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Establishing management programs to preserve the benthic communities along the NW Pacific and the Arctic Ocean (AO) requires a deep understanding of the composition of communities and their responses to environmental stressors. In this study, we thus examine patterns of benthic community composition and patterns of species richness along the NW Pacific and Arctic Seas and investigate the most important environmental drivers of those patterns. Overall we found a trend of decreasing species richness toward higher latitudes and deeper waters, peaking in coastal waters of the eastern Philippines. The most dominant taxa along the entire study area were Arthropoda, Mollusca, Cnidaria, Echinodermata, and Annelida. We found that depth, not temperature, was the main driver of community composition along the NW Pacific and neighboring Arctic Seas. Depth has been previously suggested as a factor driving species distribution in benthic fauna. Following depth, the most influential environmental drivers of community composition along the NW Pacific and the Arctic Ocean were silicate, light, and currents. For example, silicate in Hexactinellida, Holothuroidea, and Ophiuroidea; and light in Cephalopoda and Gymnolaemata had the highest correlations with community composition. In this study, based on a combination of new samples and open-access data, we show that different benthic communities might respond differently to future climatic changes based on their taxon-specific biological, physiological, and ecological characteristics. International conservation efforts and habitat preservation should take an adaptive approach and apply measures that take the differences among benthic communities in responding to future climate change into account. This facilitates implementing appropriate conservation management strategies and sustainable utilization of the NW Pacific and Arctic marine ecosystems.
Diversity and distribution of intertidal Microporella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) from California
(2024)
Seven species of the cheilostome bryozoan genus Microporella were identified across 15 rocky intertidal sites spanning 940 km of the California coast, from Mill Creek in the Montereyan Pacific Transition Region north to Point Saint George in the Mendocinian Region. Colonies of Microporella were found encrusting boulders and mollusc shells. Among these species, three are new to science, namely Microporella dentata Chowdhury & Di Martino sp. nov., M. pauciperforata Chowdhury & Di Martino sp. nov. and M. rota Chowdhury & Di Martino sp. nov. Three other species, M. californica, M. setiformis, and M. umbonata have previously been recorded from other localities in California. Finally, Microporella neocribroides, originally described from off Kodiak Island, Alaska, and subsequently found in Hokkaido, Japan, was recorded in California for the first time. An additional new species, M. similis Chowdhury & Di Martino sp. nov., was identified through the re-examination of museum material previously attributed to M. cribrosa and M. californica. These newly acquired data allowed for a more comprehensive examination of the distribution of species, intraspecific variability, and potential predator-induced teratologies in certain species, thanks to the availability of numerous colonies from various sites and the re-examination of museum records. Altogether, this study increases the known Recent diversity of Microporella in California’s waters to a total of 18 species.
Two new endemic genera of Therevinae are described from Madagascar. Rinhatiana gen. nov. contains three new species (R. arctifestuca gen. et sp. nov., R. cracentis gen. et sp. nov. and R. latifestuca gen. et sp. nov.) as well as R. distincta (Lyneborg, 1976) comb. nov., which is transferred from Stenopomyia Lyneborg, 1976. Tianarinha gen. nov. is described containing two new species, T. goodmani gen. et sp. nov. and T. micet gen. et sp. nov. All species are diagnosed and figured along with distribution data.
The cleptoparasitic bee genus Triepeolus Robertson, 1901 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) is revised for species occurring in South America. A total of nine species are confirmed from the continent, of which T. tuberculifer Onuferko, Rightmyer & Roig-Alsina sp. nov. is newly described. Four new synonymies are proposed: T. aguilari Moure, 1955 syn. nov. and T. megadelphus Cockerell, 1914 syn. nov. under T. buchwaldi (Friese, 1908); T. bilineatus Cockerell, 1949 syn. nov. under T. flavipennis (Friese, 1916); and Epeolus merus Brèthes, 1909 syn. nov. under T. nemoralis (Holmberg, 1886). Males of T. alvarengai Moure, 1955 and T. rufotegularis (Ashmead, 1900) and females of T. atoconganus Moure, 1955 and T. cecilyae Packer, 2016 are described for the first time. Lectotypes are designated for the following (all originally described under Epeolus Latreille, 1802 but now recognized as Triepeolus): E. buchwaldi, E. flavipennis, E. osiriformis Schrottky, 1910 and its junior synonym E. luteipes Friese, 1916, and E. rufotegularis. Diagnoses and complete descriptions/redescriptions are provided for all species, along with a fully illustrated dichotomous identification key (with Portuguese and Spanish versions available as supplementary material) to distinguish them based on external morphological features. Additionally, known collection records and information about the ecology of the treated species are presented.
Background: Genome sequencing of all known eukaryotes on Earth promises unprecedented advances in biological sciences and in biodiversity-related applied fields such as environmental management and natural product research. Advances in long-read DNA sequencing make it feasible to generate high-quality genomes for many non–genetic model species. However, long-read sequencing today relies on sizable quantities of high-quality, high molecular weight DNA, which is mostly obtained from fresh tissues. This is a challenge for biodiversity genomics of most metazoan species, which are tiny and need to be preserved immediately after collection. Here we present de novo genomes of 2 species of submillimeter Collembola. For each, we prepared the sequencing library from high molecular weight DNA extracted from a single specimen and using a novel ultra-low input protocol from Pacific Biosciences. This protocol requires a DNA input of only 5 ng, permitted by a whole-genome amplification step.
Results: The 2 assembled genomes have N50 values >5.5 and 8.5 Mb, respectively, and both contain ∼96% of BUSCO genes. Thus, they are highly contiguous and complete. The genomes are supported by an integrative taxonomy approach including placement in a genome-based phylogeny of Collembola and designation of a neotype for 1 of the species. Higher heterozygosity values are recorded in the more mobile species. Both species are devoid of the biosynthetic pathway for β-lactam antibiotics known in several Collembola, confirming the tight correlation of antibiotic synthesis with the species way of life.
Conclusions: It is now possible to generate high-quality genomes from single specimens of minute, field-preserved metazoans, exceeding the minimum contig N50 (1 Mb) required by the Earth BioGenome Project.
The use of integrative taxonomy has confirmed the existence of a new distinct crab species, cryptic, within the group of the former genus Liocarcinus, now Polybius, closely related to P. holsatus, P. vernalis and P. marmoreus. Previous reports have considered it to be the Atlantic form of P. vernalis, or as a species “affinis” or “comparable to” P. holsatus. Diagnostic morphological characters are presented for identification and the morphological variability in these species, mainly within P. vernalis (the most related) is analysed. Furthermore, based on molecular and other previous data, a new combination (genus change) is proposed. This new species, Polybius dioscurus sp. nov., lives on infralittoral sandy bottoms, coexisting with the other species mentioned, in the temperate and subtropical zone of the North Atlantic Ocean, including the Alboran Sea (westernmost Mediterranean).
Two new species of Strandesia Stuhlmann, 1888 are described from the northeastern part of Thailand: S. karanovicae sp. nov. and S. amnatcharoenensis sp. nov. Strandesia karanovicae is characterized by a tumid carapace in dorsal view, a small anterior overlap, the absence of a dorso-subapical seta on the first segment of the antennule (A1), a large aesthetasc Y on the antenna, an α seta shape with a needle-like tip and a large β seta on the mandibular palp (Md-palp), serrated bristles on the maxilla, a long h1 seta on the second thoracopod (T2) and a slender caudal ramus (CR). Strandesia amnatcharoenensis has a small compressed posterior part of the right valves (RV) which makes it closely related to S. pholpunthini Savatenalinton, 2015. The new species can be distinguished primarily by a considerably small anterior overlap of the left valve over the right valve (RV), a postero-ventral flange of the RV, a remarkably large claw Ga of the CR and the chaetotaxy of the limbs, especially A1, Md-palp and T2. In addition, in the present study, the sexual population of S. martensi Savatenalinton, 2015 is recorded for the first time, and thus the first description of the male is provided here. Moreover, the morphological examination of both males and females revealed differences between asexual and sexual females and also points to the fact that S. martensi is a mixed reproduction species. This is the first record of the mixed reproductive mode in the genus Strandesia or even in the Cypricercinae.
The snake pipefish, Entelurus aequoreus (Linnaeus, 1758), is a slender, up to 60 cm long, northern Atlantic fish that dwells in open seagrass habitats and has recently expanded its distribution range. The snake pipefish is part of the family Syngnathidae (seahorses and pipefish) that has undergone several characteristic morphological changes, such as loss of pelvic fins and elongated snout. Here, we present a highly contiguous, near chromosome-scale genome of the snake pipefish assembled as part of a university master’s course. The final assembly has a length of 1.6 Gbp in 7,391 scaffolds, a scaffold and contig N50 of 62.3 Mbp and 45.0 Mbp and L50 of 12 and 14, respectively. The largest 28 scaffolds (>21 Mbp) span 89.7% of the assembly length. A BUSCO completeness score of 94.1% and a mapping rate above 98% suggest a high assembly completeness. Repetitive elements cover 74.93% of the genome, one of the highest proportions so far identified in vertebrate genomes. Demographic modeling using the PSMC framework indicates a peak in effective population size (50 – 100 kya) during the last interglacial period and suggests that the species might largely benefit from warmer water conditions, as seen today. Our updated snake pipefish assembly forms an important foundation for further analysis of the morphological and molecular changes unique to the family Syngnathidae.
Highlights
• Genomes for all five Natrix species, two represented by two distinct subspecies each, were sequenced.
• Two genomes were de-novo assembled to their 1.7 Gb length with a contig N50 of 4.6 Mbp and 1.5 Mbp.
• Evidence for interspecific hybridization, both between allopatric and widely sympatric species.
• Fossil-calibrated molecular clock using genomes indicates that species are ancient several million-year-old lineages.
• Our findings imply that speciation took place despite continued gene flow.
Abstract
Understanding speciation is one of the cornerstones of biological diversity research. Currently, speciation is often understood as a continuous process of divergence that continues until genetic or other incompatibilities minimize or prevent interbreeding. The Palearctic snake genus Natrix is an ideal group to study speciation, as it comprises taxa representing distinct stages of the speciation process, ranging from widely interbreeding parapatric taxa through parapatric species with very limited gene flow in narrow hybrid zones to widely sympatric species. To understand the evolution of reproductive isolation through time, we have sequenced the genomes of all five species within this genus and two additional subspecies. We used both long-read and short-read methods to sequence and de-novo-assemble two high-quality genomes (Natrix h. helvetica, Natrix n. natrix) to their 1.7 Gb length with a contig N50 of 4.6 Mbp and 1.5 Mbp, respectively, and used these as references to assemble the remaining short-read-based genomes. Our phylogenomic analyses yielded a well-supported dated phylogeny and evidence for a surprisingly complex history of interspecific gene flow, including between widely sympatric species. Furthermore, evidence for gene flow was also found for currently allopatric species pairs. Genetic exchange among these well-defined, distinct, and several million-year-old reptile species emphasizes that speciation and maintenance of species distinctness can occur despite continued genetic exchange.
The genus Jambu gen. nov. is proposed based on two new species: Jambu paru gen. et sp. nov. and Jambu manoa gen. et sp. nov. Hapalopus butantan is transferred to Jambu; consequently, Jambu butantan gen. et comb. nov. is proposed. The geographic distribution of J. butantan is extended on the basis of new material collected. The new genus and the new species are here diagnosed, described and illustrated. The shape of the genitalia of Jambu resembles that of Hapalopini but differs from most of them by the presence of type IV urticating setae. The presence of this type of urticating setae allows us to hypothesize that this new genus is phylogenetically related with Grammostolini. Males of Jambu differ from those of other genera of Grammostolini by the presence of a paraembolic apophysis on the palpal bulb. Females also differ from those of other Grammostolini by the spermathecae morphology, with one medial lamp-shaped or heart-shaped receptacle. The homology of some features and the taxonomic placement of the new genus are discussed.
The ant genus Syscia Roger, 1861 is a cryptobiotic group of the subfamily Dorylinae. In this study, eight species of this genus from Asia are recognized, including two new species, Syscia arcodorsa sp. nov. and S. zhoui sp. nov., both described from Guangxi in China. In addition, Cerapachys guizhouensis Zhou, 2006 is redescribed and transferred to Syscia as S. guizhouensis (Zhou, 2006) comb. nov. The species Syscia typhla Roger, 1861 is removed from the ant fauna of China. Lastly, a key to species of Syscia from Asia based on the worker caste is presented.
Four new species of the jumping spider genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 are described from India: Stenaelurillus feral Tripathi, Kuni & Kadam sp. nov. (♂, from the Eastern Coastline), S. naldurg Kuni, Kadam & Tripathi sp. nov. (♂♀, from the Deccan Plateau), S. judithbleisterae Kadam, Tripathi & Kuni sp. nov. (♂♀, from the Western Ghats) and S. solapur Kuni, Tripathi & Kadam sp. nov. (♂♀, from the Deccan Plateau). Detailed diagnoses, descriptions, illustrations, natural history and distribution map are provided. Additionally, new locality records for the other five species within the states are presented and mapped.
In this study, I describe two new species of Macrobiotus based on morphological data collected through light and scanning electron microscopy. Both species are accompanied by DNA sequences from four commonly used molecular markers (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, ITS-2, and COI). Macrobiotus ovovittatus sp. nov. was discovered in Greenland and can be distinguished from similar taxa of Macrobiotus by its continuous, solid, and clearly wrinkled egg surface, adorned with sparse, very small and irregularly spaced pores. Additionally, the terminal discs of egg processes are covered in multiple light-refracting dots, resembling crocheted napkins. Macrobiotus mileri sp. nov. was found in Israel and is characterized by unique pore arrangements in its body cuticle, expressed in two distinct animal forms: (i) forma porata with large pores arranged in five distinct patches and (ii) forma aporata with single, almost undetectable pores. It also features weakly defined convex terminal discs with smooth edges. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analyses conducted in this study offer the most updated phylogeny of superclade I within the family Macrobiotidae. This facilitates additional discussion concerning the interrelationships among species within the genus Macrobiotus and the circumscription of species groups within it.
In the vast abyssal plains northwest of Iceland, white glass sponges of the genus Caulophacus Schulze, 1886 were inhabited by reddish Bythocaris G.O. Sars, 1870 shrimps and pinkish amphipods. After in situ observations at 3700 m depth, in -1°C waters by a remotely operated vehicle, members of this assemblage were collected and preserved for molecular studies. Based on integrative taxonomic analyses, the amphipods were identified as a new species of the genus Halirages Boeck, 1871 – Halirages spongiae sp. nov. Lörz, Nack & Tandberg –, as described in detail below. Part of our integrative approach was to establish reference DNA barcodes for known species of Halirages. However, our investigation of material of Calliopiidae G.O. Sars, 1895 collected around Iceland and Norway revealed slight morphological discrepancies in all the described species of Halirages. Except for Halirages fulvocinctus (M. Sars, 1858), none of the encountered specimens of Calliopiidae fully matched a current species description. We illuminate the morphological characteristics of nine operational taxonomic units, which also represented clades in COI and 28S. We set the Icelandic samples in the context of Halirages from Canada and Norway. A key to the world species of Halirages is provided.
Cicadellinae is a relatively large subfamily of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) with a cosmopolitan distribution with most genera known to occur in the Neotropics. Mexico houses nearly 16% of the total genera and most are endemic, inhabiting threatened native forests. Here, a new unusual Mexican genus, Christopherus gen. nov., is described to accommodate a new species of Cicadellini, C. mictlantecuhtli sp. nov., collected in the endangered Cloud Forest of Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca State of Mexico, based on dry-pinned museum specimen data. The new taxa can be separated from other Neotropical Cicadellini genera easily using male genitalia features: (i) pygofer without processes, (ii) segment 10th without processes, (iii) paraphysis absent, and (iv) edeagus with single basal atrial process elongate and asymmetrical. The monotypic genus Gillonella with its type species, G. ampulla Nielson & Godoy, 1995, are redescribed. A detailed extensive morphological description and discussion to distinguish the new genus from allied red-striped Neotropical genera in Mexico, Central America, and South America are given. Distributional data for new taxa within Mexican forests is also provided.
A re-analysis of the morphological phylogeny of the Nopinae is made, based on an update in the description of Aamunops Galán-Sánchez & Álvarez-Padilla, 2022 and the addition of the recently described genera Nopsma Sánchez-Ruiz, Brescovit & Bonaldo, 2020 and Roddemberryus Sánchez-Ruiz & Bonaldo, 2023. Two new species, Aamunops hoof sp. nov. (male) and Aamunops yiselae sp. nov. (male and female), are also described, which allows a better understanding of the genus morphology and resulted in an emended diagnosis. The description of Aamunops has been updated to include several characteristics of the ultrastructural morphology, legs, chelicerae, palps and female genitalia. The inclusion of these new characters of Aamunops along with those of Nopsma and Roddemberryus in the previous data matrix resulted in a new, completely different hypothesis of the relationships of the nopine genera: Nopsma is part of a group formed by Cubanops and Nyetnops, while Aamunops and Roddemberryus are grouped with representatives of Tarsonops. The four-eyed Nopsides ceralbonus Chamberlin, 1924 was recovered as the most basal species of Nopinae. The relationships among genera of Nopinae and the phylogenetic position of three species, whose taxonomic position is doubtful (Cubanops luquillo Sánchez-Ruiz, Brescovit & Alayón, 2015, Orthonops confuso Galán-Sánchez & Álvarez-Padilla, 2022 and Tarsonops irataylori Bond & Taylor, 2013), is also discussed.
We describe a new species of karst-dwelling pitviper from Chumphon Province of Peninsular Thailand, in the Isthmus of Kra, based on morphological and molecular data (2427 bp from cyt b, ND4 and 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA genes). Morphologically, Trimeresurus kraensis sp. nov. is distinguished from other congeners by the following combination of morphological characters: a dark/bottle-green dorsum with reddish-brown or purple crossbands; pale green venter lacking dark dots; stripes present on the lateral sides of the ventrals; internasals generally in contact; one large supraocular scale on each side of the head; iris pale copper; tail brown with dark purplish-brown crossbars; dorsal scales in 21–21–15 rows; ventral scales 167 in a single male, 169–171 in females; subcaudal scales 62 in a single male, 52–54 in females, all paired. White vertebral spots present in males, located on approximately every two or four dorsal scales; dark brown spots forming discontinuous pattern present on 1–3 lateral dorsal scale rows; males with reddish-brown postocular stripe with jagged edges. The new species differs from the morphologically similar species Trimeresurus venustus s. str. by a notable divergence in cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA gene sequences (p = 5.9%).
The beetle genus Pharaxonotha Reitter (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) is found in the cones of cycad genera in the New World, including species of Ceratozamia Brongn., Dioon Lindl., Microcycas (Miq.) A.DC and Zamia L. Its presence and diversity are analyzed for the 17 species of Zamia known to occur in Panama. Nine species are recognized, and five new species are described: Pharaxonotha clarkorum Pakaluk, P. confusa Pakaluk, P. fortunensis Tang, Skelley and Taylor new species, P. holzmani Tang, Skelley and Taylor new species, P. kirschii Reitter, P. manicatae Tang, Skelley and Taylor new species, P. panamensis Tang, Skelley and Taylor new species, P. pseudoparasitica Tang, Skelley and Taylor new species, and P. taylori Skelley and Tang. A key to species of Pharaxonotha in Panama is presented.
ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C054B0D4-FD00-4AE7-BBA7-C75A12368561
A new species, Chlorocoris charluzae Thomas (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), is described from Panama. Eludocoris grandis Thomas is reported from Panama for the first time. The distribution of Chlorocoris rufispinus Dallas to include Panama is confirmed. Arawacoris Thomas, described as a subgenus of Chlorocoris Spinola, is elevated to full genus.
ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F4E45B6C-5BD8-4B3E-B599-3BB61855B392
Pears, Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nak. (Rosaceae) are one of the most widely grown fruit trees in South Korea. Approximately 11% of the total pear production in 2022 was exported to countries such as the US and Vietnam. Exported pears must be free of pest species that are considered of quarantine importance by the importing countries. Herein, a list of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) associated with pear trees is updated. Additionally, Spilococcus pacificus (Borchsenius) is added to the list of mealybugs affecting pears in South Korea and is briefly diagnosed based on non-type specimens and illustrated using photographs. Information on its distribution and plant hosts are also provided.
ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:48A93063-EB78-402F-82CE-168540C90FE2
Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a widely-distributed pest that feeds on many economically important hosts, particularly tropical fruits and ornamentals. The potential distribution of this mealybug pest in South Korea remains a primary concern because of its high incidence of interceptions screened during inspection. Hence, this species prompted a modelling effort to assess its potential risk of introduction. Potential risk maps were developed for this pest with a CLIMEX model based on occurrence records under environmental data. The potential distribution of these pests in South Korea in the 2020s, 2050s and 2090s was projected based on the RCP 8.5 climate change scenario. Results showed that P. longispinus has little potential for invasion in the outdoor environment of South Korea due to high cold stress in the 2020s. However, some locations in Jejudo were predicted to be marginally suitable under future climate factors. In that respect, the results of this model prediction could be used to prepare a risk-based surveying program that improves the probability of detecting early P. longispinus populations.
ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9E0CBFE6-E1AA-4B55-9E58-70B170E0FBD8
An overview of the genus Psephenops Grouvelle (Coleoptera: Psephenidae: Psepheninae) is provided with geographic distributions of the species. The taxonomic history of Psephenops smithi Grouvelle, the type species from Grenada and St. Vincent, and junior synonym Xexanchorinus latus Grouvelle from Grenada, is discussed, and lectotypes and paralectotypes are designated for both. Photographs of the type series and a non-type specimen with illustrated male genitalia, along with new distributional information for the species, are provided. The male, female, and associated larva of Psephenops trini Barr and Shepard, new species, are described and illustrated, as is the habitat of this species in Trinidad and Tobago. The Peruvian species Psephenus robacki Spangler is transferred from Psephenus Haldeman to Psephenops as Psephenops robacki (Spangler) new combination. Photographs of the female holotype are included, and possible new distributional records from Peru are reported.
ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5C9ECB63-6A77-4FF6-8391-BF0F77BE5674
U.S. port of entry interception data revealed that Frankliniella Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was the most frequently intercepted genus of Thripidae. No published identification resource for intercepted Frankliniella is available to USDA port of entry entomology identifiers. A morphological review of intercepted species was conducted. A dichotomous key for the identification of intercepted slide mounted adult females was created. Morphological diagnosis, description of each species with their geographic region(s) of origin and frequency of interception is provided.
ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:403B362E-9A7F-4385-A0F1-9DB87FE09AD2
Members of the genus Centris Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) constitute a significant component of the Neotropical (including insular) bee fauna, exhibiting high species richness, a moderate to large body size, and extensive interactions with various important plant groups. Females of most species possess specialized morphology adapted for collecting oils from flowers. This study documents the presence of the genus in Cuba, recognizing six species: C. aethiops Cresson, C. cornuta Cresson, C. fulviventris Cresson, C. poecila Lepeletier, C. taina Genaro and Breto new species, and C. tarsata F. Smith. Detailed information is provided for each species, encompassing a diagnosis, natural history, floral associations, seasonal occurrence, and distribution. Centris taina new species is described from Cuba, based on both sexes, which were previously misidentified as C. versicolor (Fabr.) for females and C. fasciatus F. Smith for males due to sexual dimorphism. Centris tarsata is reported as a new national record for Cuba, possibly introduced by humans from South America and now established and widely distributed across the entire island. A key to differentiate the Cuban species of Centris is presented.
ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:257916DF-2129-4694-876C-49C858046BF6
The subgenus Indonthophagus Kabakov, 2006 of Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Onthophagini) is reviewed. A morphological definition of it is provided. A diagnosis, based both on external and internal characters, of the seven species deemed to belong to the group according to literature, is supplied. As a result, Onthophagus spinifex (Fabricius, 1781), previously placed with some uncertainty in the subgenus, is definitively excluded. A key to Indonthophagus species is also provided, as well as images of male, aedeagus and endophallus for each species. New country records of Onthophagus turbatus Walker, 1858 for Pakistan, Nepal and Bhutan are given.
ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9D0CE9F2-35CF-449D-8984-1B4C722762F7
Mollusca is the second-largest animal phylum with over 100,000 species among eight distinct taxonomic classes. Across 1000 living species in the class Polyplacophora, chitons have a relatively constrained morphology but with some notable deviations. Several genera possess “shell eyes”, true eyes with a lens and retina that are embedded within the dorsal shells, which represent the most recent evolution of animal eyes. The phylogeny of major chiton clades is mostly well established, in a set of superfamily and higher-level taxa supported by various approaches including multiple gene markers, mitogenome-phylogeny and phylotranscritomic approaches as well as morphological studies. However, one critical lineage has remained unclear: Schizochiton was controversially suggested as a potential independent origin of chiton shell eyes. Here, with the draft genome sequencing of Schizochiton incisus (superfamily Schizochitonoidea) plus assembly of transcriptome data from other polyplacophorans, we present phylogenetic reconstructions using both mitochondrial genomes and phylogenomic approaches with multiple methods. Phylogenetic trees from mitogenomic data are inconsistent, reflecting larger scale confounding factors in molluscan mitogenomes. A consistent robust topology was generated with protein coding genes using different models and methods. Our results support Schizochitonoidea is a sister group to other Chitonoidea in Chitonina, in agreement with established classification. This suggests that the earliest origin of shell eyes is in Schizochitonoidea, which were also gained secondarily in other genera in Chitonoidea. Our results have generated a holistic review of the internal relationship within Polyplacophora, and a better understanding on the evolution of Polyplacophora.
Two new species of aulacid wasps, Pristaulacus iuliae Turrisi & Nobile sp. nov. from South India (Karnataka) and Pristaulacus ninae sp. nov. from Peninsular Malaysia (Pahang), are described, figured and compared with most related species. Based on the present addition, the Indomalayan area currently includes 27 species of Pristaulacus Kieffer out of 61 known from the whole Oriental Region, which is however a largely underestimated number. An identification key to species and an updated checklist of Pristaulacus occurring in the Indomalayan area are provided.
The enigmatic ‘y-larvae’ (Thecostraca: Facetotecta) are microscopic marine planktonic crustaceans that were discovered more than a century ago, yet to this day their adults remain unknown. Despite occurring locally in large diversities, and therefore presumably being of ecological importance, only 17 species have been described globally, rendering it practically impossible to identify any y-larval specimen from any locality. The fact that species have been based on different life stages (nauplii and/or cyprids) further hampers identification. Y-larvae include many forms with planktotrophic (feeding) nauplii and even more with lecithotrophic (non-feeding) nauplii. At one coral-reef locality on the shore of Sesoko Island (Okinawa, Japan), extensive fieldwork in 2018 and 2019 confirmed an enormous taxonomic diversity of y-larvae there. Here, we present morphological diagnoses and an identification key for 34 lecithotrophic y-naupliar types (or morphospecies), which will correspond minimally to the same number of species when described. As a temporary measure, all are referred to by alphabetical parataxonomic designations, except for three that have been formally described already within the genus Hansenocaris Itô, 1985. To this should be added an additional 7–9 planktotrophic y-naupliar morphospecies, which are only treated briefly. Most often, y-larval taxonomy has been based on the cyprid stage, but the large morphological diversity of y-nauplii suggests that nauplii are at least as important for taxonomy. Lecithotrophic y-nauplii display a multitude of body shapes, the form-evolution of which is discussed here with reference to a recent molecular phylogeny of Facetotecta partly based on material from the same site. An indirect estimate of the relative abundances of all 34 lecithotrophic y-naupliar morphospecies is presented, based on laboratory-reared final-instar specimens. This treatment is intended as a step towards a proper taxonomy and a revised classification of Facetotecta, which will involve detailed descriptions of both nauplii and cyprids. Until such work progresses, the present overview of the y-naupliar fauna of a single Okinawan locality known to be a hotspot of y-larval diversity is offered as a baseline for further surveys of Facetotecta elsewhere in the Indo-West Pacific and beyond.
The taxa of the subgenus Turritus of Cochlostoma (Cochlostomatidae) are analysed based on molecular and morphological data. The phylogenetic trees, based on ribosomal (16S) and nuclear (H3) DNA, indicate that the currently accepted taxonomy should be revised. Based on our data, there are 37 species in Turritus of which 5 are new to science: Cochlostoma (Turritus) pallgergelyi sp. nov., C. (T. ) muranyii sp. nov., C. (T. ) hallgassi sp. nov., C. (T. ) kontschani sp. nov. and C. (T. ) lacazei sp. nov. Of these, we describe the shells and the female genitalia and summarize the distributional data. Some samples (or set of samples) will remain undetermined for lack of data and these are reported in the appendix.
Though recent investigations have contributed substantially to our understanding of the Alpine-Dinaric radiation of the genus Zospeum Bourguignat, 1856, its southernmost member, Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916, has remained a taxonomic ghost. The assumed absence of type material, the insufficient original description, and the lack of new samples from its Western Balkan type locality have stymied further clarification. The recent discovery of a single syntype shell housed at the Natural History Museum Vienna now enables the first morphological assessment via 3D X-ray and SEM imaging. Based on this image data, different characters for assessing the southernmost members of the genus are determined and a lectotype is designated. Eleven allied species from 15 Western Balkan populations are described from museum material and recent sampling efforts: Z. amplioscutum Jochum & Ruthensteiner sp. nov., Z. biokovoense Jochum & Ruthensteiner sp. nov., Z. constrictum Jochum & Ruthensteiner sp. nov., Z. dubokidoense Jochum & Ruthensteiner sp. nov., Z. intermedium Jochum & Ruthensteiner sp. nov., Z. kolbae Jochum, Inäbnit, Kneubühler & Ruthensteiner sp. nov., Z. neuberti Jochum & Ruthensteiner sp. nov., Z. njegusiense Jochum & Ruthensteiner sp. nov., Z. njunjicae Jochum, Schilthuizen & Ruthensteiner sp. nov., Z. tortuosum Jochum & Ruthensteiner sp. nov. and Z. tumidum Jochum, Schilthuizen & Ruthensteiner sp. nov. One species, Z. kolbae, is described using DNA sequence data and one species, Z. simplex Inäbnit, Jochum & Neubert, 2021 for which DNA sequence data is already available, is supported by morphological data presented in this study. The DNA sequence dataset (COI, 16S and H3) is included here and implemented in the most recent phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. A translation of Karel Absolon’s notes from the Balkan scientific expeditions is provided.
A taxonomic revision of the oil-collecting bees of the subgenus Epicharis (Epicharitides) Moure, 1945 is provided. A total of nine species were recognized: E. cockerelli Friese, 1900; E. duckei Friese, 1901; E. iheringi Friese, 1899; E. luteocincta Moure & Seabra, 1959; E. minima (Friese, 1904); E. obscura Friese, 1899, and E. rufescens Moure & Seabra, 1959, along with E. mesoamericana sp. nov. and E. lia sp. nov., two new species from the Central American and Amazonian provinces, respectively. Redescriptions, diagnoses, and figures of specimens of both sexes, floral records, distribution maps, an identification key, and an updated catalogue of all species of the group are also provided. In addition, the lectotype of E. duckei was also designated to stabilize the application of the name.
The genus Neocranaus Roewer, 1913 is revisited, its composition is expanded from two to five species and a new generic diagnosis is presented. Neocranaus albiconspersus Roewer, 1913, type species of the genus, is redescribed. The genus Tolimaius Roewer, 1915 syn. nov. is considered as a junior subjective synonym of Neocranaus, its sole member being transferred to Neocranaus – N. pectinitibialis (Roewer, 1915) comb. nov. – and redescribed here. The new combination Neocranaus laevifrons (Roewer, 1917) comb. nov. is proposed for Holocranaus laevifrons Roewer, 1917. The new species Neocranaus gladius Villarreal & Kury sp. nov. is described, from P.N.N. Yariguíes, Santander Department, Colombia. For the first time, the genital structure of this genus is illustrated. A key to the identification of the males of Neocranaus and some considerations about the reproductive biology of N. albiconspersus and N. pectinitibialis are presented.
Empty shells (thanatocoenoses) have been reviewed of species in the genus Granulina (Gastropoda: Granulinidae) from the lower shelf and upper bathyal zones off Mauritania and Western Sahara. We encountered nine species of which four were already known from off Mauritania. Four new species are proposed herein: Granulina reginae sp. nov., G. ronaldi sp. nov., G. sandrae sp. nov. and G. sigridae sp. nov. These four sympatric new species lack labial denticles and they probably form a phyletic clade with a common ancestor. Most hitherto known species in Granulina from the NE Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean possess labial denticles. One additional new species with denticles was left in open nomenclature because the material available was considered inadequate. Species in Granulina from Mauritania and Western Sahara have not been found off NW Morocco or the Canary Islands, and the species known from NW Morocco and the Canary Islands have not been found off Mauritania and Western Sahara. The southern extents of the distributions of the Mauritanian species are currently uncertain as additional sampling would be required off Senegal or further South. A key to Mauritanian species in Granulina is given.
Although initially described as a subgenus of Copris Geoffroy, 1762, Homocopris had long been treated as a junior synonym of Dichotomius Hope, 1838 (Martínez 1951) until it was reclassified as a distinct genus (Vaz-de-Mello et al. 2010). Herein, we revisit the taxonomy of Homocopris. In doing so: we describe two new species previously considered to represent the Brazilian population of Homocopris torulosus (Eschscholtz, 1822); revalidate Pinotus punctatissimus from synonymy under Homocopris torulosus and place it in Homocopris as had previously been done only informally (González et al. 2015; Rebolledo et al. 2017); recognize two new synonymies; and describe a new genus, Andinocopris gen. nov., which includes two former members of Homocopris. Presently, Homocopris includes four species: H. torulosus, H. punctatissimus (Curtis, 1845) comb. nov., H. grossiorum sp. nov. and H. williami sp. nov. Andinocopris includes A. achamas (Harold, 1867) gen. et comb. nov. and A. buckleyi (Waterhouse, 1891) gen. et comb. nov. Pinotus simulator Luederwaldt, 1936 is here considered a new junior synonym of Andinocopris buckleyi. An identification key to members of both genera is provided as well as images of diagnostic characters for all species. Finally, we discuss the placement of Andinocopris and Homocopris within Scarabaeinae and propose a new tribe, Homocoprini tribe nov., to include both genera.
• Mexican and German populations of L. sericata differ in their development times.
• Mexican L. sericata had a shorter development time at 20°C than German flies.
• At 30 °C, German L. sericata pupariated and eclosed earlier than the Mexican flies.
• Differences in study design make the comparison of developmental studies difficult.
Abstract
The cosmopolitan blow fly Lucilia sericata is often used in forensic case work for estimating the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). For this, the age of immature specimens developing on the dead body is calculated by measuring the time taken to reach the sampled developmental stage at a given temperature. To test whether regional developmental data of L. sericata is valid on a global scale, the time taken to reach different developmental stages was compared between a population from Mexico and one from Germany at two different constant temperatures.
The German population of L. sericata was collected in Frankfurt/Main, while the Mexican population originated near Oaxaca de Juarez and was transported to Germany in the larval stage. Only the F1 generation was used to avoid adaption of the Mexican flies. Eggs were immediately placed at 20 °C and 30 °C. Five times 30 freshly eclosed larvae per replicate (n = 5) were then transferred to a cup of minced meat in separate containers. The larvae were checked every 8 h for migration, pupariation or emergence of adult flies. The time at which the first individual and 50 % of the specimens per container entered each of these stages, was recorded.
Significant differences in the time of development between the two populations were observed at both temperatures. At 20 °C, the first specimens of the Mexican population reached all developmental stages a little (< 1 day to < 2 days) earlier than the German L. sericata. At 30 °C, the Mexican flies also reached the post-feeding stage slightly earlier (0.2 days). However, at 30 °C, the German flies started pupariation significantly earlier (after 5 days) than the Mexican flies (6.9 days) and the adults from Germany also emerged earlier (10.5 days compared to 13.1 days). The same pattern was observed when looking at 50 % of the total number of specimens per container. A comparison with previously published developmental studies was difficult as the experimental design varied widely between studies. However, the results were within the range of most studies. Our study has shown that age estimation can vary widely depending on the population on which the reference data used for the calculations are based. This highlights the importance of using local and population-specific developmental data for estimating the age of blow flies in case work.
• Mexican and German populations of L. sericata differ in their development times.
• Mexican L. sericata had a shorter development time at 20°C than German flies.
• At 30 °C, German L. sericata pupariated and eclosed earlier than the Mexican flies.
• Differences in study design make the comparison of developmental studies difficult.
Abstract
The cosmopolitan blow fly Lucilia sericata is often used in forensic case work for estimating the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). For this, the age of immature specimens developing on the dead body is calculated by measuring the time taken to reach the sampled developmental stage at a given temperature. To test whether regional developmental data of L. sericata is valid on a global scale, the time taken to reach different developmental stages was compared between a population from Mexico and one from Germany at two different constant temperatures.
The German population of L. sericata was collected in Frankfurt/Main, while the Mexican population originated near Oaxaca de Juarez and was transported to Germany in the larval stage. Only the F1 generation was used to avoid adaption of the Mexican flies. Eggs were immediately placed at 20 °C and 30 °C. Five times 30 freshly eclosed larvae per replicate (n = 5) were then transferred to a cup of minced meat in separate containers. The larvae were checked every 8 h for migration, pupariation or emergence of adult flies. The time at which the first individual and 50 % of the specimens per container entered each of these stages, was recorded.
Significant differences in the time of development between the two populations were observed at both temperatures. At 20 °C, the first specimens of the Mexican population reached all developmental stages a little (< 1 day to < 2 days) earlier than the German L. sericata. At 30 °C, the Mexican flies also reached the post-feeding stage slightly earlier (0.2 days). However, at 30 °C, the German flies started pupariation significantly earlier (after 5 days) than the Mexican flies (6.9 days) and the adults from Germany also emerged earlier (10.5 days compared to 13.1 days). The same pattern was observed when looking at 50 % of the total number of specimens per container. A comparison with previously published developmental studies was difficult as the experimental design varied widely between studies. However, the results were within the range of most studies. Our study has shown that age estimation can vary widely depending on the population on which the reference data used for the calculations are based. This highlights the importance of using local and population-specific developmental data for estimating the age of blow flies in case work.
A comprehensive review of the enigmatic genus Masona van Achterberg is provided. Two new species are described from the USA: Masona neon Dal Pos & Martens sp. nov. from Puerto Rico, and Masona wow Dal Pos & Martens sp. nov. from California. A key to the world species of Masona is presented, together with a discussion of the morphology of the genus and an annotated catalogue of the species. [Masona] timpaynei Quicke, 2019, is excluded from Braconidae and placed as incertae sedis in the Ichneumonidae, subfamily Neorhacodinae.
The genus Armillipora Quate is recorded for the first time in Ecuador, with a new geographical record for Armillipora selvica Quate, 1996 and the descriptions of two new species, namely Armillipora muyu sp. nov. and Armillipora imitata sp. nov., doubling the total number of species in the genus. In addition, we make available the first DNA barcodes for the genus, providing a sequence of the 5´-end of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene for A. imitata, A. muyu, and, A. selvica. Moreover, we describe the second known female of the genus and we provide a taxonomical key for the known males of the world. Finally, we build Species Distribution Models and discuss the potential distribution of the genus in the Neotropical region.
Sipuncula are marine unsegmented worms that can be found in benthic habitats, from shallow to deep-sea waters. In Mexico these worms have been scarcely studied. Among nine studies in the entire Mexican Pacific coasts, seven are from the central and northwestern Mexican Pacific. For over 80 years, only 24 species have been recorded. To improve the knowledge of the sipunculans from the central and northwestern Mexican Pacific, 501 specimens from three scientific collections of Mexico were revised. The specimens were collected by diverse methods from intertidal, subtidal, and bathyal depths (~1000 m), from 27 locations along the central and northwestern Mexican Pacific. Sixteen taxa belonging to nine genera and five families were identified. One species is recorded for the first time in the Mexican Pacific and five new species are described, one from intertidal and shallow subtidal depths: Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) azteca sp. nov.; two from subtidal depths: Phascolion (Lesenka) salgadoi sp. nov. and Sipunculus (Sipunculus) bastidai sp. nov.; and two from bathyal depths: Apionsoma (Apionsoma) silviae sp. nov. and Apionsoma (Edmondsius) hendrickxi sp. nov.
Sarinda sombraluminosa Hagopián, Laborda & Simó sp. nov. and Sarinda contraluz Hagopián & Bustamante sp. nov. are described from Uruguay based on males and females. New records of Parafluda banksi Chickering, 1946 and Sarinda marcosi Piza, 1937 for the country are provided. Illustrations and electron micrographs of sexual characters, photographs of alive specimens, natural history data and a distribution map of species of Sarandini from Uruguay are provided.
Twenty-one species of the genus Lecithocera Herrich-Schäffer, 1853 from China are described as new: L. angustifolia sp. nov., L. asticta sp. nov., L. balteiformis sp. nov., L. bicornuta sp. nov., L. bigeminata sp. nov., L. duplicispinea sp. nov., L. flavalba sp. nov., L. flavistriata sp. nov., L. furvibasis sp. nov., L. laticuculla sp. nov., L. ligulacea sp. nov., L. margirecta sp. nov., L. medogensis sp. nov., L. nullisigna sp. nov., L. parviflava sp. nov., L. parvispinea sp. nov., L. serratiloba sp. nov., L. sichuanensis sp. nov., L. tenuextrema sp. nov., L. tumicuculla sp. nov. and L. yunnanensis sp. nov. Seven species are newly recorded for China: L. alpestra Park, 2005, L. alpina Park, 2016, L. chersitis Meyrick, 1918, L. haviensis Park, 2016, L. neosticta Meyrick, 1918, L. orbiculata Park, 2010 and L. rubigona Park, 2006. The females of four species are described for the first time: L. alpina, L. haviensis, L. neosticta and L. orbiculata. Six new combinations are proposed: Lecithocera platomona (Wu, 1997) comb. nov. and L. stimulata (Wu, 1994) comb. nov. transferred from the genus Quassitagma; L. frisilina (Gozmány, 1978) comb. nov. transferred from the genus Recontracta; L. baliocata (Wu, 1994) comb. nov., L. sarmenta (Wu, 1994) comb. nov. and L. stictata (Wu, 1994) comb. nov. transferred from the genus Galoxestis. Images of adults and genitalia for all treated species are given, along with a checklist of all Chinese species of Lecithocera.
Oceanic islands harbor a unique and distinct fauna and flora, usually isolated by distance and the deep sea, making them fascinating environments to study. Despite their importance, taxonomic accounts from Brazilian oceanic islands have only recently begun to focus on important groups such as the Syllidae family. In this article, we present detailed descriptions and illustrations of two new species, Brevicirrosyllis paulolanai sp. nov. from Trindade Islands, and Westheidesyllis splendida sp. nov. from Rocas Atoll. These two species belong to genera currently of uncertain affinities within the family, in both cases previously included in the Eusyllinae subfamily. Moreover, we provide updated identification keys for both genera to facilitate their future identification.
The erasipterid Sinoerasipteron xiaheyanensis Nel & Huang gen. et sp. nov. from the Moscovian Tupo Formation in Xiaheyan locality (China), is described and illustrated. It is the sixth species of the odonatopteran griffenflies from this locality. This new discovery confirms the high diversity of these flying predators in the insect assemblage.
Five new and four known species of the genus Dorylaimellus Cobb, 1913 are described and illustrated from the Western Ghats of India. Dorylaimellus attenuatus sp. nov. has a 0.73–0.84 mm long body; lip region rounded, offset; odontostyle attenuated with indistinct lumen, odontophore 9–10 µm long; expanded part of pharynx 39–48% of neck length; female genital system amphidelphic and tail long filiform. Dorylaimellus cylindricaudatus sp. nov. has a 1.0–1.15 mm long body; lip region rounded, offset; odontostyle 4 µm long, odontophore 11–12 µm long; expanded part of pharynx 47–56% of neck length; female genital system amphidelphic, and tail elongate-cylindrical with rounded terminus. Dorylaimellus karnatakensis sp. nov. has a 1.2–1.3 mm long body; lip region rounded, offset; odontostyle 5 µm long, odontophore 12–13 µm long; expanded part of pharynx 45–53% of neck length; female genital system amphidelphic; spicules 22 µm long, ventromedian supplements four, and tail elongate-conoid dorsally convex. Dorylaimellus kasplateauensis sp. nov. has a 0.68–0.83 mm long body, lip region with a weak perioral disc; odontostyle 6–7 µm long, odontophore 11–14 µm long; expanded part of pharynx 38–43% of neck length; female genital system amphidelphic, and tail elongate arcuate conoid. Dorylaimellus tropicus sp. nov. has a 0.6–0.7 mm long body; lip region rounded, offset; odontostyle 4–5 µm long, odontophore 8–10 µm long; hemizonid present; expanded part of pharynx 43–52% of neck length; female genital system amphidelphic and tail elongate-filiform, sudden tapering, ending with rounded tip. Dorylaimellus andrassyi, D. discocephalus, D. belondirelloides, D. chakpilus are redescribed based on the specimens collected from several localities of the Western Ghats.
Six new species of the genus Rhaphidophora Serville, 1838 are described from China: R. hexagoniproctalis Wang, Di & He sp. nov., R. heterodentis Shen, Wang & He sp. nov., R. imbricofurca Shen, Wang & He sp. nov., R. glenoides Qin, Wang & He sp. nov., R. impressa Wang, Qin & He sp. nov., R. stenoterminata Zhang, Wang & He sp. nov. A key with previously described species from China is provided.
Highlights
• Three ecological groups were identified based on distributional patterns.
• Old assessments were confirmed with the latest occurrence data.
• For each group, we derived different population trends in times of global change.
• Global change elevates importance of vector-borne diseases.
• Our results serve as base for effective Simuliidae monitoring.
Abstract
The black fly genus Simulium includes medically and ecologically important species, characterized by a wide variation of ecological niches largely determining their distributional patterns. In a rapidly changing environment, species-specific niche characteristics determine whether a species benefits or not. With aquatic egg, larval and pupal stages followed by a terrestrial adult phase, their spatial arrangements depend upon the interplay of aquatic conditions and climatic-landscape parameters in the terrestrial realm. The aim of this study was to enhance the understanding of the distributional patterns among Simulium species and their ecological drivers. In an ecological niche modelling approach, we focused on 12 common black fly species with different ecological requirements. Our modelling was based on available distribution data along with five stream variables describing the climatic, land-cover, and topographic conditions of river catchments. The modelled freshwater habitat suitability was spatially interpolated to derive an estimate of the adult black flies' probability of occurrence. Based on similarities in the spatial patterns of modelled habitat suitability we were able to identify three biogeographical groups, which allows us to confirm old assessments with current occurrence data: (A) montane species, (B) broad range species and (C) lowland species. The five veterinary and human medical relevant species Simulium equinum, S. erythrocephalum, S. lineatum, S. ornatum and S. reptans are mainly classified in the lowland species group. In the course of climatic changes, it is expected that biocoenosis will slightly shift towards upstream regions, so that the lowland group will presumably emerge as the winner. This is mainly explained by wider ecological niches, including a higher temperature tolerance and tolerance to various pollutants. In conclusion, these findings have significant implications for human and animal health. As exposure to relevant Simulium species increases, it becomes imperative to remain vigilant, particularly in investigating the potential transmission of pathogens.
The genus Cerabilia Laporte de Castelnau (Carabidae: Abacetini) is revised for New Zealand. Thirteen species are recognized.
Seven species are described as new: Cerabilia (Cerabilia) cordata Larochelle and Larivière new species, Cerabilia (Cerabilia) kaihoka Larochelle and Larivière new species, Cerabilia (Cerabilia) laevis Larochelle and Larivière new species, Cerabilia (Cerabilia) motunau Larochelle and Larivière new species, Cerabilia (Cerabilia) rugosa Larochelle and Larivière new species, Cerabilia (Cerabilia) takaka Larochelle and Larivière new species, Cerabilia (Cerabilia) willi Larochelle and Larivière new species.
A lectotype is designated for Zabronothus striatulus Broun, 1893.
A revision of all species of Cerabilia (Cerabilia) is provided. Descriptions, an identification key, illustrations of male genitalia, habitus photos, distributional data, and maps are given. Information on ecology, biology, dispersal power, and collecting techniques is included for each species.
ZooBank registration. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7E3F093D-A5EA-4912-8B30-8380A6F2D890