590 Tiere (Zoologie)
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A new species of Culcua Walker (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), C. lingafelteri Woodley, new species, is described from northern Vietnam. It is diagnosed relative to other species using the recent revision of the genus by Rozkošný and Kozánek (2007). This is the first species of Culcua reported from Vietnam.
The genus Haroldiataenius Chalumeau, 1981 (Aphodiinae: Eupariini) from southern United States, Mexico, and Central America is revised and nine species are recognized. The subgeneric name Sayloria Chalumeau, 1981 is synonymized with Haroldiataenius (sensu stricto) and Ataenius sabinoi Cartwright, 1974 is synonymized with A. lucanus Horn, 1871. Five species are transferred to Haroldiataenius from the genus Ataenius Harold creating the following new combinations: H. convexus (Robinson), H. griffini (Cartwright), H. lucanus (Horn), H. saramari (Cartwright), and H. semipilosus (Van Dyke). One new species,Haroldiataenius buvexus is described from Texas, USA. A key to species of Haroldiataenius is included and pertinent morphological details are illustrated.
The New World euparine scarab genera Parataenius Balthasar, 1961 and Pseudataenius Brown, 1927 are revised. Ataenius brunneus Schmidt is transferred to the genus Parataenius becoming Parataenius brunneus (Schmidt), new combination. The monospecific genus Ataenioides Petrovitz, 1973, is synonymized with Pseudataenius Brown, 1927, (new synonymy) and the type species, Ataenioides gracilitarsis Petrovitz, is given the new combination Pseudataenius gracilitarsis (Petrovitz). New species of Parataenius are described from southern South America: Parataenius selvae, P. estero, and P. martinezi. Keys for species of both genera are presented and pertinent morphological details are illustrated.
The present work deals with the problem of the essential factor regulating the wing-stroke frequency in some insects in wing mutilation and loading experiments and in subatmospheric air pressure experiments. The diverse opinions concerning this factor, appearing in the literature, are reviewed. As appears in this review, one of two factors, the inertia of the wings or the resistance of the gas medium, is claimed to be the main regulator of the wingstroke frequency. Therefore two series of experiments have been performed. In the first series the correlation between the moment oi inertia of the wings and the wing-stroke frequency is examined. The wings are mutilated by cutting them transversely, longitudinally or obliquely or loaded with a drop of collodion. It is found that (1) the wing-stroke frequency is proportional to the -0.35th power of the moment of inertia of the wings, that (2) this applies to both mutilation and loading experiments, that (3) it makes no difference whether the procedures are equal or unequal on both sides or only one-sided, and that (4) the frequency tends not to rise above a certain lirnit in mutilation experiments. In the second series of experiments the correlation between the pressure of the gas medium and the wing-stroke frequency is examined. It is found that the effect of pressure varies greatly in different insects and may even be totally absent. The wing-stroke frequency is proportional to (pressure) exp 0 to (pressure) exp -0.25. The degree of the effect is found to depend on the size and the wing-stroke frequency of the insect; the effect is absent in big insects with a medium or high frequency, and more or less present in insects with a small size or with a low frequency. The results are discussed. A theory is constructed using well established physical concepts by considering the wings as acting simultaneously as bodies performing simple harmonic rotary motion and as paddles working against the air. It is assumed that the kinetic energy is destroyed after each single stroke. By making this assumption, the frequency in the energy equation is found to be, within a constant rate of energy output, proportional to the -0.33rd power of the moment of inertia of the wings, and thus agrees very well with the correlation between these factors found experimentally. Further it is found that the aerodynamic work of the wings is in most cases very much smaller than the work done in overcoming the effect of the inertia of the wings. It is negligible in big insects with, a medium or high frequency, but more or less significant in insects with a small size or a low frequency. The magnitude of this effect thus depends, in theory, on the size and the wing-stroke frequency, which entirely agrees with the effect of atmospheric pressure found experirnentally. The inferences drawn from this theory show that (1) the energy economy in a big insect is very wasteful, that (2) the rate of energy output is not greatly varied, that (3) it is profitable for the insect to vary the aerodynamic work of the wings by altering the amplitude rather than the frequency of the stroke, that (4) the distribution of energy in flight is delicately balanced, and that (5) the frequency must be low and the amplitude large in insects of great size and weight, and that a very high frequency and a small amplitude can be afforded only by small insects. Many such observations as have been made in nature agree with these inferences. Furthermore, (6) attempts are made to calculate the muscle efficiency in some insects on the basis of the theory. In Appendix I, the technique used to check and eliminate some sources of error in the methods is described, in Appendix II, an application of tlie theory to derive a law between the wing-stroke frequency and the morphological properties of insects is attempted, and in Appendix III, some laws relating different morphological properties of the wings of insects are described.
Classificatory changes are made for some taxa of New World Melolonthinae based on the examination of specimens (including type specimens) and a reevaluation of some of the characters used to justify previous classification decisions. Blepharotoma angustata (Blanchard) (new combination) is transferred from the genus Aplodema Blanchard. The Neotropical members of the genus Heteronyx Guérin-Méneville are transferred to the genus Blepharotoma resulting in the following new combinations: Blepharotoma boliviana (Moser), Blepharotoma corumbana (Moser), Blepharotoma cuyabana (Moser), Blepharotoma heynei (Moser), and Blepharotoma schencklingi (Moser). The genus Blepharotoma is transferred from the tribe Liparetrini to the tribe Sericoidini. The genus Aplodema and the junior synonym Haplodema Harold are transferred from the tribe Liparetrini to the tribe Sericoidini and synonymized with the genus Sericoides Guérin-Méneville. Sericoides magellanica (Blanchard) (new combination) is transferred from the genus Aplodema and placed as a senior synonym of Apterodema acuticollis Fairmaire (new synonymy). Ampliodactylus (new genus) is described for two southern South American species: Ampliodactylus marmoratus (Curtis) (new combination) and Ampliodactylus vestitus (Philippi) (new combination). The genus Chremastodus Solier is placed in synonymy with the genus Macrodactylus Dejean (Macrodactylini) and Chremastodus pubescens Solier is placed as a junior synonym of Macrodactylus chilensis Solier (new synonymy). Macrodactylus crassipes Philippi and Macrodactylus nigrinus Philippi are placed as junior synonyms of Macrodactylus farinosus Philippi (new synonymies). The genus Astaenosiagum Martínez is placed in synonymy with the genus Pristerophora Harold (Macrodactylini). Pristerophora longipes (Philippi) (new combination) is transferred from the genus Astaenosiagum and Schizochelus ursulus Philippi is placed as a junior synonym of this species (new synonymy). Pristerophora paulseni (new species) is described. Pristerophora picipennis (Solier) is placed as a senior synonym of Schizochelus breviventris Philippi (new synonymy) and Schizochelus serratus Philippi (new synonymy). Pusiodactylus (new genus) is described for two southern South American species: Pusiodactylus mondacai (new species) and Pusiodactylus flavipennis (Philippi) (new combination). The genus Paulosawaya Martínez and D'Andretta is placed in synonymy with the genus Clavipalpus Laporte (Macrodactylini) resulting in the new combination Clavipalpus ornatissima (Martínez and D'Andretta). The following replacement names are proposed for three junior secondary homonyms the genus Plectris LePeletier and Serville: Plectris evansi (new name) for Plectris cinerascens Moser (junior secondary homonym of Plectris cinerascens (Blanchard)), Plectris katovichi (new name) for Plectris bonariensis Frey (junior secondary homonym of Plectris bonariensis (Bruch)), and Plectris tacoma (new name) for Plectris comata (Blanchard) (junior secondary homonym of Plectris comata (Blanchard)).