590 Tiere (Zoologie)
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Background The phylogenetic tree of Galliformes (gamebirds, including megapodes, currassows, guinea fowl, New and Old World quails, chicken, pheasants, grouse, and turkeys) has been considerably remodeled over the last decades as new data and analytical methods became available. Analyzing presence/absence patterns of retroposed elements avoids the problems of homoplastic characters inherent in other methodologies. In gamebirds, chicken repeats 1 (CR1) are the most prevalent retroposed elements, but little is known about the activity of their various subtypes over time. Ascertaining the fixation patterns of CR1 elements would help unravel the phylogeny of gamebirds and other poorly resolved avian clades. Results We analyzed 1,978 nested CR1 elements and developed a multidimensional approach taking advantage of their transposition in transposition character (TinT) to characterize the fixation patterns of all 22 known chicken CR1 subtypes. The presence/absence patterns of those elements that were active at different periods of gamebird evolution provided evidence for a clade (Cracidae + (Numididae + (Odontophoridae + Phasianidae))) not including Megapodiidae; and for Rollulus as the sister taxon of the other analyzed Phasianidae. Genomic trace sequences of the turkey genome further demonstrated that the endangered African Congo Peafowl (Afropavo congensis) is the sister taxon of the Asian Peafowl (Pavo), rejecting other predominantly morphology-based groupings, and that phasianids are monophyletic, including the sister taxa Tetraoninae and Meleagridinae. Conclusions The TinT information concerning relative fixation times of CR1 subtypes enabled us to efficiently investigate gamebird phylogeny and to reconstruct an unambiguous tree topology. This method should provide a useful tool for investigations in other taxonomic groups as well.
During recent years our knowledge of the biology and distribution of the ticks has greatly increased owing to the discovery of the economic importance of this group as carriers of certain serious diseases to man and domesticated animals. In North America we have the North American Fever Tick Margaropus annulatus Say, the well known disseminator of splenitic or Texas fever of cattle, which is credited with an annual loss of about fifty million dollars to the cattle industry of the southern States, and the Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Tick, Dermacentor venuslus, the responsible agent for this human disease which has a high rate of mortality. With tlie exception of the work of Dr. Seymour Hadwen, Assistant Pathologist of the Health of Animals Brancl-i of the Dominion Department of Agriculture and, to a lesser extent, of myself, no serious attempt has been made to study the ticks occurring in Canada. The present account has been prepared with a view to bringing together the hitherto unpublished results of rny own work, and those of Hadwen, together with such scattered references as I have been able to find. It is hoped that this information will constitute a basis for further work, and that the comparative meagreness of the records will stimulate others to add to our knowledge of a group which offers problems of unusual interest. Except where it is otherwise stated the records in the following account are mine. Hadwen has studied the life-histories of a number of the species and in such cases his results have been given in full or summarized.
In this study we attempt to develop a synthesis of previously published work concerning the feeding habits of fourteen European freshwater fish: Anguilla anguilla L., Salmo trutta L., Rutilus rutilus L., Leuciscus leuciscus L ., Leuciscus cephalus L., Phoxinus phoxinus L., Gobio gobio L., Abramis brama L., Cyprinus carpio L., Tinca tinca L., Barbatula barbutula L., Gasterosteus aculeatus L., Perca fluviatilis L. and Cottus gobio L. Data presented in this paper were obtained frorn 98 studies in 16 European countries. Great Britain with 40 studies was the most documented country. In order to synthetize the maximurn information for each species, all methods used for analysing feeding habits and found in the different studies have been taken into account. Results are presented on tables with a commentary for each species analysed. The fourteen species were then classified into major trophic guilds.
Oribatei (Acari, Cryptostigmata) are found in a variety of terrestrial habitats, and many are associatcd with lichens; the relationship ranges from casual to highly dependent. Eighty-three species associatcd with lichens have been surveyed, and a tentative classification, based on their ecological requirements, is presented: Group A consists of species restricted to lichens as a biotope, though occasionally occurring as accidenials in other habitats, Group B consists of species which while preferring lichens as a habitat and feeding source are also adapted to existence on other piants (though in some cases their immatures may be lichen-rescricted); Group C consists of species which, though frequently found on lichens, are equally common in other biotopes, particularly mosses, and must be regartled as much more generalized in their feeding habits. Certain aspects of oribatid-lichen specificity are discussed. The importance of orihatid-lichen associations from tihe polnt of view of soil fertility and energetics is empliasized.
Basierend auf eigenen Daten und einer Literaturauswertung wird eine Übersicht über die Habitate der mitteleuropäischen Zikadenfauna gegeben. Besiedelt werden nahezu alle semiaquatischen und terrestrischen Lebenräume von Schwimmblattgürteln und Röhrichten bis hin zum Trockenrasen und vom Mineralboden bis in die Baumkronen hinauf. 61% der Arten leben permanent in der Krautschicht, rund 27% in der Baum- und Strauchschicht. Rund 11% bewohnen mehrere Straten, der Großteil davon macht einen obligaten Wechsel durch, meist vom Boden oder von der Krautschicht in die Baumschicht. Als Nährpflanzen spielen krautige Monokotyle und Gehölze mit Abstand die wichtigste Rolle. Von weitaus geringerer Bedeutung sind krautige Dikotyle und Zwergsträucher. Von jeweils nur einzelnen Zikaden-Arten werden Farnpflanzen, Gymnospermen und Pilze genutzt. Generell sind die höchsten Artenzahlen auf biomassereichen, also hochwuchsigen oder weit verbreiteten und häufigen Pflanzenarten anzutreffen. Wichtige Habitatfaktoren für einen Großteil der Arten sind Feuchte, Störung und die oftmals spezifischen Nährpflanzen. Weiterhin können Temperatur, Sonnenexposition, pH-Wert und Nährstoffgehalt des Bodens, Meereshöhe, Bodeneigenscliaften und Salinität eine Rolle spielen, sind aber z.T. miteinander korreliert. Dementsprechend gibt es besonders spezialisierte Zikadenarten in Lebensräumen, in denen extreme Verhältnisse hinsichtlich dieser Faktoren herrschen, also Ufer, Moore, Trockenrasen, Dünen, Salzwiesen und alpine Matten. In stark gestörten Lehensräumen kommen nur noch wenige eurytope, polyphage und gut flugfähige Arten mit hohem Fortpflanzungspotential vor. Eine Ausnahme hiervon bilden allerdings die regelmäßig überfüllten Kiesbänke der Alpenflüsse, die trotz intensiver Störung eine Anzahl stenotoper, monophager und monovoltiner Arten, oft mit nur eingeschränkter Flugfähigkeit, aufweisen.
As far as we are aware, no previous account of any kind regarding the freshwater and subaerial algal flora of Natal has been published, and the present investigation of one hundred different samples thus affords the first available data on this point. ...
Chalastogastra (Hym.)
(1916)
Nachdem im Teil I der Entomofauna (Jueg 1997b) das Untersuchungsgebiet "Schloßpark Ludwigslust" Erfassungsergebnisse der im Vergleich zu den Käfern und Schmetterlingen artenarmen bzw. mangelhaft bearbeiteten Ordnungen vorgestellt wurden, soll im Teil II die Ordnung Coleoptera irn Vordergnind stehen. Die Käferfauna wird im LSG "Schloßpark Ludwigslust" seit den 1980er Jahren erfaßt. Ältere Angaben oder Literaturquellen sind, von einer Ausnahme abgesehen, nicht bekannt. Von den etwa 100 aus Deutschland bekannten Käferfamilien konnten bisher 53 auch für das LSG nachgewiesen werden. Der Bearbeitungsstand innerhalb der einzelnen Familien ist aber äußerst different. Relativ gut erfaßt sind nur die Familien Cerambycidae (Bockkäfer) und die artenarmen Familien Silphidae (Aaskäfer), Larnpyridae (Leuchtkäfer), Lagriidae (Wollkäfer) und Geotrupidae (Mistkäfer). Als äußerst unzureichend allerdings muß der Kenntnisstand z.B. zu den Familien Carabidae (Laufkäfer), Staphylinidae (Kurzflügler) , Nitidulidae (Glanzkäfer), Chrysomelidae (Blattkäfer) und CurcuLionidae (Rüsselkäfer) beurteilt werden. Die Ursachen sind dabei vielfältig. Im Vergleich zu vielen anderen Lokalfaunen kann aber als positiv vermerkt werden, daß sich die Erfassung nicht nur auf ausgewählte Familien beschränkte, sondern alle Käfer integrierte. Zumeist wurden die Belege von Jueg gesammelt und von Degen bestimmt. Einige kritische Arten oder Belege wurden von Spezialisten bestimmter Käferfamilien nachdeterminiert: z.B. Carabidae (Müller-Motzfeld - Greifswald), Elateridae (Brosin - Rostock) und Scarabaeidae (Rössner - Schwerin). Zu den Cerambycidae (Bockkäfer) konnte Goldberg (Neustadt-Glewe) zahlreiche Beobachtungen liefern. Zur Abundanz, Habitatpräferenz und Gefährdung im Gebiet können nur bei wenigen Arten gesicherte Aussagen getroffen werden. Nicht nur aus dieser Sicht bleibt eine Beschäftigung mit der Käferfauna des LSG „Schloßpark Ludwigslust" weiterhin interessant und lohnenswert. Die Systematik und Nomenklatur richtet sich nach FREUDE, HARDE, LOHSE (1964-1983).
Dr. Nonfin (1931) in his book on the "Biology of the Amphibia", while discussing the inter-relationships of Pelobatidae, divides the family into Megophrynae, Pelobatinae and Sooglossinao und points out that among these three "the most primitive genus in the sub-family is the wide spread Megopluys or Megalophrys (including Leptobrachium)". ...
The ant genera Ankylomyrrna Bolton, Atopomyrmex Andre, Cyphoidris Weber, Ocymyrmex Emery, Pristomyrmex Mayr (= Odontomyrmex Andre, = Hylidris Weber, = Dodous Donisthorpe) and Terataner Emery (= Tranetera Arnold) are revised for the Ethiopian zoogeographical region. Keys and descriptions of species are presented for each genus and the genera are defined on a world-wide basis. In Atopomyrmex two species are recognized and four new infraspecific synonyms are established. Three new species are described in the previously monotypic genus Cyphoidris. Twenty-three species of Ocymyrmex are recognized of which seven are described as new; seven new synonyms are established and new Status as valid species is granted to seven previously infraspecific forms. Five Pristomyrmex species are recognized of which one is new; five new Synonyms are proposed in this genus. In Terataner the former subgenus Tranetera is newly synonymized and six species recognized, of which one is new. The six Terataner species of Madagascar are summarized, one new species is described and a key presented. The genus Baracidris is described as new, containing two new species from West and central Africa. A key to Ethiopian region myrmicine genera in which the antennal club has two Segments is given under Baracidris.
Evolutionary ecology and biogeography of recent stalked crinoids as a model for the fossil record
(1987)
Durch Torfabbau und Entwässerung war der Libellenbestand des Roten Moores in der hessischen Hochrhön akut bedroht. Im Rahmen von Pflegemaßnahmen wurden 1984 die Gräben im Hochmoorbereich angestaut sowie weitere Gewässer auf abgetorften Flächen geschaffen. Diese neu geschaffenen Lebensräume sowie ältere bereits bestehende Weiher am Moorrand wurden 1987/88 auf ihre Libellenfauna hin untersucht. Für das Rote Moor konnten 18 aktuell bodenstendiqe Libellenarten nachgewiesen werden. Die meisten dieser Arten besiedeln die Randbereiche. Doch konnten mit Leucorrhinia dubia, Aeshna juncea, Somatochlora arctica sowie Leucorrhinia pectoralis und Coenagrion hastulatum seltene und gefährdete Arten im Hochmoorbereich nachgewiesen werden. Ausgehend von kleinen Restpopulationen konnten sich besonders Leucorrhinia dubia und Aeshna juncea wieder im Hochmoorbereich in den neugeschaffenen Lebensräumen ausbreiten. Die aktuelle Libellenfauna wird mit dem benachbarten, relativ ungestörten Schwarzen Moor verglichen. Populationsentwicklunug und Arteninventar an aufgestauten Gräben im Hochmoorbereich werden als Sukzession interpretiert und als ein Ergebnis von interspezifischer Konkurrenz diskutiert.
Die jahreszeitlichen Zugmuster der häufigeren Singvogelarten auf dem Col de Bretolet im Herbst sind von Dorka (1966) dargestellt und eingehend analysiert worden. Basierend auf Beobachtungen und FängIingen legte er charakteristische Unterschiede zwischen Kurz- und Langstreckenziehern dar. Aus der Form der Zugmuster konnten in der Folge Rückschlüsse auf die Art der Steuerung der Zugaktivität gezogen werden (Berthold & Dorka 1969). Seither haben sich die Fangzahlen vom Col de Bretolet mehr als verdoppelt und die Fangzeit wurde gegen den Sommer hin ausgedehnt. Dadurch wird es einerseits möglich, bisherige Aussagen zu verfeinern ; andererseits können wesentlich mehr Arten einbezogen werden, und die bisher kaum untersuchte Phase vor der eigentlichen Zugzeit kann analysiert werden. Ein erstes Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die jahreszeitlichen Zugmuster nach Fänglingen für möglichst viele Arten darzustellen und damit - ohne eine eingehendere Besprechung der einzelnen Arten - eine Arbeits- und VergleichsgrundIage zu schaffen. Eine Besonderheit der Beringungsstation auf dem Col de Bretolet liegt in der subalpin-alpinen Brutvogelgemeinschaft der Umgebung. Die Durchzugsverhältnisse der Tieflandarten sind dadurch im Vergleich zu anderen Stationen in Europa, die meist im Tiefland liegen, leichter zu interpretieren. Beim Vergleich mit solchen Stationen ergeben sich bei manchen Arten augenfällige Unterschiede in der Form der Zugmuster. Solche Formunterschiede hat auch Denker (1973) beim Fitis Phylloscopus trochilus zwischen Helgoland und dem Festland gefunden. Deshalb sollen die Zugmusterformen der einzelnen Arten sowie von Bretolet und anderen Stationen miteinander verglichen werden. Dabei stehen nachbrutzeitliche Bewegungen, d. h. das Umherstreifen ohne Bindung an den Brutort zwischen dem Ende der Brutzeit und dem Beginn des Wegzuges, im Vordergrund, wobei die Lage der Fangstationen zum Herkunftsgebiet der auftretenden Arten besondere Bedeutung erhält.
Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Wasserinsektenfauna Nordwest-Hessens : 1. Köcherfliegen (Trichoptera)
(1992)
1975 wurden in diesem Mitteilungsblatt zwei Beiträge mit Fledermaus-Verbreitungskarten von Nordrhein-Westfalen veröffentlicht. In Fortsetzung dieser Kartierung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland legen wir nachfolgend die Ergebnisse des norddeutschen Raumes für den Zeitraum von 1945-75 vor. Die Zahl der hier nachgewiesenen Fledermausarten beläuft sich auf 15. Zur leichteren Übersicht wurde wiederum eine Zweiteilung vorgenommen. In den Listen sind sämtliche erreichbaren Fledermaus-Vorkommen nach Arten getrennt unter Angabe der LokalitSt, des Funddatums, des Quartiertyps sowie der Anzahl nachgewiesener individuen in chronologisclier Reihenfolge zusammengefaßt. Darüber hinaus wurden die Fundorte unter Berücksichtigung der Jahreszeit (Sommer- und Winteraufenthaltsort) und des Quartiertyps (Wochenstubenquartierei) in UTM-Gitterkarten, und zwar getrennt nach den Bundesländern Niedersachsen & Bremen sowie Schleswig-Holstein & Hamburg, eingetragen. Der starke Rückgang einzelner Species machte es aus Gründen der Erhaltung noch besetzter Quartiere in einigen Fällen erforderlich, von einer exakten Ortsangabe in den Listen abzusehen. Es sei darauf hingewiesen, daß diese Verbreitungskarten kein lückenloses Bild vom Vorkommen der Fledermäuse des Gebietes vermitteln können. Das gilt namentlich für unser nördlichstes Bundesland Schleswig-Holstein, wo vielleicht mit Ausnahme des Segeberger Raumes und des Seengebietes um Plön bisher keine systematischen Fledermaus-Beobachtungen vorliegen.
Until recently, up to thirteen specics of the scincid genus, Scincus, were recognized, but examination of some 590 individuals frorn a wide range of localities suggests that only three or four are valid. Of these, S. mitranus is confined to eastern and southern Arabia and S. hemprichii probably to southwest Arabia. The remaining forms constitute the S. scincus complex, which may consist in North Africa of two largely allopatric species, S. scincus and S. albifasciatus, although evidence for this is not conclusive. The S. scincus complex is represented in southwest Asia by two forms : S. scincus meccensis in southern Jordan, northwest and west Arabia and S. s. conirostris in southern and eastern Arabia, Iraq and southwest Iran. Scincus appears to have evolved Erom a primitive scincine, very similar to members of the Eumeces schneideri group, especially E. (schneideri) algariensis; it does not seem to be directly related to the sympatric genus Scincopus. Within Scincus, the S. scincus complex is the least specialized component of the genus and both S. rnitranus and S. hemprechii may have been independently derived from it, or from a closely related form. Possibly the whole range of the genus was once occupied by a S. scincus-like species and its distribution was subsequently restricted by the onset of less desertic conditions leaving reduced populations in North Africa, southwest Arabia and southeast Arabia that gave rise to the S. scincus complex, S. hemprichii and S. mitranus respectively. A renewed expansion of arid areas could then have enabled the S. scincus complex to invade southwest Asia. Some of the characters of its most eastern subspecies, S. s. conirostris, may have arisen, or been maintained, by character displacement through contact with S. mitranus.
Per la cortesia del Dr. G. Horvath sono stato incairicato di studiare la collezione di Crostacei riunita dal ben noto viaggiatore ungherese L. Biro nella Nuova Guinea Tedesca. Questa collezione, benche non molto numerosa di specie, e assai interessante, sia perche contiene 1 genere, 5 specie e 2 varietie che mi sembrano nuove, sia perche poco ancora si conosce della fauna carcinologica della Nuova Guinea in genere, e pochissimo della fauna della Nuova Guinea Tedesca.
The last decade of research in the field of animal nutrition has Ied to the discovery of a new class of substances in the food stuffs constituting the animal dietary. These compounds have been designated "Vitamines, Accessory Factors of the Diet, Exogenous Hormones of the Diet". They are present in infinitesimal quantities in certain articles of the diet, but their role in the metabolic cycle is one of the greatest importance. Subsequent investigation has shown that they are essential for the wellbeing and even the life of the organism itself. Without these indispensable elements the animal cell is unable to maintain its activities unimpaired, or the adolescent subject to attain normal growth. Continued deprivation leads to disease and ultimately to cessation of life. The discovery of these cornpounds was the result of a generation's work on the etiology of two diseases - Beri-beri and Scurvy. These are now known as "Deficiency Diseases". Each of these pathological conditions is due to the dietary deficiency of a specific substance, which in the case of beri-beri is known as the "Anti-neuritic Vitamin" (Funk); "Water Soluble B substance" (McCollum). In the case of scurvy this element is called the "Antiscorbutic Substance". A third factor associated with fats of animal origin has been subsequently discovered, but its deficiency results in a general malnutrition of a chronic type complicated with Xerophthalmia.
In order to elucidate what species among so many kind of marine organisms are likely to be consmed Iargely by the balaenopterid whales, the existing evidence on the food habits of baleen whales is reviewed. To meet with this primary purpose the report was mainly focussed on to describe qualitative aspects of food species having been known to date from the notable whaling grounds over the world rather than documenting quantitative subjects. One of interesting facts noticed throughout the contribution was that there exists fairly intense diversity in the assembly of food species composition by regions such as; northern hemisphere vs. southern hemisphere, Pacific region vs. Atlantic region, inshore waters vs. offshore waters, embayed waters vs. open waters, where the former usually shows more diversed complexity than the latter. The fact however suggests that although the composition of food species locally varies over the various whaling grounds, the food organisms as taxonomical groups are very similar one another even in locally isolated whaIing grounds when the food organisms and their assemblies are considered by the family or genus basis. In this connection many evidences given in the text may suggest that the balaenopterid whales as a whole may substantially live on quite simply compositioned forage assembly in comparison with tremendous variety of organisms existing in the marine ecosystems. One of important aspects of the baleen whales food must be found in their characteristics of forming dense swarms, schools, and/or aggregations in the shallower enough layers to be fed by the whales. The present and past status of larger baleen whales as the mighty monarch through their evolutional pathways may entirely depend upon the spatial distribution pattern of possible food organisms, i.e. the animal aggregations.
Abiotic and biological aspects of spring biotopcs in the Paleozoic Rhenish shield und the Hessian sandstone plate (Hesse, Germany) were compnred. Springs in the Rhenish shield have fluctuating discharges with a risk of drying out in summer, and high ranges of water temperature. In contrast, springs in the sandstone area have well-balanced discharge and temperature regimes. The bioiogical aspect of this study investigates general questions of community structure and examples of autecological adaptation of life cycles. The spring community composition is characterized in tems of environmental factors and trophic relationships in the water column und in the adjacent limnic-terrestrial interface. Lifecycle adaptations of Synagapetus are typical for inhabitants of springs with unstable discharge regimes. Its eggs are resistant to drought and the larvae possess ventilation mechanisms which are efficient even in periods of low discharge. As an example, the life-cycles of several Apataniinae are discussed in the context of adaptation to cold springs, and their embryonic development is compared to those of eurytopic Trichoptera. Finally, synecological aspects of the spatial and temporal distributions of several Trichoptera species, as recorded in emergence traps, are described. Closely related species show more or less strong niche separation.
Las perdices de la Argentina
(1928)
This review study updates the Mediterranean fish species inventory (Agnatha, Gnathostoma). Comments upon regional particularities, endemicities, immigrations, emigrations and the recent movements of Mediterranean fauna are made. A comparafive analysis between the fish communities of the Mediterranean und those of neighbouring seas is sketched out.
This paper deals with the anthomyiid-flies from Korea. A total of 81 species belonging to 22 genera are represented in Korean fauna as the result, among them the following 9 species are proposed here new to science as: Anthomyia koreana sp. nov., Botanophila seungrnoi sp. nov., Acklandia koreacola sp. nov., Lasiomma monticola sp nov., Egle podulparia sp. nov., Delia expansa sp. nov., Phorbia soyosana sp. nov., P. dissimiiis sp. nov., P. taeguensis sp. nov., and 2 genera, Acklandia Hennig, 1976, Egle Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, with the below 12 species are newly recorded from Korea as: Parapegomyia schineri, Nupedia debilis, Botanophila striolata, Egle muscaria, E. longipalpis, E. parvaeformis, E. panta, E. korpokkur, Paregle vetula, Delia tenuiventris, D. coronariae, Phorbia longipilis. Keys are given for all the taxa respectively, some illustrations of various characters for identification are provided. Arranged are host plants and domestic localities for each species.
The present work deals with the problem of the essential factor regulating the wing-stroke frequency in some insects in wing mutilation and loading experiments and in subatmospheric air pressure experiments. The diverse opinions concerning this factor, appearing in the literature, are reviewed. As appears in this review, one of two factors, the inertia of the wings or the resistance of the gas medium, is claimed to be the main regulator of the wingstroke frequency. Therefore two series of experiments have been performed. In the first series the correlation between the moment oi inertia of the wings and the wing-stroke frequency is examined. The wings are mutilated by cutting them transversely, longitudinally or obliquely or loaded with a drop of collodion. It is found that (1) the wing-stroke frequency is proportional to the -0.35th power of the moment of inertia of the wings, that (2) this applies to both mutilation and loading experiments, that (3) it makes no difference whether the procedures are equal or unequal on both sides or only one-sided, and that (4) the frequency tends not to rise above a certain lirnit in mutilation experiments. In the second series of experiments the correlation between the pressure of the gas medium and the wing-stroke frequency is examined. It is found that the effect of pressure varies greatly in different insects and may even be totally absent. The wing-stroke frequency is proportional to (pressure) exp 0 to (pressure) exp -0.25. The degree of the effect is found to depend on the size and the wing-stroke frequency of the insect; the effect is absent in big insects with a medium or high frequency, and more or less present in insects with a small size or with a low frequency. The results are discussed. A theory is constructed using well established physical concepts by considering the wings as acting simultaneously as bodies performing simple harmonic rotary motion and as paddles working against the air. It is assumed that the kinetic energy is destroyed after each single stroke. By making this assumption, the frequency in the energy equation is found to be, within a constant rate of energy output, proportional to the -0.33rd power of the moment of inertia of the wings, and thus agrees very well with the correlation between these factors found experimentally. Further it is found that the aerodynamic work of the wings is in most cases very much smaller than the work done in overcoming the effect of the inertia of the wings. It is negligible in big insects with, a medium or high frequency, but more or less significant in insects with a small size or a low frequency. The magnitude of this effect thus depends, in theory, on the size and the wing-stroke frequency, which entirely agrees with the effect of atmospheric pressure found experirnentally. The inferences drawn from this theory show that (1) the energy economy in a big insect is very wasteful, that (2) the rate of energy output is not greatly varied, that (3) it is profitable for the insect to vary the aerodynamic work of the wings by altering the amplitude rather than the frequency of the stroke, that (4) the distribution of energy in flight is delicately balanced, and that (5) the frequency must be low and the amplitude large in insects of great size and weight, and that a very high frequency and a small amplitude can be afforded only by small insects. Many such observations as have been made in nature agree with these inferences. Furthermore, (6) attempts are made to calculate the muscle efficiency in some insects on the basis of the theory. In Appendix I, the technique used to check and eliminate some sources of error in the methods is described, in Appendix II, an application of tlie theory to derive a law between the wing-stroke frequency and the morphological properties of insects is attempted, and in Appendix III, some laws relating different morphological properties of the wings of insects are described.
Axolotl und Amblystoma
(1876)
Hydroiden von Ternate
(1896)
Land-Isopoden
(1909)
Gastropod molluscs were collected by the author between May and September 1962 from a variety of freshwater habitats in Ethiopia. Twenty-eight forms are represented in the collection of which a total of eleven have not been previously recorded from Ethiopia or have been recorded with doubt by previous authors. Two forms in each of the genera Bulinus and Ancylus appear to be new. It is considered that seven of the forms recorded from Ethiopia for the first time belong to the African component in the fauna, whereas only three are possibly of palaearctic origin. It is concluded that the wide distribution and diversity of some of the palaearctic forms justify the importance attached by Bacci (1951) to the palaearctic element in the molluscan fauna of the Ethiopian Plateau.
Die Chilopoden, über welche ich im folgenden berichte, stammen von einer Forschungsreise durch Kärnten, welche ich irn Herbst 1938, und zwar vom 20. September bis 18. Oktober, unternommen habe. Der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, welche mich durch ein Stipendium unterstützte, spreche ich meinen herzlichsten Dank aus. Verwiesen sei hier auf meine "Diplopodenfauna Kärntens in ihren Beziehungen zu den Nachbarländern und in ihrer Abhängigkeit von den Vorzeiten", Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), Bd. 73, 1939, S. 63 bis 110, sowie meine Arbeit über die Isopoda terrestria Kirntens in den Abhandl. d. Preuß. Akad. d. Wiss., math.-naturw. Klasse, 1939, Nr. 15. Im ersteren Aufsatz, und zwar im 8. Kapitel S. go, bin ich bereits auf das quantitative Auftreten der karntnerischen Chilopoden im Vergleich mit Diplopoden und Isopoden eingegangen und will nur wiederholen, daß neben 1048 Stück Diplopoden und 352 Stück Isopoden von Chilopoden 112 Stück untersucht wurden. Von letzteren soll also im folgenden die Rede sein. Ich will auch betonen, daß diese quantitativen Verhältnisse der drei Tiergruppen keine zufälligen sind, sondern sich in den meisten Alpenländern in ähnlicher Weise wiederholen. Die geringere Zahl der Chilopoden beruht auf ihrer räuberischen Natur gegenüber der überwiegend vegetabilischen der beiden anderen Gruppen. Da sich unter den 23 Chilopoden-Formen, welche ich im Herbst 1939 in Kärnten beobachtet habe, einige Nova befinden, müssen diese zunächst klargestellt werden....
Die Anatomie der Tyroglyphen
(1884)
Die von Herrn Professor Semon bei seinem Besuche der Thursday-Insel und Ambon 1892-1893 gesammelten Hydroidpolypen setzten sich aus 12 Arten zusammen, darunter 5 aus Ambon und 7 von der Thursday-Insel. Eine davon ist neu (Acanthocladium studeri), eine andere Art konnte mangels der Gonotheken nicht näher bestimmt werden. Die Hydroidenfauna Ambons hat PICTET (93) während eines zweimonatlichen Aufentlialtes eingehend studirt und 32 Arten von dort bekannt gemacht, PICTHT hebt die Armuth Ambons an litoralen Hydroiden gegenüber den übrigen dort lebenden Evertebraten hervor. Die wenigen (4) Arten, welche SEMON von hier mitgebracht hat, hat auch PICTET dort beobachtet und beschrieben. Folgende Species sind bei Ambon und der Thursday-lnsel von Herrn Professor SEMON erbeutet worden: ...