590 Tiere (Zoologie)
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In order to elucidate what species among so many kind of marine organisms are likely to be consmed Iargely by the balaenopterid whales, the existing evidence on the food habits of baleen whales is reviewed. To meet with this primary purpose the report was mainly focussed on to describe qualitative aspects of food species having been known to date from the notable whaling grounds over the world rather than documenting quantitative subjects. One of interesting facts noticed throughout the contribution was that there exists fairly intense diversity in the assembly of food species composition by regions such as; northern hemisphere vs. southern hemisphere, Pacific region vs. Atlantic region, inshore waters vs. offshore waters, embayed waters vs. open waters, where the former usually shows more diversed complexity than the latter. The fact however suggests that although the composition of food species locally varies over the various whaling grounds, the food organisms as taxonomical groups are very similar one another even in locally isolated whaIing grounds when the food organisms and their assemblies are considered by the family or genus basis. In this connection many evidences given in the text may suggest that the balaenopterid whales as a whole may substantially live on quite simply compositioned forage assembly in comparison with tremendous variety of organisms existing in the marine ecosystems. One of important aspects of the baleen whales food must be found in their characteristics of forming dense swarms, schools, and/or aggregations in the shallower enough layers to be fed by the whales. The present and past status of larger baleen whales as the mighty monarch through their evolutional pathways may entirely depend upon the spatial distribution pattern of possible food organisms, i.e. the animal aggregations.
Abiotic and biological aspects of spring biotopcs in the Paleozoic Rhenish shield und the Hessian sandstone plate (Hesse, Germany) were compnred. Springs in the Rhenish shield have fluctuating discharges with a risk of drying out in summer, and high ranges of water temperature. In contrast, springs in the sandstone area have well-balanced discharge and temperature regimes. The bioiogical aspect of this study investigates general questions of community structure and examples of autecological adaptation of life cycles. The spring community composition is characterized in tems of environmental factors and trophic relationships in the water column und in the adjacent limnic-terrestrial interface. Lifecycle adaptations of Synagapetus are typical for inhabitants of springs with unstable discharge regimes. Its eggs are resistant to drought and the larvae possess ventilation mechanisms which are efficient even in periods of low discharge. As an example, the life-cycles of several Apataniinae are discussed in the context of adaptation to cold springs, and their embryonic development is compared to those of eurytopic Trichoptera. Finally, synecological aspects of the spatial and temporal distributions of several Trichoptera species, as recorded in emergence traps, are described. Closely related species show more or less strong niche separation.
Las perdices de la Argentina
(1928)
This review study updates the Mediterranean fish species inventory (Agnatha, Gnathostoma). Comments upon regional particularities, endemicities, immigrations, emigrations and the recent movements of Mediterranean fauna are made. A comparafive analysis between the fish communities of the Mediterranean und those of neighbouring seas is sketched out.
This paper deals with the anthomyiid-flies from Korea. A total of 81 species belonging to 22 genera are represented in Korean fauna as the result, among them the following 9 species are proposed here new to science as: Anthomyia koreana sp. nov., Botanophila seungrnoi sp. nov., Acklandia koreacola sp. nov., Lasiomma monticola sp nov., Egle podulparia sp. nov., Delia expansa sp. nov., Phorbia soyosana sp. nov., P. dissimiiis sp. nov., P. taeguensis sp. nov., and 2 genera, Acklandia Hennig, 1976, Egle Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, with the below 12 species are newly recorded from Korea as: Parapegomyia schineri, Nupedia debilis, Botanophila striolata, Egle muscaria, E. longipalpis, E. parvaeformis, E. panta, E. korpokkur, Paregle vetula, Delia tenuiventris, D. coronariae, Phorbia longipilis. Keys are given for all the taxa respectively, some illustrations of various characters for identification are provided. Arranged are host plants and domestic localities for each species.
The present work deals with the problem of the essential factor regulating the wing-stroke frequency in some insects in wing mutilation and loading experiments and in subatmospheric air pressure experiments. The diverse opinions concerning this factor, appearing in the literature, are reviewed. As appears in this review, one of two factors, the inertia of the wings or the resistance of the gas medium, is claimed to be the main regulator of the wingstroke frequency. Therefore two series of experiments have been performed. In the first series the correlation between the moment oi inertia of the wings and the wing-stroke frequency is examined. The wings are mutilated by cutting them transversely, longitudinally or obliquely or loaded with a drop of collodion. It is found that (1) the wing-stroke frequency is proportional to the -0.35th power of the moment of inertia of the wings, that (2) this applies to both mutilation and loading experiments, that (3) it makes no difference whether the procedures are equal or unequal on both sides or only one-sided, and that (4) the frequency tends not to rise above a certain lirnit in mutilation experiments. In the second series of experiments the correlation between the pressure of the gas medium and the wing-stroke frequency is examined. It is found that the effect of pressure varies greatly in different insects and may even be totally absent. The wing-stroke frequency is proportional to (pressure) exp 0 to (pressure) exp -0.25. The degree of the effect is found to depend on the size and the wing-stroke frequency of the insect; the effect is absent in big insects with a medium or high frequency, and more or less present in insects with a small size or with a low frequency. The results are discussed. A theory is constructed using well established physical concepts by considering the wings as acting simultaneously as bodies performing simple harmonic rotary motion and as paddles working against the air. It is assumed that the kinetic energy is destroyed after each single stroke. By making this assumption, the frequency in the energy equation is found to be, within a constant rate of energy output, proportional to the -0.33rd power of the moment of inertia of the wings, and thus agrees very well with the correlation between these factors found experimentally. Further it is found that the aerodynamic work of the wings is in most cases very much smaller than the work done in overcoming the effect of the inertia of the wings. It is negligible in big insects with, a medium or high frequency, but more or less significant in insects with a small size or a low frequency. The magnitude of this effect thus depends, in theory, on the size and the wing-stroke frequency, which entirely agrees with the effect of atmospheric pressure found experirnentally. The inferences drawn from this theory show that (1) the energy economy in a big insect is very wasteful, that (2) the rate of energy output is not greatly varied, that (3) it is profitable for the insect to vary the aerodynamic work of the wings by altering the amplitude rather than the frequency of the stroke, that (4) the distribution of energy in flight is delicately balanced, and that (5) the frequency must be low and the amplitude large in insects of great size and weight, and that a very high frequency and a small amplitude can be afforded only by small insects. Many such observations as have been made in nature agree with these inferences. Furthermore, (6) attempts are made to calculate the muscle efficiency in some insects on the basis of the theory. In Appendix I, the technique used to check and eliminate some sources of error in the methods is described, in Appendix II, an application of tlie theory to derive a law between the wing-stroke frequency and the morphological properties of insects is attempted, and in Appendix III, some laws relating different morphological properties of the wings of insects are described.
Axolotl und Amblystoma
(1876)
Hydroiden von Ternate
(1896)
Land-Isopoden
(1909)
Gastropod molluscs were collected by the author between May and September 1962 from a variety of freshwater habitats in Ethiopia. Twenty-eight forms are represented in the collection of which a total of eleven have not been previously recorded from Ethiopia or have been recorded with doubt by previous authors. Two forms in each of the genera Bulinus and Ancylus appear to be new. It is considered that seven of the forms recorded from Ethiopia for the first time belong to the African component in the fauna, whereas only three are possibly of palaearctic origin. It is concluded that the wide distribution and diversity of some of the palaearctic forms justify the importance attached by Bacci (1951) to the palaearctic element in the molluscan fauna of the Ethiopian Plateau.