit die Gelegenheit, die Veränderungen in zentralen Teilen des auditorischen Systems nach einer definierten sensorischen Schädigung zu untersuchen. Hierfür kommt u.a. das auditorische Mittelhirn, der Colliculus Inferior (IC) in Frage. Der IC wird als Hauptintegrationszentrum der Hörbahn angesehen weil er Eingänge von fast allen vor ihm liegenden auditorischen Kernen (z.B. Nucleus cochlearis, Nucleus olivaris und Leminscus lateralis) bekommt. Ein weiterer Grund für die Wahl des IC als Untersuchungsgebiet der vorliegenden Arbeit ist, die Frage zu beantworten, ob die auf der Ebene des auditorischen Kortex bereits nachgewiesene funktionelle Plastizität auch auf der Ebene des IC schon realisiert oder vorbereitet wird. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht das Antwortverhalten der Neurone im ICc an wachen Tieren vor und nach einem selektiven Teilverlust der IHZ bei Erhalt der äußeren Haarzellen. Die Arbeitshypothese ist, dass es nach einem abgeschwächten sensorischen Eingang zu Veränderungen der exzitatorischen und inhibitorischen Antwortfelder kommt, die als funktionelle Plastizität bzw. als Kompensation verstanden werden können. Anhand elektrophysiologischer Ableitungen im ICc von wachen, chronisch implantierten Tieren wurden die exzitatorischen und die inhibitorischen Antwortfelder der Neurone durch Einton- und Zweiton- Stimulation getrennt gemessen und bestimmt. Die Resultate zeigen, dass die exzitatorischen und inhibitorischen Antworteigenschaften im IC bei wachen und narkotisierten Tieren unterschiedlich sind. In wachen Tieren weist die Inhibition generell höhere Variation auf als in narkotisierten Tieren und ist unabhängiger von der Art der Exzitation. Eine Carboplatinbehandlung führte bei allen Tieren nach 3-7 Tagen zu einer Abnahme der Amplituden und einer Erhöhung der Schwellen der akustisch evozierten Hirnstammpotentiale (ABRs). Die histologische Untersuchung des Innenohres (10 Wochen nach Carboplatinbehandlung), zeigte bei allen Tieren Verluste der IHZ (zwischen 20 und 60%) entlang der gesamten Basilarmembran. Es wurden aber keine Verluste von ÄHZ festgestellt. Die Gehirn-Schnitte zeigten, dass die Registrierungen aus dem zentralen Teil des Colliculus Inferior stammen. Die physiologische Untersuchung der Antworteigenschaften der Neurone im IC 4-6 Wochen nach der carboplatinbedingten Schädigung der IHZ zeigte eine Reduktion der Inhibition, die u.a. deutlich an dem Verlauf der Intensitätskennlinien zu beobachten war. Nach dem Teilverlust der IHZ wurden viel weniger nichtmonotone Kennlinien gefunden als vor der Innenohrschädigung. Darüber hinaus beobachteten wir eine Reduzierung der inhibitorischen Regionen und eine signifikante Ausweitung der exzitatorischen Antwortfelder nach dem Teilverlust der IHZ. Die Resultate der vorliegenden Arbeit führen zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass nach einer Teilschädigung der inneren Haarzellen, unter Erhalt der ÄHZ nur ein geringer Sensitivitätsverlust in der zentralen Hörbahn auftritt. Der Verlust von 20-60% der IHZ und der damit einhergehende reduzierte afferente Informationsfluss führt zu physiologischen Veränderungen in der Hörbahn, die im IC von wachen Tieren vor allem durch eine Reduktion der Inhibition hervortritt. Dies deutet daraufhin, dass zentrale Kompensationsmechanismen bei peripheren Hörschäden nicht, wie bisher vermutet, erst in kortikalen sondern zum Teil bereits in subkortikalen Arealen (im Mittelhirn) stattfinden.
Among the 13 genera and over 100 species of halfbeaks, three genera - Dermogenys, Nomorhamizphus and Hemirlzainplzodon - are internally fertilized and viviparous. These genera belong to a more inclusive clade, the Zenarchopterinae, that also includes Zenarchopterus, inferred to be internally fertilized and to lay fertilized eggs, and the monotypic Tondaiziclzthys, also inferred to be internally fertilized. Whereas the Hemiramphidae are distributed worldwide, internally fertilized halfbeaks are restricted to Southeast Asia. Recent data from histological surveys of the gonads of both males ancl females as well as cmbryonic modifications associated with viviparity have been combined here with osteological characters in a phylogenetic analysis. Results indicate overwhelming support for a sister-group relationship between Henzirhamnphodon and (Derinogeizys + Nomorhamnphus). Monophyly of the Dermogenys + Nomorhamphus clade is also well supported. These results confirm earlier suggestions that Dermnogenys, as previously defined, is paraphyletic. Within tlle Dermogenys+Noinorhamnphus clade, two monophyletic clades are supported: one comprises ten species including four new species (Dermogenys bruneiensis, Dermogenys robertsi, Dermogenys palawanensis and Dermogenys collettei) and the other comprises 13 species including three undescribed species (Nomorhamphus rossi, Nomorhamphus pinnimaculata and Nomorhainphus manifesta). Diagnoses for the species of Dermnogenys and Nomorhamnphus, as well as a natural classification for the included species, are presented.
Die Untersuchungen wurden während der Jahre 1930-32 in der Newabucht bei Peterhof unternommen. Es wurden 29 Arten der Fische untersucht, wobei als Standartzahl der Sektionen für jede Art 15 Fische genommen. wurden. Für manche seltene Arten konnte man aber nur eine kleinere Anzahl von Exemplaren erbeuten. Im ganzen wurden 368 Fische seziert. Dabei wurde nicht nur die Häufigkeit des Vorkommens (d. h. der Prozentsatz der infizierten Fische) eines jeden Parasiten, sondern auch die absolute Zahl verschiedener Schmarotzer (d. h. die Intensität der Infektion) bei jedem Fisch festgestellt. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird die parasitäre Fauna einzelner Fischarten behandelt. Im zweiten Teil werden in systematischer Ordnung Angaben über verschiedene von uns gefundene Parasitengruppen geliefert. Die ganze von uns erforschte parasitäre Fauna enthält 108 Arten, von welcher Zahl 1 auf Mastigophora, 5 auf Infusoria, 24 auf Myxosporidia, 2 auf Microsporidia, 17 auf monogenetische Trematoden, 15 auf digenetische Trematoden, 16 auf Cestodes, 8 auf Aeanthocephali, 9 auf Nematodes, 1 auf Hirudinei, 1 auf Mollusca, 9 auf Crustacea (Copepoda und Branchiura) fallen. Dabei ist ein ziemlich grosser Reichtum an Myxosporidien (24 Arten) und an Cestodes (16) zu notieren, wobei von den letzteren eine wichtige Rolle die Plerocerkoide von DiphylloBothrium batum spielen. Von Trematoden bietet der Fund von Janickia in der Bauchaorte des Hechtes und deren Eier in der Bauchaorte des Hechtes und deren Eier in den Kiemen dieses Fisches, wogegen bis jetzt Janickia nur für manche Cypriniden der Wolga vermerkt war. Die Fauna der Nematoden ist in der Newabucht verhältnismässig arm. Während der Untersuchung wurden nur wenige neue Arten entdeckt, und zwar Ergasilus briani, welcher in einem besonderen Aufsatz (Seite 217) von A. Markewitsch beschrieben wird, und zwei Myxosporidien, deren kurze Diagnose wir hier anführen. Myxobolus luciopercae Petruschewsky wurde zum ersten Mal von Müller in Deutschland entdeckt und von Gurleey in Russland (Don-Fluss) konstatiert, wobei er aber ohne spezifischen Namen beschrieben wurde. Kleine, kugelige, milchweisse Zysten dieser Art sind von 1-2 mm im Diameter und befinden sich hauptsächlich auf dem Kopf des Zanders. Bei starker Infektion sind die Zysten in der ganzen Haut, besonders am Operculum, Kiefern, Auger, und Flossen, verbreitet. Eine derartige Infektion wird von dem Absterben besonders der jungen Zander gefolgt. Die Sporen von M. luciupercae sind etwa 10 mikrometer (9,5-11) lang, 8 mikrometer (7-8,5) breit; die Länge der Polkapseln beträgt 5,2 mikrometer (5-6). Henneguya cutanea Petruschewsky. Diese neue Art wurde von uns zwei Mal in der Haut und an den Flossen von Abramis brama gefunden. Die Zysten dieser Art waren kugelig und erreichten bis 1 mm im Durchmesser. Die Sporen sind in manchen Hinsichteil von den bis jetzt in der Haut und in der Muskulatur der Süsswasserfische gefundenen Henneguya-Arten verschieden ...
Research about the nutrition of 363 specimens of Halte, 79 of Bogue, 282 of Striped mullets and 259 species of Pandora, has been carried on the bisis of the trawler catches which were realised during 1963/64 year in the bay of Kastela. Examinations were performed in relation to the qualitative and quantitative composition of the food, seasonal changes of food, as well as the influence of the temperature to the change of food quantity in the stomach. By the qualitative analysis of the food structure it was oftenly possiblr to determine the organisms up to the genus or species. In order to find out the quantity of food in the stomach we used the degree of stomach fullness according to which: A empty stomach, B = very little amount of food, C = half of the stomach filled with food, D = completely stomachfull with food, E = the wall of stomach thin owing to the abundance of food. The material for the xamination was immcdiately preserved in 10% formalin on thc vessel and few days later the qualitative-quantitative analysis was performed in the laboratory. ....
Die Dipteren Rumäniens
(1904)
Für den Dipterologen ist Rumänien noch nahezu eine terra incognita. Es durfte ihm daher jeder noch so kleine Beitrag zur Dipterenfauna des Landes willkommen sein. Aus diesem Grunde wird die nachstehende Liste rumänischer Zweiflügler der Oeffentlichkeit übergeben, obwohl die angeführten Arten nur einen kleinen Bruchteil der gesammten rumänischen Dipterenfauna darstellen ; doch sollen dieser ersten Liste im Laufe der Zeit weitere Nacliträge folgen, um nach Tunlichkeit rasch eine annähernde Uebersicht über in Rede stehende Fauna gewinnen zu können. Die Tiere wurden, mit Ausnahme der wenigen, die aus der Dobrudscha, stammen, in der Umgebung von Azuga am Südabhange der siebenbürgischen Karpathen in nicht beträchtlicher Höhe (900-1600 m.) über dem Meere in den beiden Sommern 1902 und 1903 erbeutet. Es geschah dies in der Absicht, die blüten besuchenden Insecten jener Gegend kennen zu lernen. ...
A taxonomic review of the species belonging to Bembidion Latreille, 1802 of Australia includes a key and descriptions of the species. Noinenclatorial acts proposed in this paper include: 1, taxa of new Status - Bembidion subgenus Sloanephila Netolitzky, 1931, valid subgenus, not consubgeneric with subgenus Philochtus Stephens, 1828; B. (Notaphocampa) riverinae Sloane, 1894 valid species, not subspecies of B. opulentum Nietner, 1858; 2, new synonyms B. (Notaphominis Netolitzky, 1931) = B. (Notaphocampa Netolitzky, 1914): 3, New subgenera - Australoemphanes, and Gondwanabembidion, 4, New species - B. (Ananotaphus) daccordii (South Australia, Mound Springs); 5, new subspecies - B. (Zeactedium) orbiferum giachinoi (New ZeaIand, North Island); 6, species transferred to Australoemphanes - B . (Ananotaphus) blackburni Csiki, 1928; 7, Species transferred to Gondwanabembidion - B . (Ananotaphus) proprium Blackburn, 1888. Conclusions of an informal phylogeographic study are: 1, the Auslralian continent was probably populated by the Bembidiina with relatively recent (Late Tertiary-Quaternary) invasions from the north by tropical lineages, while other lineages showing systematic relationships with African and South American taxa probably have an older, Gondwanian origin; and 2, some lineagas of predominantly Nearctic and Palaearctic taxa were also Gondwanian in origin.
Zur Physiologie des Fötus
(1824)
Neue Elateriden
(1894)
Background The phylogenetic tree of Galliformes (gamebirds, including megapodes, currassows, guinea fowl, New and Old World quails, chicken, pheasants, grouse, and turkeys) has been considerably remodeled over the last decades as new data and analytical methods became available. Analyzing presence/absence patterns of retroposed elements avoids the problems of homoplastic characters inherent in other methodologies. In gamebirds, chicken repeats 1 (CR1) are the most prevalent retroposed elements, but little is known about the activity of their various subtypes over time. Ascertaining the fixation patterns of CR1 elements would help unravel the phylogeny of gamebirds and other poorly resolved avian clades. Results We analyzed 1,978 nested CR1 elements and developed a multidimensional approach taking advantage of their transposition in transposition character (TinT) to characterize the fixation patterns of all 22 known chicken CR1 subtypes. The presence/absence patterns of those elements that were active at different periods of gamebird evolution provided evidence for a clade (Cracidae + (Numididae + (Odontophoridae + Phasianidae))) not including Megapodiidae; and for Rollulus as the sister taxon of the other analyzed Phasianidae. Genomic trace sequences of the turkey genome further demonstrated that the endangered African Congo Peafowl (Afropavo congensis) is the sister taxon of the Asian Peafowl (Pavo), rejecting other predominantly morphology-based groupings, and that phasianids are monophyletic, including the sister taxa Tetraoninae and Meleagridinae. Conclusions The TinT information concerning relative fixation times of CR1 subtypes enabled us to efficiently investigate gamebird phylogeny and to reconstruct an unambiguous tree topology. This method should provide a useful tool for investigations in other taxonomic groups as well.
During recent years our knowledge of the biology and distribution of the ticks has greatly increased owing to the discovery of the economic importance of this group as carriers of certain serious diseases to man and domesticated animals. In North America we have the North American Fever Tick Margaropus annulatus Say, the well known disseminator of splenitic or Texas fever of cattle, which is credited with an annual loss of about fifty million dollars to the cattle industry of the southern States, and the Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Tick, Dermacentor venuslus, the responsible agent for this human disease which has a high rate of mortality. With tlie exception of the work of Dr. Seymour Hadwen, Assistant Pathologist of the Health of Animals Brancl-i of the Dominion Department of Agriculture and, to a lesser extent, of myself, no serious attempt has been made to study the ticks occurring in Canada. The present account has been prepared with a view to bringing together the hitherto unpublished results of rny own work, and those of Hadwen, together with such scattered references as I have been able to find. It is hoped that this information will constitute a basis for further work, and that the comparative meagreness of the records will stimulate others to add to our knowledge of a group which offers problems of unusual interest. Except where it is otherwise stated the records in the following account are mine. Hadwen has studied the life-histories of a number of the species and in such cases his results have been given in full or summarized.
In this study we attempt to develop a synthesis of previously published work concerning the feeding habits of fourteen European freshwater fish: Anguilla anguilla L., Salmo trutta L., Rutilus rutilus L., Leuciscus leuciscus L ., Leuciscus cephalus L., Phoxinus phoxinus L., Gobio gobio L., Abramis brama L., Cyprinus carpio L., Tinca tinca L., Barbatula barbutula L., Gasterosteus aculeatus L., Perca fluviatilis L. and Cottus gobio L. Data presented in this paper were obtained frorn 98 studies in 16 European countries. Great Britain with 40 studies was the most documented country. In order to synthetize the maximurn information for each species, all methods used for analysing feeding habits and found in the different studies have been taken into account. Results are presented on tables with a commentary for each species analysed. The fourteen species were then classified into major trophic guilds.
Oribatei (Acari, Cryptostigmata) are found in a variety of terrestrial habitats, and many are associatcd with lichens; the relationship ranges from casual to highly dependent. Eighty-three species associatcd with lichens have been surveyed, and a tentative classification, based on their ecological requirements, is presented: Group A consists of species restricted to lichens as a biotope, though occasionally occurring as accidenials in other habitats, Group B consists of species which while preferring lichens as a habitat and feeding source are also adapted to existence on other piants (though in some cases their immatures may be lichen-rescricted); Group C consists of species which, though frequently found on lichens, are equally common in other biotopes, particularly mosses, and must be regartled as much more generalized in their feeding habits. Certain aspects of oribatid-lichen specificity are discussed. The importance of orihatid-lichen associations from tihe polnt of view of soil fertility and energetics is empliasized.
Basierend auf eigenen Daten und einer Literaturauswertung wird eine Übersicht über die Habitate der mitteleuropäischen Zikadenfauna gegeben. Besiedelt werden nahezu alle semiaquatischen und terrestrischen Lebenräume von Schwimmblattgürteln und Röhrichten bis hin zum Trockenrasen und vom Mineralboden bis in die Baumkronen hinauf. 61% der Arten leben permanent in der Krautschicht, rund 27% in der Baum- und Strauchschicht. Rund 11% bewohnen mehrere Straten, der Großteil davon macht einen obligaten Wechsel durch, meist vom Boden oder von der Krautschicht in die Baumschicht. Als Nährpflanzen spielen krautige Monokotyle und Gehölze mit Abstand die wichtigste Rolle. Von weitaus geringerer Bedeutung sind krautige Dikotyle und Zwergsträucher. Von jeweils nur einzelnen Zikaden-Arten werden Farnpflanzen, Gymnospermen und Pilze genutzt. Generell sind die höchsten Artenzahlen auf biomassereichen, also hochwuchsigen oder weit verbreiteten und häufigen Pflanzenarten anzutreffen. Wichtige Habitatfaktoren für einen Großteil der Arten sind Feuchte, Störung und die oftmals spezifischen Nährpflanzen. Weiterhin können Temperatur, Sonnenexposition, pH-Wert und Nährstoffgehalt des Bodens, Meereshöhe, Bodeneigenscliaften und Salinität eine Rolle spielen, sind aber z.T. miteinander korreliert. Dementsprechend gibt es besonders spezialisierte Zikadenarten in Lebensräumen, in denen extreme Verhältnisse hinsichtlich dieser Faktoren herrschen, also Ufer, Moore, Trockenrasen, Dünen, Salzwiesen und alpine Matten. In stark gestörten Lehensräumen kommen nur noch wenige eurytope, polyphage und gut flugfähige Arten mit hohem Fortpflanzungspotential vor. Eine Ausnahme hiervon bilden allerdings die regelmäßig überfüllten Kiesbänke der Alpenflüsse, die trotz intensiver Störung eine Anzahl stenotoper, monophager und monovoltiner Arten, oft mit nur eingeschränkter Flugfähigkeit, aufweisen.
As far as we are aware, no previous account of any kind regarding the freshwater and subaerial algal flora of Natal has been published, and the present investigation of one hundred different samples thus affords the first available data on this point. ...
Chalastogastra (Hym.)
(1916)
Nachdem im Teil I der Entomofauna (Jueg 1997b) das Untersuchungsgebiet "Schloßpark Ludwigslust" Erfassungsergebnisse der im Vergleich zu den Käfern und Schmetterlingen artenarmen bzw. mangelhaft bearbeiteten Ordnungen vorgestellt wurden, soll im Teil II die Ordnung Coleoptera irn Vordergnind stehen. Die Käferfauna wird im LSG "Schloßpark Ludwigslust" seit den 1980er Jahren erfaßt. Ältere Angaben oder Literaturquellen sind, von einer Ausnahme abgesehen, nicht bekannt. Von den etwa 100 aus Deutschland bekannten Käferfamilien konnten bisher 53 auch für das LSG nachgewiesen werden. Der Bearbeitungsstand innerhalb der einzelnen Familien ist aber äußerst different. Relativ gut erfaßt sind nur die Familien Cerambycidae (Bockkäfer) und die artenarmen Familien Silphidae (Aaskäfer), Larnpyridae (Leuchtkäfer), Lagriidae (Wollkäfer) und Geotrupidae (Mistkäfer). Als äußerst unzureichend allerdings muß der Kenntnisstand z.B. zu den Familien Carabidae (Laufkäfer), Staphylinidae (Kurzflügler) , Nitidulidae (Glanzkäfer), Chrysomelidae (Blattkäfer) und CurcuLionidae (Rüsselkäfer) beurteilt werden. Die Ursachen sind dabei vielfältig. Im Vergleich zu vielen anderen Lokalfaunen kann aber als positiv vermerkt werden, daß sich die Erfassung nicht nur auf ausgewählte Familien beschränkte, sondern alle Käfer integrierte. Zumeist wurden die Belege von Jueg gesammelt und von Degen bestimmt. Einige kritische Arten oder Belege wurden von Spezialisten bestimmter Käferfamilien nachdeterminiert: z.B. Carabidae (Müller-Motzfeld - Greifswald), Elateridae (Brosin - Rostock) und Scarabaeidae (Rössner - Schwerin). Zu den Cerambycidae (Bockkäfer) konnte Goldberg (Neustadt-Glewe) zahlreiche Beobachtungen liefern. Zur Abundanz, Habitatpräferenz und Gefährdung im Gebiet können nur bei wenigen Arten gesicherte Aussagen getroffen werden. Nicht nur aus dieser Sicht bleibt eine Beschäftigung mit der Käferfauna des LSG „Schloßpark Ludwigslust" weiterhin interessant und lohnenswert. Die Systematik und Nomenklatur richtet sich nach FREUDE, HARDE, LOHSE (1964-1983).
Dr. Nonfin (1931) in his book on the "Biology of the Amphibia", while discussing the inter-relationships of Pelobatidae, divides the family into Megophrynae, Pelobatinae and Sooglossinao und points out that among these three "the most primitive genus in the sub-family is the wide spread Megopluys or Megalophrys (including Leptobrachium)". ...
The ant genera Ankylomyrrna Bolton, Atopomyrmex Andre, Cyphoidris Weber, Ocymyrmex Emery, Pristomyrmex Mayr (= Odontomyrmex Andre, = Hylidris Weber, = Dodous Donisthorpe) and Terataner Emery (= Tranetera Arnold) are revised for the Ethiopian zoogeographical region. Keys and descriptions of species are presented for each genus and the genera are defined on a world-wide basis. In Atopomyrmex two species are recognized and four new infraspecific synonyms are established. Three new species are described in the previously monotypic genus Cyphoidris. Twenty-three species of Ocymyrmex are recognized of which seven are described as new; seven new synonyms are established and new Status as valid species is granted to seven previously infraspecific forms. Five Pristomyrmex species are recognized of which one is new; five new Synonyms are proposed in this genus. In Terataner the former subgenus Tranetera is newly synonymized and six species recognized, of which one is new. The six Terataner species of Madagascar are summarized, one new species is described and a key presented. The genus Baracidris is described as new, containing two new species from West and central Africa. A key to Ethiopian region myrmicine genera in which the antennal club has two Segments is given under Baracidris.