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1975 wurden in diesem Mitteilungsblatt zwei Beiträge mit Fledermaus-Verbreitungskarten von Nordrhein-Westfalen veröffentlicht. In Fortsetzung dieser Kartierung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland legen wir nachfolgend die Ergebnisse des norddeutschen Raumes für den Zeitraum von 1945-75 vor. Die Zahl der hier nachgewiesenen Fledermausarten beläuft sich auf 15. Zur leichteren Übersicht wurde wiederum eine Zweiteilung vorgenommen. In den Listen sind sämtliche erreichbaren Fledermaus-Vorkommen nach Arten getrennt unter Angabe der LokalitSt, des Funddatums, des Quartiertyps sowie der Anzahl nachgewiesener individuen in chronologisclier Reihenfolge zusammengefaßt. Darüber hinaus wurden die Fundorte unter Berücksichtigung der Jahreszeit (Sommer- und Winteraufenthaltsort) und des Quartiertyps (Wochenstubenquartierei) in UTM-Gitterkarten, und zwar getrennt nach den Bundesländern Niedersachsen & Bremen sowie Schleswig-Holstein & Hamburg, eingetragen. Der starke Rückgang einzelner Species machte es aus Gründen der Erhaltung noch besetzter Quartiere in einigen Fällen erforderlich, von einer exakten Ortsangabe in den Listen abzusehen. Es sei darauf hingewiesen, daß diese Verbreitungskarten kein lückenloses Bild vom Vorkommen der Fledermäuse des Gebietes vermitteln können. Das gilt namentlich für unser nördlichstes Bundesland Schleswig-Holstein, wo vielleicht mit Ausnahme des Segeberger Raumes und des Seengebietes um Plön bisher keine systematischen Fledermaus-Beobachtungen vorliegen.
Until recently, up to thirteen specics of the scincid genus, Scincus, were recognized, but examination of some 590 individuals frorn a wide range of localities suggests that only three or four are valid. Of these, S. mitranus is confined to eastern and southern Arabia and S. hemprichii probably to southwest Arabia. The remaining forms constitute the S. scincus complex, which may consist in North Africa of two largely allopatric species, S. scincus and S. albifasciatus, although evidence for this is not conclusive. The S. scincus complex is represented in southwest Asia by two forms : S. scincus meccensis in southern Jordan, northwest and west Arabia and S. s. conirostris in southern and eastern Arabia, Iraq and southwest Iran. Scincus appears to have evolved Erom a primitive scincine, very similar to members of the Eumeces schneideri group, especially E. (schneideri) algariensis; it does not seem to be directly related to the sympatric genus Scincopus. Within Scincus, the S. scincus complex is the least specialized component of the genus and both S. rnitranus and S. hemprechii may have been independently derived from it, or from a closely related form. Possibly the whole range of the genus was once occupied by a S. scincus-like species and its distribution was subsequently restricted by the onset of less desertic conditions leaving reduced populations in North Africa, southwest Arabia and southeast Arabia that gave rise to the S. scincus complex, S. hemprichii and S. mitranus respectively. A renewed expansion of arid areas could then have enabled the S. scincus complex to invade southwest Asia. Some of the characters of its most eastern subspecies, S. s. conirostris, may have arisen, or been maintained, by character displacement through contact with S. mitranus.
Per la cortesia del Dr. G. Horvath sono stato incairicato di studiare la collezione di Crostacei riunita dal ben noto viaggiatore ungherese L. Biro nella Nuova Guinea Tedesca. Questa collezione, benche non molto numerosa di specie, e assai interessante, sia perche contiene 1 genere, 5 specie e 2 varietie che mi sembrano nuove, sia perche poco ancora si conosce della fauna carcinologica della Nuova Guinea in genere, e pochissimo della fauna della Nuova Guinea Tedesca.
The last decade of research in the field of animal nutrition has Ied to the discovery of a new class of substances in the food stuffs constituting the animal dietary. These compounds have been designated "Vitamines, Accessory Factors of the Diet, Exogenous Hormones of the Diet". They are present in infinitesimal quantities in certain articles of the diet, but their role in the metabolic cycle is one of the greatest importance. Subsequent investigation has shown that they are essential for the wellbeing and even the life of the organism itself. Without these indispensable elements the animal cell is unable to maintain its activities unimpaired, or the adolescent subject to attain normal growth. Continued deprivation leads to disease and ultimately to cessation of life. The discovery of these cornpounds was the result of a generation's work on the etiology of two diseases - Beri-beri and Scurvy. These are now known as "Deficiency Diseases". Each of these pathological conditions is due to the dietary deficiency of a specific substance, which in the case of beri-beri is known as the "Anti-neuritic Vitamin" (Funk); "Water Soluble B substance" (McCollum). In the case of scurvy this element is called the "Antiscorbutic Substance". A third factor associated with fats of animal origin has been subsequently discovered, but its deficiency results in a general malnutrition of a chronic type complicated with Xerophthalmia.
In order to elucidate what species among so many kind of marine organisms are likely to be consmed Iargely by the balaenopterid whales, the existing evidence on the food habits of baleen whales is reviewed. To meet with this primary purpose the report was mainly focussed on to describe qualitative aspects of food species having been known to date from the notable whaling grounds over the world rather than documenting quantitative subjects. One of interesting facts noticed throughout the contribution was that there exists fairly intense diversity in the assembly of food species composition by regions such as; northern hemisphere vs. southern hemisphere, Pacific region vs. Atlantic region, inshore waters vs. offshore waters, embayed waters vs. open waters, where the former usually shows more diversed complexity than the latter. The fact however suggests that although the composition of food species locally varies over the various whaling grounds, the food organisms as taxonomical groups are very similar one another even in locally isolated whaIing grounds when the food organisms and their assemblies are considered by the family or genus basis. In this connection many evidences given in the text may suggest that the balaenopterid whales as a whole may substantially live on quite simply compositioned forage assembly in comparison with tremendous variety of organisms existing in the marine ecosystems. One of important aspects of the baleen whales food must be found in their characteristics of forming dense swarms, schools, and/or aggregations in the shallower enough layers to be fed by the whales. The present and past status of larger baleen whales as the mighty monarch through their evolutional pathways may entirely depend upon the spatial distribution pattern of possible food organisms, i.e. the animal aggregations.
Abiotic and biological aspects of spring biotopcs in the Paleozoic Rhenish shield und the Hessian sandstone plate (Hesse, Germany) were compnred. Springs in the Rhenish shield have fluctuating discharges with a risk of drying out in summer, and high ranges of water temperature. In contrast, springs in the sandstone area have well-balanced discharge and temperature regimes. The bioiogical aspect of this study investigates general questions of community structure and examples of autecological adaptation of life cycles. The spring community composition is characterized in tems of environmental factors and trophic relationships in the water column und in the adjacent limnic-terrestrial interface. Lifecycle adaptations of Synagapetus are typical for inhabitants of springs with unstable discharge regimes. Its eggs are resistant to drought and the larvae possess ventilation mechanisms which are efficient even in periods of low discharge. As an example, the life-cycles of several Apataniinae are discussed in the context of adaptation to cold springs, and their embryonic development is compared to those of eurytopic Trichoptera. Finally, synecological aspects of the spatial and temporal distributions of several Trichoptera species, as recorded in emergence traps, are described. Closely related species show more or less strong niche separation.
Las perdices de la Argentina
(1928)
This review study updates the Mediterranean fish species inventory (Agnatha, Gnathostoma). Comments upon regional particularities, endemicities, immigrations, emigrations and the recent movements of Mediterranean fauna are made. A comparafive analysis between the fish communities of the Mediterranean und those of neighbouring seas is sketched out.
This paper deals with the anthomyiid-flies from Korea. A total of 81 species belonging to 22 genera are represented in Korean fauna as the result, among them the following 9 species are proposed here new to science as: Anthomyia koreana sp. nov., Botanophila seungrnoi sp. nov., Acklandia koreacola sp. nov., Lasiomma monticola sp nov., Egle podulparia sp. nov., Delia expansa sp. nov., Phorbia soyosana sp. nov., P. dissimiiis sp. nov., P. taeguensis sp. nov., and 2 genera, Acklandia Hennig, 1976, Egle Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, with the below 12 species are newly recorded from Korea as: Parapegomyia schineri, Nupedia debilis, Botanophila striolata, Egle muscaria, E. longipalpis, E. parvaeformis, E. panta, E. korpokkur, Paregle vetula, Delia tenuiventris, D. coronariae, Phorbia longipilis. Keys are given for all the taxa respectively, some illustrations of various characters for identification are provided. Arranged are host plants and domestic localities for each species.
The present work deals with the problem of the essential factor regulating the wing-stroke frequency in some insects in wing mutilation and loading experiments and in subatmospheric air pressure experiments. The diverse opinions concerning this factor, appearing in the literature, are reviewed. As appears in this review, one of two factors, the inertia of the wings or the resistance of the gas medium, is claimed to be the main regulator of the wingstroke frequency. Therefore two series of experiments have been performed. In the first series the correlation between the moment oi inertia of the wings and the wing-stroke frequency is examined. The wings are mutilated by cutting them transversely, longitudinally or obliquely or loaded with a drop of collodion. It is found that (1) the wing-stroke frequency is proportional to the -0.35th power of the moment of inertia of the wings, that (2) this applies to both mutilation and loading experiments, that (3) it makes no difference whether the procedures are equal or unequal on both sides or only one-sided, and that (4) the frequency tends not to rise above a certain lirnit in mutilation experiments. In the second series of experiments the correlation between the pressure of the gas medium and the wing-stroke frequency is examined. It is found that the effect of pressure varies greatly in different insects and may even be totally absent. The wing-stroke frequency is proportional to (pressure) exp 0 to (pressure) exp -0.25. The degree of the effect is found to depend on the size and the wing-stroke frequency of the insect; the effect is absent in big insects with a medium or high frequency, and more or less present in insects with a small size or with a low frequency. The results are discussed. A theory is constructed using well established physical concepts by considering the wings as acting simultaneously as bodies performing simple harmonic rotary motion and as paddles working against the air. It is assumed that the kinetic energy is destroyed after each single stroke. By making this assumption, the frequency in the energy equation is found to be, within a constant rate of energy output, proportional to the -0.33rd power of the moment of inertia of the wings, and thus agrees very well with the correlation between these factors found experimentally. Further it is found that the aerodynamic work of the wings is in most cases very much smaller than the work done in overcoming the effect of the inertia of the wings. It is negligible in big insects with, a medium or high frequency, but more or less significant in insects with a small size or a low frequency. The magnitude of this effect thus depends, in theory, on the size and the wing-stroke frequency, which entirely agrees with the effect of atmospheric pressure found experirnentally. The inferences drawn from this theory show that (1) the energy economy in a big insect is very wasteful, that (2) the rate of energy output is not greatly varied, that (3) it is profitable for the insect to vary the aerodynamic work of the wings by altering the amplitude rather than the frequency of the stroke, that (4) the distribution of energy in flight is delicately balanced, and that (5) the frequency must be low and the amplitude large in insects of great size and weight, and that a very high frequency and a small amplitude can be afforded only by small insects. Many such observations as have been made in nature agree with these inferences. Furthermore, (6) attempts are made to calculate the muscle efficiency in some insects on the basis of the theory. In Appendix I, the technique used to check and eliminate some sources of error in the methods is described, in Appendix II, an application of tlie theory to derive a law between the wing-stroke frequency and the morphological properties of insects is attempted, and in Appendix III, some laws relating different morphological properties of the wings of insects are described.
Axolotl und Amblystoma
(1876)
Hydroiden von Ternate
(1896)
Land-Isopoden
(1909)
Gastropod molluscs were collected by the author between May and September 1962 from a variety of freshwater habitats in Ethiopia. Twenty-eight forms are represented in the collection of which a total of eleven have not been previously recorded from Ethiopia or have been recorded with doubt by previous authors. Two forms in each of the genera Bulinus and Ancylus appear to be new. It is considered that seven of the forms recorded from Ethiopia for the first time belong to the African component in the fauna, whereas only three are possibly of palaearctic origin. It is concluded that the wide distribution and diversity of some of the palaearctic forms justify the importance attached by Bacci (1951) to the palaearctic element in the molluscan fauna of the Ethiopian Plateau.
Die Chilopoden, über welche ich im folgenden berichte, stammen von einer Forschungsreise durch Kärnten, welche ich irn Herbst 1938, und zwar vom 20. September bis 18. Oktober, unternommen habe. Der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, welche mich durch ein Stipendium unterstützte, spreche ich meinen herzlichsten Dank aus. Verwiesen sei hier auf meine "Diplopodenfauna Kärntens in ihren Beziehungen zu den Nachbarländern und in ihrer Abhängigkeit von den Vorzeiten", Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), Bd. 73, 1939, S. 63 bis 110, sowie meine Arbeit über die Isopoda terrestria Kirntens in den Abhandl. d. Preuß. Akad. d. Wiss., math.-naturw. Klasse, 1939, Nr. 15. Im ersteren Aufsatz, und zwar im 8. Kapitel S. go, bin ich bereits auf das quantitative Auftreten der karntnerischen Chilopoden im Vergleich mit Diplopoden und Isopoden eingegangen und will nur wiederholen, daß neben 1048 Stück Diplopoden und 352 Stück Isopoden von Chilopoden 112 Stück untersucht wurden. Von letzteren soll also im folgenden die Rede sein. Ich will auch betonen, daß diese quantitativen Verhältnisse der drei Tiergruppen keine zufälligen sind, sondern sich in den meisten Alpenländern in ähnlicher Weise wiederholen. Die geringere Zahl der Chilopoden beruht auf ihrer räuberischen Natur gegenüber der überwiegend vegetabilischen der beiden anderen Gruppen. Da sich unter den 23 Chilopoden-Formen, welche ich im Herbst 1939 in Kärnten beobachtet habe, einige Nova befinden, müssen diese zunächst klargestellt werden....
Die Anatomie der Tyroglyphen
(1884)
Die von Herrn Professor Semon bei seinem Besuche der Thursday-Insel und Ambon 1892-1893 gesammelten Hydroidpolypen setzten sich aus 12 Arten zusammen, darunter 5 aus Ambon und 7 von der Thursday-Insel. Eine davon ist neu (Acanthocladium studeri), eine andere Art konnte mangels der Gonotheken nicht näher bestimmt werden. Die Hydroidenfauna Ambons hat PICTET (93) während eines zweimonatlichen Aufentlialtes eingehend studirt und 32 Arten von dort bekannt gemacht, PICTHT hebt die Armuth Ambons an litoralen Hydroiden gegenüber den übrigen dort lebenden Evertebraten hervor. Die wenigen (4) Arten, welche SEMON von hier mitgebracht hat, hat auch PICTET dort beobachtet und beschrieben. Folgende Species sind bei Ambon und der Thursday-lnsel von Herrn Professor SEMON erbeutet worden: ...
Heteropalpoidea
(1848)
Shaped by some of the most dramatic tectonic events of the Cenozoic, the parts of southern and eastern Asia that have become known as the Oriental faunal region comprise vast areas of great geological complexity and ecological diversity. One of the four major groups of terrestrial elapid snakes in this region is the genus Bungarus. These nocturnal and predominantly ophiophagous snakes are widely known as kraits and are an important cause of snakebite mortality throughout their wide range that extends from Afghanistan to Vietnam and eastern China, and south to the Indonesian islands of Java and Bali. Although present on Borneo, kraits have not been found on any island of the Philippines, nor on Lesser Sunda Islands east of Bali. Despite their medical significance and the great importance of Bungarus toxins as tools in neuropharmacology, krait systematics and taxonomy have remained largely unstudied. Twelve species of Bungarus were recognized at the beginning of the present study. Many of these are rare in collections, and most aspects of their biology are unknown. While some species are highly distinct, most kraits are conservative morphologically, rendering molecular methods invaluable for the study of their diversity and biogeography. This study is the first to address the relationships within Bungarus and the historical biogeography of kraits based on molecular evidence. I inferred phylogeographic relationships based on analyses of new nucleotide sequences of the entire mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of 51 kraits and partial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 sequences of 40 kraits which I analyzed together with a representative sample of 32 published elapid and non-elapid outgroup taxa using Bayesian, maximum-likelihood, maximum-parsimony and neighbor-joining methods. I then used the recovered phylogeny to investigate the evolution of selected morphological characters and, together with collections-based geographical distribution information, in dispersal-vicariance analyses with models of variable taxonomic and biogeographic complexity. The phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that the current taxonomy of kraits does not adequately represent either the relationships or the genetic diversity in this genus. In contrast, I identified monophyletic groups that are congruent with recognized biogeographic units as well as extensive ecomorph evolution and morphologically cryptic speciation. The following additional conclusions are collectively supported by the mitochondrial phylogeny and morphological as well as biochemical synapomorphies: (1) Kraits are monophyletic with respect to the remaining taxa of the Elapidae; (2) Bungarus flaviceps and Bungarus bungaroides form the monophyletic sister clade of a clade formed by B. fasciatus, black-and-white-banded, and uniformly black taxa; (3) the remaining taxa are divisible into two sister clades, the South Asian species (Bungarus sindanus (Bungarus caeruleus, Bungarus ceylonicus)) vs. Himalayan, Burmese, Southeast and East Asian taxa; (4) within the latter, Burmese taxa form the sister clade to Southeast and East Asian taxa; (5) the widespread and medically significant species Bungarus candidus and Bungarus multicinctus are paraphyletic. The results of this study highlight the importance of vicariant geological events and sea level fluctuations for the cladogenesis of kraits. Events of particular importance in the evolution of kraits include the uplift of the Indo-Burman ranges (Arakan-Naga Hills) which separated black-and-white banded kraits in India and Southeast Asia, and the uplift of mountain ranges in Yunnan, China (e.g., the Gaoligong Shan), which coincided with lineage separation in two distantly related clades of kraits. Alternating dispersal and vicariance events due to Pleistocene climatic and sea level changes have caused complex phylogeographic patterns in kraits in Southeast Asia. Zones of contact between closely related evolutionary lineages of the B. candidus complex are identified in Thailand, Vietnam, and southern China (Hainan). Within this complex, two main clades are revealed. One includes populations from the Southeast Asian mainland and is in contact with B. multicinctus in southern China. The other consists of populations from Thailand, southern Vietnam, Java, and Bali. The phylogeny as well as genetic distances suggest a scenario in which a Pleistocene southward dispersal of B. candidus to Sumatra, Java, and Bali during times of low sea levels was temporarily interrupted by vicariant events (rising sea levels, especially flooding of the Malacca Strait between Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, and of the Bali Strait between Java and Bali). In this context, the close phylogenetic relationship between haplotypes from southern Vietnam and those from Java and Bali suggests that "southern" B. candidus dispersed directly via colonization of the widely receded South Chinese Sea, and not by taking a detour via the Malay Peninsula and Thailand, which were already inhabited by other populations of B. candidus. Using these phylogenetic estimates as the framework for a study on the diversity and evolution of krait venom components, I applied biochemical and molecular genetic approaches to identify and quantify polypeptide and protein toxins in krait venom, focusing on the distribution and molecular evolution of alpha-bungarotoxin, an irreversible competitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors with an exceptionally high applied significance as a receptor probe. I was specifically interested in the medically relevant question of intraspecific and interspecific variability in toxin diversity, and whether receptor-binding postsynaptic toxins evolve at rates different from those of presynaptic neurotoxins like beta-bungarotoxin, which act by destroying the nerve terminal and are believed to exhibit hypervariable functional diversification due to an accelerated mode of molecular evolution. In the context of this question, I isolated and purified the major lethal neurotoxins from B. candidus venoms by sequential steps of liquid chromatography for structural and functional characterization studies. Cloning and sequence analysis of toxin-coding genomic DNAs showed that the gene encoding the alpha-bungarotoxin alanine-31 variant, originally isolated from B. multicinctus venom, is widely present and highly conserved in multiple populations of B. candidus and is expressed as the principal postsynaptic neurotoxin at least in Javan B. candidus. In addition to the widespread presence of genomic DNAs encoding the alpha-bungarotoxin alanine-31 variant, the present study also revealed the partial genes of three novel alpha-bungarotoxin isoforms in addition to the previously known alanine-31 and valine-31 variants, all of which share an invariant exon 3 coding region. While alpha-bungarotoxin is the principal postsynaptic neurotoxin of Taiwanese B. multicinctus and Javan B. candidus, the main postsynaptic neurotoxin of Thai B. candidus both by quantity and lethality was a novel polypeptide of similar toxicity with a mass of 8030 Da and 73 amino acid residues, whose characterization at the genetic and protein levels revealed a novel subgroup of krait neurotoxins, here named alpha-delta-bungarotoxins and represented by four sequences from Bungarus caeruleus and B. candidus. alpha-delta-Bungarotoxins share high sequence homology with alpha-bungarotoxins but the purified, 8030 Da alpha-delta-bungarotoxin-1 exhibits only reversible, low affinity binding to nicotinic receptors and high site-selectivity for the acetylcholine binding site at the alpha-delta-subunit interface of the receptor. These properties render alpha-delta-bungarotoxin not only the first snake long-chain neurotoxin with reversible binding and binding-site selectivity, but also an exciting natural tool with which to address structure-function relationships at the subunit interfaces of the human receptor. The results of comparisons of the number of non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions per nonsynonymous site (dN) to the number of synonymous nucleotide substitutions per synonymous site (dS) strongly suggest that positive selection is acting on exon 2 of the alpha-bungarotoxin and probably also of the alpha-delta-bungarotoxin genes. In addition, the numbers of nucleotide substitutions per site of intron (dI) compared to the dS value of the toxin-coding exon regions provide strong evidence for accelerated molecular evolution in exon 2 of alpha-delta-bungarotoxins —whose value of dI is only one-eighth of the value of dS—whereas the hypothesis of accelerated evolution is rejected for 13 unique genomic DNAs encoding five alpha-bungarotoxin isoforms from B. candidus and B. multicinctus....
1. Ein junger männlicher Steinmarder lernte in kurzer Zeit das Öffnen einer Schiebetür. Vor die Aufgabe gestellt, einen diese Tür verschließenden Riegel zu drehen, versagte er. Auch eine sekundäre Lösung, die auf dem Wege über eine Passivdressur angestrebt wurde, erfolgte nicht, ebensowenig wurde eine optische Orientierung auf Grund der Riegelstellung beobachtet. 2. Kleine Umwege in horizontaler und vertikaler Richtung wurden gut, in primärer Bewältigung der Aufgabe, genommen. 3. Eine einfache Ortsdressur (auf einen der Ecktöpfe einer dargebotenen Reihe von vier gleichen Töpfen) wurde unter Benutzung olfaktorischer Hilfen in kurzer Zeit zu dem gewünschten Erfolg gebracht. Eine kompliziertere Ortsdressur (Wahl des zweiten Topfes von links aus einer Reihe von fünf gleichen Töpfen) führte, bei strenger Vermeidung olfaktorischer Orientierungsmöglichkeiten, erst nach einer größeren Anzahl (etwa 220) Versuchen zum Ziele. Die Erlernung erfolgte auf Grund kinästhetischer, vor allem aber optischer Reize. Der Vorgang der optischen Gliederung der Reihe konnte genau festgestellt werden. 4. Ein mehrjähriger Iltisrüde wurde hinsichtlich der sich aus allgemeinen anatomischen und biologischen Unterschieden ergebenden Eigenheiten im psychischen Verhalten beobachtet und untersucht. Es ergaben sich bei einem Vergleich mit dem Steinmarder eine Reihe wichtiger artspezifischer Differenzen, die sich zumeist auf den Unterschied Bodentier-Klettertier zurückführen ließen. 5. Auch der Iltis lernte das Öffnen einer Schiebetür. Im horizontalen Umwegversuch wurden recht gute primäre, vor allem aber auch sekundäre Lösungen festgestellt. Auf Grund der sekundären Lösungen wird eine starke Entwicklung des kinästhetischen Sinnes angenommen. 6. Eine Helligkeitsdressur bei alternativer Wahl scheiterte an der Unmöglichkeit, die hauptsächlich auf der Intensität der kinästhetischen Empfindungen beruhenden Tendenzen einer ortsbedingten Wahl auszuschalten. 7. Eine multiple Ortsdressur, der des Steinmarders entsprechend, gelang, obwohl durch Hinzunahme von insgesamt vier neuen Aufstellungsarten die Aufgabe für den Iltis nicht unbedeutend erschwert wurde. Die große Bedeutung des Ortskriteriums für das Tier wurde im Verlaufe dieser Versuche besonders deutlich und konnte exakt nachgewiesen werden. 8. Eine Helligkeitsdressur bei multipler Wahl gelang. Ebenso konnte bei einer Rot-Blaudressur Blauwahl erreicht werden. 9. Im Anschluß an die vorhergehende Dressur kam Blauwahl nunmehr auch bei Anwendung der Alternativmethode zustande. 10. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die in 8 und 9 dargestellten Resultate auf Grund einer helligkeits-, nicht farb-bedingten Orientierung zustande kamen. Färb- und Graupapiere, die dem zur Dressur verwandten Heringschen Blau Nr. 12 helligkeitsverwandt waren, wurden mit diesem verwechselt. Dieser Befund läßt den Schluß auf das Vorhandensein einer Farbenschwäche oder Farbenblindheit zu. 11. Es wurde festgestellt, daß der Iltis sowohl in orts- als auch in helligkeitsbedingter Wahl sich nach relativen Kriterien richtete.
Araneae : cinquième série ; précédée d'un essai sur l'évolution souterraine et son déterminisme
(1931)
11 mit Salix spp. assoziierte Gallmücken-Arten (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Oligotrophini) wurden einer morphometrischen Analyse unterzogen. Dabei fanden 18 allgemeine und 10 geschlechtsspezifische Merkmale Berücksichtigung. Von sechs Arten wurden darüber hinaus 10 larvale Merkmale morphometrisch erfasst. Insgesamt wurden 325 Imagines und 45 Larven vermessen. Die Ergebnisse lassen eine neue systematische Einteilung auf Gattungs- und Artebene zu. Neben der morphologisch und biologisch bereits vorher eindeutig zu differenzierenden Gattung Iteomyia ist eine Aufteilung des verbleibenden Artenschwarms in drei Gruppen erkennen. Als wesentliche trennende Merkmale zeigen sich Antennen und geschlechtspezifische Charakteristika wie die Länge des Ovipositors bei den Imagines und die Ausbildung der für die Larven charakteristischen Spatula. Die morphologische Differenzierung findet ihre Entsprechung in qualitativen, biologischen Merkmalen der Tiere. Aus diesem Grund wird die Aufteilung der auf Salix spp. gallenbildenden Cecidomyiidae in mindestens vier Gattungen vorgeschlagen. Die Gattung Iteomyia behält ihren aktuellen Status und wird von der einzigen Art repräsentiert, die auf der Blattflächen von Weiden Gallen erzeugt (I. capreae). Die Dasineura-Gruppe enthält die sich in Blattrandgallen entwickelnden Gallmücken (D. auritae, D. marginemtorquens und D. roskami) sowie die inquilinen Arten, die zur Verpuppung einen Kokon anlegen und mindestens zwei Generationen im Jahr realisieren (in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersucht: D. schreiteri). In Rabdophaga werden jene Taxa integriert, die sich im Sproßbereich ihrer Wirtspflanzen unmittelbar unter der Rindeentwickeln, ohne ausgeprägte Gallenbildungen auszulösen (in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersucht: R. saliciperda und R. repentiperda) Ihre Entwicklung ist univoltin, die Verpuppung erfolgt ohne Anfertigung eines Kokons. In einer noch genauer zu definierenden vierten Gruppierung (hier provisorisch mit dem Gattungsnamen „Salicicola“ bezeichnet) fasst die Arten zusammen, die an den Sprossen ihrer Wirtspflanzen deutliche Gallenbildungen hervorrufen. Auch sie sind univoltin und verpuppen sich im Sproßbereich ohne Anfertigung eines Kokons. Die Zuordnung des in der vorliegenden Studie nicht untersuchten Artenkomplexes, den Knospengallenerzeugern, ist noch nicht geklärt. Eine endgültige Klärung der hier vorgeschlagenen systematischen Einteilung kann nur das Ergebnis einer umfassenden Revision sämtlicher mit Salix spp. assoziierten Gallmücken sein. Die polyphage Weidenrosenmücke Rabdophaga rosaria lässt sich mit Hilfe einer Hauptkomponenten-Analyse morphometrisch in vier Cluster gruppieren, die in der systematischen Aufteilung der von ihnen genutzten Salix spp. (alba, aurita/caprea/cinerea, purpurea und repens) ihre Entsprechung finden. Die festgestellte Auftrennung der Weidenrosenmücke illustriert anschaulich die Idee der sequentiellen Evolution, nach der aufgrund der engen phänologischen, biochemischen und physiologischen Interaktionen zwischen spezialisierten Phytophagen und ihren Wirtspflanzen eine schrittweise hochgradige Anpassung der beteiligten Organismengruppen zu erwarten ist. Wie im vorliegenden Fall steht am Ende solch einer Entwicklung die Herausbildung sogenannter Biotypen, deren Eigenständigkeit durch morphologische Unterschiede untermauert wird. Die Cecidomyiidae Iteomyia capreae ruft je nach genutzter Wirtspflanzenart verschiedene Gallenformen mit unterschiedlichem Verteilungsmuster auf den Blattflächen hervor. Die sich in den beiden Gallentypen entwickelnden Tiere unterscheiden sich morphologisch und lassen sich in Abhängigkeit der von ihnen genutzten Wirtspflanze ähnlich wie Rabdophaga rosaria in zwei Biotypen einteilen. Die auf Salix caprea lebenden Tiere weisen eine geringere Gallenzahl pro Blatt auf als die auf S. cinerea lebenden Tiere. Die beiden Biotypen zeigen signifikante Unterschiede hinsichtlich ihrer Fertilität. Der S. caprea-Typus, der seine einkammrigen Gallen über die gesamte Blattfläche verteilt, zeigt eine höhere Fruchtbarkeit als der S. cinerea-Typus, der ein- bis mehrkammrige Gallen entlang des Blattmittelnervs anlegt. Gleichzeitig zeigen sich signifikante Unterschiede in der durch Parasitoiden hervorgerufenen Mortalität. Die kleinen, über die gesamte Blattfläche verstreuten Gallen des S. caprea-Typs weisen eine geringere Parasitierungsrate auf als die großen, am Mittelnerv konzentrierten Gallen des S. cinerea-Typs. Von acht der elf untersuchten Gallmückenspezies wurde der Feindartenkomplex analysiert. Zu diesem Zweck wurden an 30 Standorten in Deutschland und Dänemark über 7500 Gallen gesammelt und in Zucht genommen. Aufgrund der vielkammrigen Gallen einzelner Arten konnten insgesamt mehr als 12500 Gallenkammern auf ihre Artenzusammensetzung hin analysiert werden. Insgesamt konnten 57 Parasitoiden-Arten nachgewiesen werden, die sich auf sieben Familien parasitischer Hymenopteren verteilen. Am artenreichsten vertreten sind die Pteromalidae und Platygasteridae mit einem Anteil von jeweils 24,56 % (14 spp). Der Artenreichtum ist mit fast zehn Spezies pro Gegenspielerkomplex ungewöhnlich hoch und liegt deutlich über den Werten anderer Gallenerzeuger-Gruppen. 27 Spezies (47,37 %) konnten keiner bekannten Art zugeordnet werden. Es wird vermutet, dass sich darunter zahlreiche, für die Wissenschaft neue Arten befinden. Insgesamt 42 spp. (73,7 %) der nachgewiesenen Parasitoidenarten wurden nur aus einer der untersuchten Wirtsarten gezüchtet, lediglich fünf Arten attackierten mehr als zwei der untersuchten Wirtsarten. Das Verhältnis von Idiobionten (töten den Wirt zum Zeitpunkt der Parasitierung ab) zu Koinobionten (erlauben dem Wirt zunächst ein weiteres Wachstum) ist mit 53,3 % zu 46,7 % annähernd gleich. Für 37 Taxa (64,91 %) konnten Angaben über ihre Wirtsbindung gemacht werden. Es zeigte sich, daß der Feindkomplex der untersuchten Gallmücken von stark spezialisierten Arten dominiert wird. Alle Arten sind bisher nur an gallenerzeugenden oder zumindest endophytisch lebenden Wirten nachgewiesen worden, 28 spp. sind darüber hinaus auf gallenbildende Cecidomyiidae spezialisiert, 10 spp. parasitieren nur cecidogene Gallmücken auf Weiden. Am artenreichsten war mit 24 spp. der Gegenspielerkomplex des Blattgallenerzeugers Iteomyia capreae, gefolgt von den Blattrandgallenerzeugern Dasineura auritae (12 spp.) und D. marginemtorquens (11 spp.), dem Sproßgallenerzeugern Rabdophaga salicis (10 spp.) und der Inquilinen-Art Dasineura schreiteri (10 spp.) sowie der unmittelbar unter der Rinde ihrer Wirtspflanzen lebenden sogenannten Schrotschuß-Gallmücke R. saliciperda (6 spp.). Mit nur drei bzw. vier Arten erwiesen sich die Gegenspielerkomplexe der Weidenrosen-Gallmücke Rabdophaga rosaria und der Sproßgallen erzeugenden R. degeeri am artenärmsten. Die Ähnlichkeits-Analyse der jeweiligen Gegenspielerspektren ließ eine große Eigenständigkeit erkennen, die geringen Ähnlichkeiten sprechen für einen hohen Anteil von Spezialisten in den Parasitoidenkomplexen. In den Gegenspielerspektren dominierten nur jeweils zwei bis fünf Arten. 19 der 57 Arten wiesen eudominante oder dominate Abundanz-Werte auf. Dabei waren vor allem die Arten der Gattungen Synopeas, Torymus, Platygaster und Aprostocetus von größerer Bedeutung für die Mortalitätsraten ihrer Wirte. Die Erreger der verschiedenen Gallentypen waren unterschiedlichen Mortalitätsraten durch Parasitoide unterworfen. Dasineura auritae und D. marginemtorquens, die Erzeuger von Blattrandgallen, wiesen die höchsten durchschnittlichen Parasitierungsraten auf (43,04 %), die Inquiline D. schreiteri die geringste (20,25 %). Die Sproßgallenerzeuger Rabdophaga salicis und R. degeerii wiesen nur eine geringfügig höhere Mortalität durch Parasitierung (24,31 %) auf, gefolgt von der Weidenrosen-Gallmücke Rabdophaga rosaria (25,47 %) und den Blattgallen von Iteomyia capreae (31,26 %). Der Feindkomplex der untersuchten Cecidomyiidae wurde mit dem der an Salix spp. gallenbildenden Tenthredinidae verglichen. Bislang sind für die mit Salix spp. assoziierten cecidogenen Gallmücken und Blattwespen in Nord- und Mitteleuropa über Gegenspielerarten nachgewiesen worden, von denen lediglich sieben in beiden Wirtsfamilien auftreten. Brutparasiten, die vor allem bei den Blattgallenerzeugern (Pontania spp.) vorhanden sind, fehlen bei den Gallmücken völlig. Sowohl Cecidomyiidae als auch Tenthredinidae werden vor allem von spezialisierten Parasitoiden attackiert, deren Wirtskreis sich auf diese gallenbildenden Herbivoren-Gruppen beschränkt. Innerhalb der Gegenspielerspektren sind jeweils über 80 % der Parasitoidenarten bislang nur in einem Gallentyp nachgewiesen worden. Der Artenpool der Blattwespen-Parasitoiden wird mit fast 60 % von den Ichneumonoidea dominiert. Bei den Gallmücken fehlt diese ParasitoidenÜberfamilie völlig, hier sind die Chalcidoidea mit über 70 % der Arten das bestimmende Element. Dagegen stellen die in den Tenthrediniden-Gallen lediglich mit zwei Arten vertretenen Platygasteroidea im Gegenspielerspektrum der Cecidomyiidae mehr als 25 % aller Spezies. Bei den Blattwespen tritt nur ein knappes Drittel der Parasitoidenarten, deren Biologie näher bekannt ist, als Koinobionten auf. Bei den Gallmücken erhöht sich der Anteil dieser Feindarten-Gilde auf über 50 %. Vergleicht man die einzelnen Gallentypen, so sind auch in der Parasitierungs-Strategie der beteiligten Arten große Unterschiede zu verzeichnen. Die meisten Parasitoide der Tenthredinidae befallen junge Wirtslarven, bei den Gallmücken ist dagegen der Typ des Junglarven-Parasitoiden nur selten anzutreffen: Wird ein frühes Wirtsstadium angegriffen (in der Regel durch Koinobionten), so erfolgt bereits die Belegung des Wirtseies. Blattwespen weisen höhere Mortalitätsraten als Gallmücken auf. Darüber hinaus zeigt sowohl bei den Blattwespen als auch bei den Gallmücken die durch Parasitierung hervorgerufene Mortalität prägnante Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Wirtsarten und Gallentypen, aber auch innerhalb einer Art gibt es je nach Lokalität und Untersuchungsjahr deutliche Schwankungen. Bei den Tenthredinidae liegt die durchschnittliche Parasitierungsrate der Blattgallenerzeuger (53,3 %) deutlich über den Werten der Sproßgallenerzeuger (41,7 %) Entsprechende große Unterschiede lassen sich für die Blattrandgallenerzeuger (43,04 %) und Sproßgallenerzeuger (24,31 %) der Cecidomyiidae feststellen.
Traditionell-morphologisch begründete Hypothesen zur Großphylogenie der Metazoa sind im Verlauf der letzten Jahre durch molekularbiologische Untersuchungen grundsätzlich in Frage gestellt worden. Die molekularbiologisch begründete Metazoen-Großphylogenie wird seit einem Übersichtsartikel von ADOUTTE et al. (2000) meist als „New Animal Phylogeny“ bezeichnet (kurz: NAP); sie beinhaltet eine Restrukturierung des Stammbaumes (kladogenetischer Aspekt) und die Infragestellung einer morphologischen Komplexitätssteigerung nach dem Schema acoelomat-pseudocoelomat-coelomat (anagenetischer Aspekt). Hinsichtlich der Kladogenese steht die Neueinteilung der Bilateria in drei Superphyla Deuterostomia, Ecdysozoa und Lophotrochozoa im Vordergrund; die Genealogie innerhalb dieser drei Großgruppen ist aber z.Z. relativ schlecht aufgelöst, so daß sich Vergleichsmöglichkeiten mit morphologischen Vorgängermodellen schnell erschöpfen. Aus diesem Grunde wird in vorliegender Arbeit der anagenetische Aspekt als Ausgangspunkt für eine umfassende morphologische Interpretation der molekularbiologischen Resultate gewählt. Momentan wird auf molekularsystematischer und vergleichend-entwicklungsgenetischer Basis davon ausgegangen, daß die frühesten Bilaterier eine acoelomate Organisation aufwiesen, von hier aus eine relativ komplexe, polymer-coelomate Organisation erwarben, welche dann aber in zahlreichen Bilaterierlinien sekundär reduziert wurde. Die ursprünglich acoelomate Organisation wird rezent nur durch eine sehr isolierte Linie, die Acoela (ggf. auch Nemertodermatida) vertreten, während alle anderen Bilaterier von einem polymer-coelomaten „Urbilaterier“ abstammen sollen. In vorliegender Arbeit wird die Auffassung vertreten, daß die morphologische Deutung eines solchen anagenetischen Szenarios am ehesten anhand der Hydroskelett-Theorie von W. F. GUTMANN (1972 et mult.), sowie späteren auf diesem Entwurf aufbauenden Arbeiten (insbesondere der Gallertoid-Hypothese, BONIK et al. 1976) möglich ist, d.h. auf konstruktionsmorphologischer Grundlage. Um den Nachweis einer weitgehenden Übereinstimmung von NAP und Gallertoid-Hydroskelett-Theorie zu führen, werden für 36 Metazoenbaupläne (4 Nonbilaterier, 32 Bilaterier) aktuelle molekularphylogenetische Befunde den jeweiligen konstruktionsmorphologischen Interpretationen gegenübergestellt. Für die vier Nonbilateria-Linien ergibt sich eine Vereinbarkeit auf kladogenetischer Ebene insbesondere dann, wenn die Placozoa vor den Porifera abzweigen (z.Z. aufgrund von mtDNADaten anzunehmen); auf anagenetischer Ebene aufgrund von Studien, welche die „Diploblastica/ Triploblastica“-Unterteilung in Frage stellen (Mesoderm-Problem). Für die Bilateria ist u.a. festzuhalten, daß im Rahmen der Hydroskelett-Theorie kein Schwestergruppenverhältnis Annelida + Arthropoda angenommen wurde, so daß die umstrittene neue Großgruppe Ecdysozoa unproblematisch ist: Ecdysozoa werden durch Ableitung der „Aschelminthen“ von polymeren Vorformen einer Deutung zugänglich. Die Molekularsystematik der Annelida, aber auch der Deuterostomia ist mit konstruktionsmorphologischen Interpretationen vereinbar, bei den Deuterostomia v.a. der hochderivierte Status der Pterobranchia und Tunicata. Als kennzeichnendste Übereinstimmung ist die Einordnung der Tentaculata als hochabgeleitete Protostomier hervorzuheben, was sowohl als „Grundstein“ der NAP gilt (HALANYCH et al. 1995) als auch eine sehr spezifische Position der Hydroskelett-Theorie darstellt. Es wird gefolgert, daß die Gallertoid- Hydroskelett-Theorie zentrale Resultate der NAP besser zu integrieren vermag als andere Entwürfe. Konsequenzen für merkmalsmorphologische Deutungen werden aufgezeigt.
Ahnenforschung unter sozialen Amöben : die morphologische Taxonomie muss umgeschrieben werden
(2007)
Seit fast 150 Jahren forschen Wissenschaftler aus aller Welt über den faszinierenden Wechsel zwischen Einzelligkeit und Vielzelligkeit im Lebenszyklus der »zellulären Schleimpilze«. Diese Forschung war bisher so erfolgreich, dass einem Vertreter der zellulären Schleimpilze, Dictyostelium discoideum, vom US-amerikanischen Gesundheitsministerium National Institutes of Health (NIH) ganz offiziell der Status eines Modellorganismus für biomedizinische Forschung verliehen wurde. Obwohl wir inzwischen glauben, viel über die »sozialen Amöben«, die sich bei Nahrungsmangel von Einzellern zu einem vielzelligen Verband zusammenlagern, gelernt zu haben, basiert unser Wissen doch fast ausschließlich auf Arbeiten mit der einen Art D. discoideum. Man kennt allerdings heute mehr als 100 Arten sozialer Amöben. Alle bilden multizelluläre Fruchtkörper aus, die aus Stielen und Sporenpaketen bestehen. Bisher ging man davon aus, dass die Spezies mit azellulären Stielen in ihren Fruchtkörpern phylogenetische Vorläufer der Vertreter mit zellulären Stielen sind, und dass die Vertreter mit verzweigten Fruchtkörpern näher mit sich selbst als mit den anderen sozialen Amöben verwandt sind. Diese Hypothesen wurden nun durch aktuelle molekulargenetische Analysen widerlegt.
Koalas are popular zoo animals, but difficult in husbandry. In addition to their specialised diet of eucalyptus leaves, they are prone to “stress” and disease. Particularly in European zoos, themonitoring of theirwell-being has high priority and they are protected from possible stressors. However, stress signs in koalas are vague and monitoring techniques like weighing might result in discomfort itself. Additionally, husbandry routines are planned according to keeper’s schedule, not to the endogenous rhythms of the koalas. Therefore it is necessary to investigate activity pattern in captive koalas and the signals influencing them. These signals have to be assessed on the strength and quality of their impact. A total of 17 koalas have been observed in three zoological gardens in Australia and Europe. Koalas kept in outdoor enclosures with little human contact (Koala Walkabout, Taronga Zoo, Sydney) showed a uniform activity pattern, which was clearly entrained by light. Activity levels were higher during the night, and there was a pronounced resting period in the morning which corresponds with low body temperature measured by Degabriele and Dawson (1979). Activity peaks were related to twilight and changed during the year related to day lengths. However, there was a clear influence from the introduction of fresh browse which resulted in a distinct feeding peak in the afternoon. With short day lengths, this stimulus competed with dusk. Activity patterns from koalas in indoor enclosures (Zoo Duisburg, Vienna Zoo) varied between individuals and in some cases lacked a detectable rhythm. Though activity peaks were related to light, entrainment to sunlight was weak. In winter, koalas reacted primarily to the artificial light, but some also showed activity peaks related to sunlight. Activity patterns in these koalas were less structured and differed severely from patterns expected according to literature. Activity was often related to the keeper’s presence and food introduction. Frequency of feeding bouts was considerably higher at Vienna Zoo compared to the other zoos and the bouts were shorter in duration. Time budgets of the koalas were within the range given in free-range studies. Feeding showed seasonal changes and was increased in lactating females. Koalas at Vinna Zoo had a high level of locomotor activity compared to the size of the enclosure. Koalas at Koala Walkabout were not used to handling, so they resisted the keeper. The koalas at the two European zoos were handled regularly and settled down quickly. However, handling took place in the morning; in most koalas, there was no activity prior to it. In Vienna, resting periods were interrupted daily due to weighing. Food introduction at KoalaWalkabout took place in the afternoon. It was preceded by locomotor activity and triggered a long feeding bout in the koalas. It is not clear, whether food had true Zeitgeber properties or masked the endogenous rhythm. In the two European zoos, food was introduced in the morning. The peaks related to this were smaller than those at Koala Walkabout. Activity was rarely observed prior to food introduction. The koalas at Koala Encounter, Taronga Zoo (Sydney),were regularly confronted with visitors, though no contact was allowed. Direct observation by the keepers did rarely show any stress signs. Activity patterns at night were strikingly similar to Koala Walkabout, but differed dramatically during the day. Food was introduced three times a day, which usually resulted in activity that interrupted a resting period. Generally, the koalas at Koala Encounter were more active than those at KoalaWalkabout. They also displayed a high level of locomotor activity, especially on the ground, which is an accepted sign of discomfort in koalas (Wood 1978; Zoological Society of San Diego 2001; Yusuf& Rosenthal unpublished data). In summary, this chronoethological study of the captive koalas showed that there are several problems with koala husbandry. Artificial light regimes for koalas are not sufficient for entrainment and result in unstructured activity pattern. This is especially the case in winter, when the day in Europe is artificially extended. Due to the mainly nocturnal behaviour of koalas, such an extension might not be necessary and therefore should be avoided. Handling in Europe took place during the physiological resting time of the koalas. Interruptions of resting times are considered as stressors (Wood 1978) and should be avoided. Handling in the afternoon would be more suitable for the koalas and triggered activity in the two koalas at Vienna Zoo. It is also arguable if daily weighing is necessary to monitor health in captive koalas or if the frequent interruption of resting countervail the advantages of constant monitoring. Frequent contact with visitors, evenwithout the so-called cuddling, has a considerable impact on activity patterns and time budget of koalas, even if no immediate stress signs are displayed. Such contact should therefore be reduced to a minimum and chronoethological observations of the koalas should be used. A study on koalas with direct visitor contact is also advisable to revise the current legislation on “koala cuddling”. Koalas frequently rested in living trees if they had access to it. Since no food-poisoning has been reported from koalas using living non-food trees, the provision of living trees with an appropriate canopy should be included in the husbandry guidelines. Increased locomotor activity has been shown to be related to conditions of discomfort or stress and possibly to oestrus. This is in accordance with literature (Wood 1978; Zoological Society of San Diego 2001). Further observation, combined with hormone analysis, are advisable to establish this parameter for evaluation of well-being. Chronoethology has proven to be useful for the evaluation of husbandry conditions and group dynamics. Different to other, traditional ethologicalmethods, it indicated problems and enabled me to advise more appropriate times for handling and food introduction. It is desirable that zoos already using 24-hour video observation include chronoethological aspects into their analysis.
Le système des Gobiidés
(1930)
Die im nachfolgenden aufgeführten Spinnen wurden im Jahre 1907 gesammelt durch die Expedition, die unter Leitung von Dr. H. A. LORENTNZ Niederländisch Südwest-Neu-Guinea besuchte und namentlich an dem Lorentz-(,Noord"-)Nuss arbeitete. Diese Sammlung erfuhr einen erfreulichen Zuwachs durch Material, das Dr. J. W. R. KOCH als Mitglied der von der Kön. Niederländischen Geographischen Gesellschaft im Jahre 1904/1905 nach Niederländisch Neu-Guinea gesandten Expedition an der Südküste, in Merauke, an der Südwestküste arn Digul-Fluss und an der Etna-Bucht sammelte. Die Fortsetzung der Bearbeitung des vorliegenden Materiales wird in einem zweiten Teil geschehen. Das Material endlich, das durch die zweite Expedition von Dr. H. A. LORENTZ in 1909/10 in demselben Gebiete wie seine erste Expedition von 1907 gesammelt wurde, ging mir erst nach Abschluss vorliegender Arbeit zu und soll späterhin bearbeitet werden.
Spinnen aus Nord-Neu-Guinea
(1911)
Die nachfolgend beschriebenen Spinnen wurden während der Monate Februar bis August 1903 im Norden von Niederländisch-Neu-Guinea gesammelt und zwar in erster Linie durch die Herrn L. F. DE BEAUFORT und H. A. LORENTZ, die beiden Zoologen der Niederländischen Expedition, die unter Leitung von Prof. A. WICHMANN im Jahre 1903 das genannte Gebiet untersuchte.
Die Termiten, von welchen gegenwärtig gegen 200 Arten bekannt geworden sind, bewohnen vorzugsweise die tropischen Esinder und die wärmeren Gegenden der Länder mit gemässigtern Klima. In Europa sind, abgesehen von der aus Nordamerika in die Sohönbrunner Treibhäuser eingeschleppten Art Termes flavipes KOLLAR nur zwei Arten einheimisch: Calotermes marginalis ROSSI (flavicollis FABR.), welche aus Portugal, Spanien, der Provence, Toskana, Neapel, Sardinien, Sizilien, Nordafrika, Syrien, Kleinasien und dem nordwestlichen Kaukasus mitgetheilt wurde und Termes lucifugus ROSSI, welche in Portugal, Spanien, der Provenoe, La Rochelle, Paris, Langres, Toskana, Sizilien, Nordafrika, Dalmatien, der Türkei, Griechenland, Cgpern, Beesarabien und Odessa gefunden worden ist. ...
Beschreibung der Larve und Puppe von Liponeura Brevirostris Löw (Dipterenfamilie Blepharoceridae)
(1881)
Über Ceratiten
(1848)
Die Arbeit stellt einen Beitrag zur Fauna von Rovigno dar. Sie enthält eine kritische Übersicht der in der Adria gefundenen Holothurienarten und einen Bestimmungsschlüssel, der sich hauptsachlich auf äußere Merkmale stützt. Der Bestimmungsschlüssel, die Beschreibung der Arten, sowie die Fundkarten und Abbildungen sollen das Auffinden und genaue Bestimmen der Holothurien ermöglichen. Daran schließen sich einige Bemerkungen über ihr Vorkommen in Abhängigkeit von der Meerestiefe und Bodenbeschaffenheit an. An verschiedenen Stellen sind biologische Notizen eingefügt, die sich auf die Lebensweise und Fortpflanzung (jedoch nicht auf Larvenformen, über die verhältnismäßig wenig bekannt ist) beziehen. Die Angaben über die Fortpflanzungszeit besitzen großes praktisches Interesse, weil neuerdings auch in der Adria einige Holothurienarten (H. tubulosa und polii) zur Herstellung von "Trepang" gefischt werden sollen. Da im Gegensatz zu anderen Meeren die Adria bei großem Artenreichtum sehr individuenarm ist, dürfte durch ungehemmtes Ausfischen in kurzer Zeit die Individuenzahl so stark herabgesetzt sein, daß sich ein Fischen gar nicht mehr lohnt. Es scheint daher notwendig, während der Hauptfortpflanzungszeiten dieser Arten streng durchzuführende Schonzeiten festzulegen. Die Arbeit stützt sich vor allem auf eigene Beobachtungen und Untersuchungen. Die meisten Tiere wurden längere Zeit hindurch in Aquarien gehalten und lebend beobachtet. Die voneinander stark abweichenden Beschreibungen der älteren Untersucher verlangten aber auch ein eingehendes Studium der Holothurien-Literatur der Adria. Die verwendete Literatur ist in dem Literaturverzeichnis aufgeführt.