610 Medizin und Gesundheit
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Background: The fascia has been demonstrated to represent a potential force transmitter intimately connected to the underlying skeletal muscle. Sports-related soft tissue strains may therefore result in damage to both structures.
Purpose: To elucidate the prevalence of connective tissue lesions in muscle strain injury and their potential impact on return-to-play (RTP) duration.
Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3.
Methods: Imaging studies describing frequency, location, and extent of soft tissue lesions in lower limb muscle strain injuries were identified by 2 independent investigators. Weighted proportions (random effects) were pooled for the occurrence of (1) myofascial or fascial lesions, (2) myotendinous lesions, and (3) purely muscular lesions. Study quality was evaluated by means of an adapted Downs and Black checklist, which evaluates reporting, risk of bias, and external validity.
Results: A total of 16 studies (fair to good methodological quality) were identified. Prevalence of strain injury on imaging studies was 32.1% (95% CI, 24.2%-40.4%) for myofascial lesions, 68.4% (95% CI, 59.6%-76.6%) for myotendinous lesions, and 12.7% (95% CI, 3.0%-27.7%) for isolated muscular lesions. Evidence regarding associations between fascial damage and RTP duration was mixed.
Conclusion: Lesions of the collagenous connective tissue, namely the fascia and the tendinous junction, are highly prevalent in athletic muscle strain injuries. However, at present, their impact on RTP duration is unclear and requires further investigation.
Perceptual-cognitive function and unplanned athletic movement task performance: a systematic review
(2020)
The performance of choice-reaction tasks during athletic movement has been demonstrated to evoke unfavorable biomechanics in the lower limb. However, the mechanism of this observation is unknown. We conducted a systematic review examining the association between (1) the biomechanical and functional safety of unplanned sports-related movements (e.g., jumps/runs with a spontaneously indicated landing leg/cutting direction) and (2) markers of perceptual–cognitive function (PCF). A literature search in three databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar) identified five relevant articles. The study quality, rated by means of a modified Downs and Black checklist, was moderate to high (average: 13/16 points). Four of five papers, in at least one parameter, found either an association of PCF with task safety or significantly reduced task safety in low vs. high PCF performers. However, as (a) the outcomes, populations and statistical methods of the included trials were highly heterogeneous and (b) only two out of five studies had an adequate control condition (pre-planned movement task), the evidence was classified as conflicting. In summary, PCF may represent a factor affecting injury risk and performance during unplanned sports-related movements, but future research strengthening the evidence for this association is warranted.
Experiments in cadavers have demonstrated significant mechanical interactions between constituents of myofascial chains. However, evidence for such force transmission effects is scarce under in vivo conditions. The purpose of this trial was to examine the impact of ankle motion on soft tissue displacement of the dorsal thigh. Eleven healthy active individuals (26.8 ± 4.3 years, six males), in prone position and with the knee extended, underwent passive calf stretches (ankle dorsal extension) imposed by an isokinetic dynamometer. High-resolution ultrasound was used to simultaneously capture the displacement of the semimembranosus muscle, which was quantified by means of cross-correlation analysis. Inactivity of the leg muscles was controlled using surface electromyography (EMG). One participant had to be excluded due to major EMG activity during the experiment. According to a one-sample t test testing the difference to the neutral zero position, ankle dorsal extension induced substantial caudal muscle displacements (5.76 ± 2.67 mm, p < 0.0001). Correlation analysis (Spearman), furthermore, revealed a strong association between maximal dorsal extension and semimembranosus motion (rho = 0.76, p = 0.02). In conclusion, the present trial provides initial in vivo evidence for a mechanical force transmission between serially connected skeletal muscles. This means that local alterations of the mechanical tissue properties may modify flexibility in neighboring (superior or inferior) joints.
Highlights
• Investigation of how the peripheral muscle system responds to imagination in interaction with proprioceptive information.
• Motor imagery altered time to contraction but not velocity and maximal displacement of the muscle belly.
• Findings indicate that MI might impact on the initiation of contraction.
Abstract
Many studies have investigated the activation of cortical areas and corticospinal excitability during motor imagery (MI) in relation to motor execution. Similar activation of cortical areas during imagined and executed bodily movements and increased corticospinal excitability while imagining movements has been demonstrated. Despite these similarities on the central nervous system level, there is no overt movement during MI. This suggests that centrally generated signals must be inhibited at some level. Second, even in the absence of movement, some studies find behavioral effects of MI interventions. Most of the studies have investigated the role of MI on the cortical or spinal level, but less is known about the peripheral level, such as the muscle system. Testing muscular excitability during MI will give further hints whether and how low-threshold motor commands during MI reach the muscular system. Furthermore, the extent of the shown effects during imagery depends considerably on type of imagery, available proprioceptive information, and imagery ability. Therefore, this study investigates muscular excitability of the biceps brachii muscle manipulating imagery mode (MI vs. visual imagery) and proprioceptive information (with or without muscle effort). 40 participants were included in the analysis. The mechanical response of the muscle after a single electrical stimulus was assessed via tensiomyography. The corresponding variables maximal displacement, delay time, and contraction velocity were used to calculate 2 × 2 ANOVAs with repeated measurements. The absence of interaction effects shows that possible imagery effects on the muscle system are not increased by effort. MI altered time to contraction with lower delay time compared to control condition. Velocity and maximal displacement of the muscle belly during contraction did not differ between imagery conditions. This indicates that MI might impact on the initiation of muscle contraction but does not change the contraction itself. Thus, neuronal factors are moving further into focus in the context of MI research.
Erkrankungs- und transplantationsassoziierte Nebenwirkungen (z.B. Mukositis, Neutropenie) und Komplikationen (z.B. Infektionen, Abstoßung) führen zu einem radikalen Rückgang der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit während der Hämatopoetischen Stammzelltransplantation (HSZT). Ein Großteil der Patienten leidet vor Beginn der Transplantation bereits an ausgeprägten muskulären sowie kardiopulmonalen Defiziten. Randomisiert-kontrollierte Interventionsstudien mit Erwachsenen weisen auf positive multidimensionale Effekte einer Bewegungstherapie vor, während und nach der Transplantation hin. Wiskemann et al. [2013] identifizierten zudem das Fitnesslevel zu Transplantationsbeginn als relevanten Prädiktor für trainingsinduzierte Adaptionen. Im klinischen Sektor der pädiatrischen HSZT wird der wissenschaftliche Forschungsstand im als unzureichend eingestuft. Neben der Evaluation der Wirksamkeit pädiatrischer Bewegungsprogramme besteht dringender Bedarf zur Identifikation geeigneter Trainingsmethoden. Auf Basis dessen evaluierte die vorliegende Arbeit als Primärziel den Einfluss der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit zu Transplantationsbeginn auf die Effekte einer Sporttherapie während pädiatrischer HSZT. Darüber hinaus erfolgte eine Überprüfung der Machbarkeit des Interventionskonzeptes und eine explorative Analyse der sportlichen Belastbarkeit während der stationären Behandlung.
In dieser Subanalyse der BISON-Studie (RCT, n=70) wurden 53 hämato-onkologisch erkrankte Kinder und Jugendliche (35 m 18 w, 10.9±3.5 Jahre) mit Indikation zur HSZT computergestützt in eine Interventions- (IG) oder bewegungsarme Kontrollgruppe (KG) randomisiert. Im Rahmen der Transplantation führte die IG eine Sporttherapie, bestehend aus einem täglichen Ausdauer-, Kraft- und Beweglichkeitstraining (täglich, 30–60min), die KG ein Konzentrations- und Entspannungstraining von gleichem Umfang durch. Die individualisierten Trainingseinheiten fanden supervidiert statt und wurden von den behandelnden Sporttherapeuten dokumentiert. Zur Evaluation der Therapieeffekte erfasste ein 6-Minuten Gehtest (6MWT) die Ausdauerleistungsfähigkeit im Eingangs- und Retest (T1 Aufnahme, T2 Entlassung). Im Sinne der primären Zielsetzung erfolgte für die Auswertung eine retrospektive Dichotomisierung beider Studiengruppen anhand der referenzwertbezogenen Baslinewerte (cut off: 80 % 6MWDREFT1). Gruppenunterschiede (IGUNFIT n=14, IGFIT n=12, KGUNFIT n=16, KGFIT n=11) der relativen Veränderung im pre-post Design wurden mittels Kruskal-Wallis mit post-hoc-Test analysiert. Die Machbarkeit des sporttherapeutischen Interventionskonzeptes wurde anhand von neun Outcomeparametern (Bedarf, Akzeptanz, Durchführbarkeit, Adhärenz, Toleranz, Verträglichkeit, Sicherheit, Medizinische Barrieren, Non-Compliance) bewertet.
Vor Transplantation legten die Kinder und Jugendlichen im 6MWT ohne Auftreten unerwünschter Ereignisse durchschnittlich 470.9±79.1 m bzw. referenzwertbezogen 76±12% zurück. Die nichtparametrische Testung ergab für das Gesamtkollektiv bereits vor Beginn der Behandlung signifikante Einbußen der Gehstrecke im Vergleich zu den Normwerten gesunder Gleichaltriger (p<.001).
Insgesamt 25 Kinder und Jugendliche der IG (74%) trainierten über den stationären Verlauf kontinuierlich 2–4x pro Woche (50.3±6.3 min/TE) mit einem subjektiven Anstrengungsempfinden (RPE) von 11 bis 16. Die Adhärenzrate lag in der Untersuchung bei 94 (64–100)%. Das Training beinhaltete ein Ausdauertraining auf dem Fahrradergometer, als Aerobic-Einheit oder in spielerischer Form (2.5±0.9x/wk, 20.9±5.1 min/TE, 70.7±6.5% der HFmax), ein kleingerätegestütztes Krafttraining (2.4±0.6x/wk, 3.7±0.7 Übungen, 1.9±0.3 Serien, 10.4±1.1 Wiederholungen) und Stretchingübungen (2.3 ±0.7x/wk, 75% aktiv, 25% passiv). In insgesamt 13 von 410 Therapieeinheiten musste aufgrund von Gegenanzeigen abgebrochen werden.
Beim Vergleich der Trainingseffekte zeigte sich, dass die IGFIT ihre Ausdauerleistung im Rahmen der Transplantation um +0.7% steigerte, während die IGUNFIT eine Verbesserung um +7.7% aufwies (p>.05). In Bezug auf die relative Veränderung konnten ausschließlich signifikante Unterschiede zwischen der IGUNFIT und der KGUNFIT (-13.7%, p<.05) bzw. KGFIT (-15.9%, p>.05) erhoben werden. Bei Entlassung absolvierte die Gruppe IGFIT weiterhin 85.5±10.3% der referenzwertbezogenen Gehstrecke und differierte diesbezüglich bei Entlassung signifikant zu den beiden initial leistungsreduzierten Gruppen (KGUNFIT p<.001, IGUNFIT p<.01).
Negative Auswirkungen der Grunderkrankung und hämato-onkologischer Vorbehandlungen führen auch bei der Mehrheit betroffener Kinder und Jugendlicher bereits vor der Transplantation zu einer defizitären Leistungsfähigkeit im Vergleich zu Gesunden. Vor dem Hintergrund einer progressiven transplantationsinduzierten Dekonditionierung zeigt sich eine supportive Sporttherapie während pädiatrischer HSZT von moderater und hoher Intensität als sicher, machbar sowie effizient. Das konstante Training sowie die hohe Compliance erfordern ein tägliches, flexibles und kreatives Angebot unter fachtherapeutischer Anleitung und Betreuung. Alle Patienten können über den gesamten Verlauf der Transplantation ca. 3x pro Woche zwischen 40–60 min trainieren. Wie bei Gesunden könnten insbesondere initial leistungslimitierte Kinder und Jugendliche sowie Patienten mit schweren Nebenwirkungen von einer supportiven Bewegungsförderung profitieren. Unter Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisse lässt sich außerdem ableiten, dass ein optimaler Versorgungsansatz für die pädiatrische HSZT zusätzlich ein bewegungstherapeutisches Aufbautraining vor Transplantation vorsieht.
Background: Physical activity and sleep quality are both major factors for improving one's health. Knowledge on the interactions of sleep quality and the amount of physical activity may be helpful for implementing multimodal health interventions in older adults. Methods: This preliminary cross-sectional study is based on 64 participants [82.1 ± 6.4 years (MD ± SD); 22 male: 42 female]. The amount of physical activity was assessed by means of an accelerometer (MyWellness Key). Self-reported sleep parameters were obtained using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The Barthel Index was used for physical disability rating. Bivariate correlations (Spearman's Rho) were used to explore relationships between the amount of physical activity and sleep quality. To analyse differences between categorial subgroups univariate ANOVAs were applied; in cases of significance, these were followed by Tukey-HSD post-hoc analyses. Results: No linear association between physical activity and sleep quality was found (r = 0.119; p > 0.05). In subgroup analyses (n = 41, Barthel Index ≥90 pts, free of pre-existing conditions), physical activity levels differed significantly between groups of different sleep duration (≥7 h; ≥6 to <7 h; ≥5 to <6 h; <5h; p = 0.037). Conclusion: There is no general association between higher activity levels and better sleep quality in the investigated cohort. However, a sleep duration of ≥5 to <6 h, corresponding to 7.6 h bed rest time, was associated with a higher level of physical activity.
Background: Individuals afflicted with nonspecific chronic low back pain (CLBP) exhibit altered fundamental movement patterns. However, there is a lack of validated analysis tools. The present study aimed to elucidate the measurement properties of a functional movement analysis (FMA) in patients with CLBP.
Methods: In this validation (cross-sectional) study, patients with CLPB completed the FMA. The FMA consists of 11 standardised motor tasks mimicking activities of daily living. Four investigators (two experts and two novices) evaluated each item using an ordinal scale (0–5 points, one live and three video ratings). Interrater reliability was computed for the total score (maximum 55 points) using intra class correlation and for the individual items using Cohen’s weighted Kappa and free-marginal Kappa. Validity was estimated by calculating Spearman’s Rho correlations to compare the results of the movement analysis and the participants’ self-reported disability, and fear of movement.
Results: Twenty-one participants (12 females, 9 males; 42.7 ± 14.3 years) were included. The reliability analysis for the sum score yielded ICC values between .92 and.94 (p < .05). The classification of individual scores are categorised "slight" to "almost perfect" agreement (.10–.91). No significant associations between disability or fear of movement with the overall score were found (p > .05). The study population showed comparably low pain levels, low scores of kinesiophobia and disability.
Conclusion: The functional movement analysis displays excellent reliability for both, live and video rating. Due to the low levels of disability and pain in the present sample, further research is necessary to conclusively judge validity.
Background: The vascular effects of training under blood flow restriction (BFR) in healthy persons can serve as a model for the exercise mechanism in lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) patients. Both mechanisms are, inter alia, characterized by lower blood flow in the lower limbs. We aimed to describe and compare the underlying mechanism of exercise-induced effects of disease- and external application-BFR methods. Methods: We completed a narrative focus review after systematic literature research. We included only studies on healthy participants or those with LEAD. Both male and female adults were considered eligible. The target intervention was exercise with a reduced blood flow due to disease or external application. Results: We identified 416 publications. After the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 39 manuscripts were included in the vascular adaption part. Major mechanisms involving exercise-mediated benefits in treating LEAD included: inflammatory processes suppression, proinflammatory immune cells, improvement of endothelial function, remodeling of skeletal muscle, and additional vascularization (arteriogenesis). Mechanisms resulting from external BFR application included: increased release of anabolic growth factors, stimulated muscle protein synthesis, higher concentrations of heat shock proteins and nitric oxide synthase, lower levels in myostatin, and stimulation of S6K1. Conclusions: A main difference between the two comparators is the venous blood return, which is restricted in BFR but not in LEAD. Major similarities include the overall ischemic situation, the changes in microRNA (miRNA) expression, and the increased production of NOS with their associated arteriogenesis after training with BFR.
Background: The effects of blood flow restriction (training) may serve as a model of peripheral artery disease. In both conditions, circulating micro RNAs (miRNAs) are suggested to play a crucial role during exercise-induced arteriogenesis. We aimed to determine whether the profile of circulating miRNAs is altered after acute resistance training during blood flow restriction (BFR) as compared with unrestricted low- and high-volume training, and we hypothesized that miRNA that are relevant for arteriogenesis are affected after resistance training.
Methods: Eighteen healthy volunteers (aged 25 ± 2 years) were enrolled in this three-arm, randomized-balanced crossover study. The arms were single bouts of leg flexion/extension resistance training at (1) 70% of the individual single-repetition maximum (1RM), (2) at 30% of the 1RM, and (3) at 30% of the 1RM with BFR (artificially applied by a cuff at 300 mm Hg). Before the first exercise intervention, the individual 1RM (N) and the blood flow velocity (m/s) used to validate the BFR application were determined. During each training intervention, load-associated outcomes (fatigue, heart rate, and exhaustion) were monitored. Acute effects (circulating miRNAs, lactate) were determined using pre-and post-intervention measurements.
Results: All training interventions increased lactate concentration and heart rate (p < 0.001). The high-intensity intervention (HI) resulted in a higher lactate concentration than both lower-intensity training protocols with BFR (LI-BFR) and without (LI) (LI, p = 0.003; 30% LI-BFR, p = 0.008). The level of miR-143-3p was down-regulated by LI-BFR, and miR-139-5p, miR-143-3p, miR-195-5p, miR-197-3p, miR-30a-5p, and miR-10b-5p were up-regulated after HI. The lactate concentration and miR-143-3p expression showed a significant positive linear correlation (p = 0.009, r = 0.52). A partial correlation (intervention partialized) showed a systematic impact of the type of training (LI-BFR vs. HI) on the association (r = 0.35 remaining after partialization of training type).
Conclusions: The strong effects of LI-BFR and HI on lactate- and arteriogenesis-associated miRNA-143-3p in young and healthy athletes are consistent with an important role of this particular miRNA in metabolic processes during (here) artificial blood flow restriction. BFR may be able to mimic the occlusion of a larger artery which leads to increased collateral flow, and it may therefore serve as an external stimulus of arteriogenesis.
Background: Immigration has a strong impact on the development of health systems, medicine and science worldwide. Therefore, this article provides a descriptive study on the overall research output.
Methods: Utilizing the scientific database Web of Science, data research was performed. The gathered bibliometric data was analyzed using the established platform NewQIS, a benchmarking system to visualize research quantity and quality indices.
Findings: Between 1900 and 2016 a total of 6763 articles on immigration were retrieved and analyzed. 86 different countries participated in the publications. Quantitatively the United States followed by Canada and Spain were prominent regarding the article numbers. On comparing by additionally taking the population size into account, Israel followed by Sweden and Norway showed the highest performance. The main releasing journals are the Public Health Reports, the Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health and Social Science & Medicine. Over the decades, an increasing number of Public, Environmental & Occupational Health articles can be recognized which finally forms the mainly used subject area.
Conclusion: Considerably increasing scientific work on immigration cannot only be explained by the general increase of scientific work but is also owed to the latest development with increased mobility, worldwide crises and the need of flight and migration. Especially countries with a good economic situation are highly affected by immigrants and prominent in their publication output on immigration, since the countries’ publication effort is connected with the appointed expenditures for research and development. Remarkable numbers of immigrants throughout Europe compel medical professionals to consider neglected diseases, requires the public health system to restructure itself and finally promotes science.
This case study evaluated the response of objective and subjective markers of overreaching to a highly demanding conditioning training mesocycle in elite tennis players to determine 1) whether players would become functionally or non-functionally overreached, and 2) to explore how coherently overreaching markers would respond. Performance, laboratory and cardiac autonomous activity markers were evaluated in three experienced male tennis professionals competing at top 30, top 100 and top 1000 level before and after their strength and conditioning training was increased by 120, 160 and 180%, respectively, for 30 days. Every week, subjective ratings of stress and recovery were evaluated by means of a questionnaire. After 74, 76 and 55 h of training, increases in V̇O2max (+8, +5 and +18%) and speed strength indices (+9, +23 and +5%) were observed in all players. Changes of maximal heart rate (-5, -6, +4 beats per minute), laboratory markers (e.g. insulin-like growth factor -26, -17, -9%; free testosterone to cortisol ratio -63, +2, -12%) and cardiac autonomous activity markers (heart rate variability -49, -64, -13%) were variable among the players. Improved performance provides evidence that overreaching was functional in all players. However, several overreaching markers were altered and these alterations were more pronounced in the two top 100 players. The response of overreaching indicators was not coherent.
Der Mensch ist dazu geschaffen, sich zu bewegen. Tut er es nicht, beispielsweise weil seine Arbeit ihn vor den Computerbildschirm zwingt und er seiner Nahrung nicht mehr hinterherjagen muss, wird er krank. So betrifft der "Altersdiabetes" inzwischen immer mehr Kinder und Jugendliche. Bei erwachsenen Männern, und zunehmend auch bei Frauen, führt die Kombination von Stress und Bewegungsarmut häufig zu Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen. Frauen sind vor allem nach den Wechseljahren durch Osteoporose, Gebärmutterhals- und Brustkrebs bedroht. Erstmals sterben weltweit mehr Menschen an nicht übertragbaren Erkrankungen als an Infektionserkrankungen. Aber es gibt auch eine gute Nachricht: Regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität kann diesen chronischen Erkrankungen vorbeugen und spielt bei ihrer Therapie eine bedeutsame Rolle.
We are pleased to introduce the sixth Journal Club. This edition is focused on several relevant studies published in the last years in the field of Strength and Conditioning, chosen by our Editorial Board members and their colleagues. We hope to stimulate your curiosity in this field and to share with you the passion for sport and exercise seen from a scientific point of view. The Editorial Board members wish you an inspiring read.
Die hämatopoetische Stammzelltransplantation (HSZT) stellt für zahlreiche Erkrankungen die einzige Chance auf Heilung dar. Gleichzeitig ist dieses Therapieverfahren mit einer hohen Morbidität und Mortalität verbunden, welche auf diverse akute Nebenwirkungen aber auch langfristige Komplikationen zurückzuführen ist. Unter anderem wurden vielfältige Funktionsbeeinträchtigungen erfasst, welche in einer gravierenden körperlichen Dekonditionierung sowie einem erhöhtem Risiko für kardiovaskuläre Folgeerkrankungen münden können. Sport- und Bewegungstherapie konnte sich in diesem Rahmen als Supportivmaßnahme vor allem bei erwachsenen Krebspatienten etablieren. Die Studienlage für Kinder und Adoleszenten mit Krebs ist nicht gleichsam evident. In der pädiatrischen SZT gibt es bis dato lediglich vier international publizierte Studien. Aufgrund des skizzierten Forschungsdefizits, sollten im Rahmen der vorliegenden randomisiert-kontrollierten Untersuchung, die physischen und psychischen Effekte einer strukturierten Sporttherapie während und nach der HSZT evaluiert werden.
Die erste Studienphase bezieht sich auf die stationäre Behandlung der Patienten und wurde in einem randomisiert-kontrollierten Design durchgeführt. Mit stationärer Aufnahme wurden teilnehmende Probanden in eine von zwei Studiengruppen randomisiert (Interventionsgruppe (IG) oder Kontrollgruppe (KG)). Während die IG ein Ausdauer-, Kraft- und Beweglichkeitstraining erhielt, führte die KG Konzentrations- und Entspannungsübungen durch. Beiden Gruppen wurde das altersentsprechende sowie individualisierte Training täglich zwischen 30–60min angeboten. Mit stationärer Entlassung gingen die Patienten in Phase II, die ambulante Nachbehandlung über. In dieser Pilotstudie sollten neben der Machbarkeit von Sporttherapie, die physischen Effekte bis 6 Monate nach HSZT analysiert werden. Aufgrund der wohnortgestützten ambulanten Weiterbehandlung wurde eine Neu-Stratifizierung der Patienten durchgeführt, wodurch vier Gruppen entstanden: IG–IG, IG–KG, KG–IG und KG–KG. Als MZP dienten die stationäre Aufnahme (T0) und Entlassung (T1) sowie für die Phase II Tag+100 (T2) und Tag+200 (T3). Die Testungen inkludierten motorische Testverfahren (6-Minuten-Walking-Test (6MWT), Spiroergometrie, Handkraft (Hk), Beinkraft (Bk)), psychometrische Testverfahren (Lebensqualität (LQ)) sowie klinische Parameter (z.B. Blutwerte) und die Körperzusammensetzung.
In vier Studienjahren (2011-2014) wurden 70 Patienten mit einem mittleren Alter von 11,0 Jahren (5–18Jahre) eingeschlossen. Stationär kam es zu einer Drop out Rate von 18,6% sowie zu Tag+200 von 54,3%. Die Patientencharakteristika zeigten abgesehen vom BMI bei Aufnahme (p<.05) keine Gruppenunterschiede.
Das stationäre Training wurde von beiden Gruppen mit 3,1 (2–4; IG) bzw. 2,9 (0,3–4; KG) Trainingseinheiten pro Woche ähnlich gut angenommen (je ~51min/Trainingseinheit). Für drei von den vier motorischen Testverfahren zeigte sich anhand der relativen Veränderungen für die IG ein Erhalt der Leistungsfähigkeit (6MWT: 2,4 (-66,1–25,7)%; Hk: -3,6±16,3%; Bk: -1,6 (-52,6–144,4)%). Gleichzeitig reduzierte die KG diese Daten jeweils signifikant (6MWT: -14,6 (-73,2–18,0)%; Hk: -10,9±20,0%; Bk: -13,0 (-57,9–131,7)%; p<.05). Die VO2peak ml/kg/min der Spiroergometrie zeigte innerhalb beider Gruppen eine signifikante Verschlechterung (IG: 15,0±16,7%; KG: -18,7±22,7%; p<.05). Die LQ präsentierte dagegen ein uneinheitliches Bild für beide Studiengruppen. Für die Körperzusammensetzung und klinischen Parameter konnten keine signifikanten Unterschiede berechnet werden.
Im ambulanten Setting demonstrierte die Aufbereitung des Trainings eine generelle Machbarkeit. Das Training wurde in 53,6±10,2% der Ambulanztermine integriert. Die hohe Ausfallrate war primär auf Kontraindikationen (63,3±22,1%) und Sondertermine (14,6±7,0%) zurückzuführen. Die Trainingshäufigkeit belief sich insgesamt auf 0,7 Trainingseinheiten/Woche bei 42,5min pro Trainingseinheit. Die Betrachtung der physischen Effekte zeigte eine generelle Verbesserung der Daten innerhalb aller Gruppen. Gruppen mit sportlicher Intervention (stationär oder ambulant) wiesen partiell (6MWT, Bk) höhere Messwerte und Verbesserungen auf. Signifikanzen lagen keine vor.
Gesamt betrachtet konnte in Studienphase 1 dem therapieassoziiertem körperlichen Abbau durch Bewegungstherapie entgegengewirkt werden. Gleichzeitig zeigte das Assessment, ausgenommen LQ, Körperzusammensetzung sowie die Spiroergometrie eine gute Anwendbarkeit in dem Setting. Für die ambulante Studienphase kann eine generelle Machbarkeit von Sporttherapie nach HSZT postuliert werden. Weitere Erhebungen wären in diesem Setting hinsichtlich der Trainingseffekte noch erforderlich. Zukünftige Studien sollten multizentrisch durchgeführt werden, um mit Hilfe größerer Fallzahlen umfassendere Erkenntnisse zu erlangen.
Versucht eine gesunde Person, regungslos auf einer Stelle zu stehen, so kann man feststellen, dass diese vermeintlich einfache Aufgabe nicht zu erfüllen ist. Dieses scheinbar statische Gleichgewicht beim ruhigen Stehen ist bei genauer Betrachtung beherrscht von subtilen, kontinuierlichen Körperschwankungen. Warum treten solche variablen Muster im Gleichgewichtsprozess auf? Die Untersuchung (Ursachenforschung, Beschreibung, Bewertung) dieser Fluktuationen ist Gegenstand der vorliegenden grundlagenwissenschaftlichen Arbeit.
Moderate physical activity improves various cognitive functions, particularly when it is applied simultaneously to the cognitive task. In two psychoneuroendocrinological within-subject experiments, we investigated whether very low-intensity motor activity, i.e. walking, during foreign-language vocabulary encoding improves subsequent recall compared to encoding during physical rest. Furthermore, we examined the kinetics of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in serum and salivary cortisol. Previous research has associated both substances with memory performance.In both experiments, subjects performed better when they were motorically active during encoding compared to being sedentary. BDNF in serum was unrelated to memory performance. In contrast we found a positive correlation between salivary cortisol concentration and the number of correctly recalled items. In summary, even very light physical activity during encoding is beneficial for subsequent recall.
Fascial tissues form a ubiquitous network throughout the whole body, which is usually regarded as a passive contributor to biomechanical behavior. We aimed to answer the question, whether fascia may possess the capacity for cellular contraction which, in turn, could play an active role in musculoskeletal mechanics. Human and rat fascial specimens from different body sites were investigated for the presence of myofibroblasts using immunohistochemical staining for α-smooth muscle actin (n = 31 donors, n = 20 animals). In addition, mechanographic force registrations were performed on isolated rat fascial tissues (n = 8 to n = 18), which had been exposed to pharmacological stimulants. The density of myofibroblasts was increased in the human lumbar fascia in comparison to fasciae from the two other regions examined in this study: fascia lata and plantar fascia [H(2) = 14.0, p < 0.01]. Mechanographic force measurements revealed contractions in response to stimulation by fetal bovine serum, the thromboxane A2 analog U46619, TGF-β1, and mepyramine, while challenge by botulinum toxin type C3–used as a Rho kinase inhibitor– provoked relaxation (p < 0.05). In contrast, fascial tissues were insensitive to angiotensin II and caffeine (p < 0.05). A positive correlation between myofibroblast density and contractile response was found (rs = 0.83, p < 0.001). The hypothetical application of the registered forces to human lumbar tissues predicts a potential impact below the threshold for mechanical spinal stability but strong enough to possibly alter motoneuronal coordination in the lumbar region. It is concluded that tension of myofascial tissue is actively regulated by myofibroblasts with the potential to impact active musculoskeletal dynamics.