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Making agriculture sustainable is a global challenge. In the European Union (EU), the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is failing with respect to biodiversity, climate, soil, land degradation as well as socio‐economic challenges.
The European Commission's proposal for a CAP post‐2020 provides a scope for enhanced sustainability. However, it also allows Member States to choose low‐ambition implementation pathways. It therefore remains essential to address citizens' demands for sustainable agriculture and rectify systemic weaknesses in the CAP, using the full breadth of available scientific evidence and knowledge.
Concerned about current attempts to dilute the environmental ambition of the future CAP, and the lack of concrete proposals for improving the CAP in the draft of the European Green Deal, we call on the European Parliament, Council and Commission to adopt 10 urgent action points for delivering sustainable food production, biodiversity conservation and climate mitigation.
Knowledge is available to help moving towards evidence‐based, sustainable European agriculture that can benefit people, nature and their joint futures.
The statements made in this article have the broad support of the scientific community, as expressed by above 3,600 signatories to the preprint version of this manuscript. The list can be found here (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3685632).
A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
The Global Irrigation Model (GIM) is used within the framework of the global hydrological model WaterGAP to calculate monthly irrigation crop water use. Results on a 0.5 degrees grid include, consumption (ICU) and, via division by irrigation efficiencies, water withdrawal (IWU). The model distinguishes up to two cropping periods of rice and non-rice crops, each grown for 150 days, using a grid of area equipped for irrigation (AEI). Historical development of AEI and fraction of area actually irrigated (AAI) was previously considered via scaling of cell-specific results with country-specific factors for each year. In this study, GIM was adapted to use the new Historical Irrigation Data set (HID) with cell-specific AEI for 14 time slices between 1900 and 2005. AEI grids were temporally interpolated, and using the optional grid of AAI/AEI, results for years 1901-2014 were generated (runs "HID-ACT"). Thus, new installation or abandonment of irrigation infrastructure in new grid cells can be represented in a spatially explicit manner. For evaluated years 1910, 1960, 1995, and 2005, ICU from HID-ACT was superior to country-specific scaled results (run "HID-ACTHIST") in representing historical development of the spatial pattern. Compared to US state-level reference data, spatial patterns were better, while country totals were not always better. For calculating the cropping periods, 30-years climate means are needed, the choice of which is relevant. Four chosen periods before 1981-2010 all resulted in considerable, pertaining changes of ICU spatial pattern, and various percent changes in country totals. This might be because of already present climate change.
Agriculture of crops provides more than 85% of the energy in human diet, while also securing income of more than 2.6 billion people. To investigate past, present and future changes in the domain of food security, water resources and water use, nutrient cycles, and land management it is required to know the agricultural land use, in particular which crop grows where and when. The current global land use or land cover data sets are based on remote sensing and agricultural census statistics. In general, these only contain one or very few classes of agricultural land use. When crop-specific areas are given, no distinction of irrigated and rainfed areas is made, whereas it is necessary to distinguish rainfed and irrigated crops, because crop productivity and water use differ significantly between them.
To support global-scale assessments that are sensitive to agricultural land use, the global data set of Monthly Irrigated and Rainfed Crop Areas around the year 2000 (MIRCA2000) was developed by the author. With a spatial resolution of 5 arc-minutes (approximately 9.2 km at the equator), MIRCA2000 provides for the first time, spatially explicit irrigated and rainfed crop areas separately for each of the 26 crop classes for each month of the year, and includes multi-cropping. The data set covers all major food crops as well as cotton, while the remaining crops are grouped into three categories (perennial, annual and fodder grasses). Also for the first time, crop calendars on national or sub-national level were consistently linked to annual values of harvested area at the 5 arc-minutes grid cell level, such that monthly growing areas could be computed that are representative for the time period 1998 to 2002.
The downscaling algorithm maximizes the consistency to the grid-based input data of cropland extent [Ramankutty et al., 2008], crop-specific total annual harvested area [Monfreda et al., 2008], and area equipped for irrigation [Siebert et al., 2007]. In addition to the methodology, this dissertation describes differences to other datasets and standard scaling methods, as well as some applications. For quality assessment independent datasets and newly developed quality parameters are used, and scale effects are discussed.
Supplementary Appendices document crop calendars for irrigated and rainfed crops for each of the 402 spatial units (Appendix I), data sources of harvested area and of cropping periods for irrigated crops, country by country (Appendix K), as well as data quality parameters (Appendix L, including spreadsheet files).
Teil von: Johann Riem's physikalisch-ökonomische Bienenbibliothek, oder Sammlung auserlesener Abhandlungen von Bienenwahrnehmungen und ausführliche Urtheile über ältere und neuere Bienenbücher / Johann Riem ; 3. Anhang bildet--> Riem, Johann: Johann Riem's Geprüfte Grundsätze der schlesischen Bienenpflege
Vollst. Titel : Nähere Aufklärung der sonderbaren Abstammung der verschiedenen Geschlechtsarten der Bienen, nach physischen Grund- und Erfahrungssätzen : mit angefügten praktischen Anmerkungen über die Entstehung der Faulbrut bey Magazinstöcken, und über den Ursprung eines gewissen widernatürlichen Insektes der Läuse, bey dem Bienenvolke, samt beyderseitiger Abhülfe ; zum Nutzen für den Oekonomen, und zum Nachdenken für den Naturforscher . Teil von: Johann Riem's physikalisch-ökonomische Bienenbibliothek, oder Sammlung auserlesener Abhandlungen von Bienenwahrnehmungen und ausführliche Urtheile über ältere und neuere Bienenbücher / Johann Riem ; 1
Vollst. Titel : Riem, Johann: [Physikalisch-ökonomische Bienenbibliothek, oder Sammlung auserlesener Abhandlungen von Bienenwahrnehmungen und ausführliche Urtheile über ältere und neuere Bienenbücher] Johann Riem's physikalisch-ökonomische Bienenbibliothek, oder Sammlung auserlesener Abhandlungen von Bienenwahrnehmungen und ausführliche Urtheile über ältere und neuere Bienenbücher. - Breßlau : Löwe Zweiter Teil von: Johann Riem's physikalisch-ökonomische Bienenbibliothek, oder Sammlung auserlesener Abhandlungen von Bienenwahrnehmungen und ausführliche Urtheile über ältere und neuere Bienenbücher
Die Lehre von den Bienen, nach der Theorie und Praxis, natur- und zeitgemaess prüfend entwickelt
(1831)
Achtung. Seite 17 fehlt (beim Scannen übersehen)!!! Vollst. Titel: Die Korb-Bienenzucht : eine kurze und deutliche Anweisung, die Bienen in Strohkörben naturgemäß und vortheilhaft zu behandeln, alle Arten von Strohstöcken sowol für ein Volk, als auch für mehr Völker, mit ganz besonderer Berücksichtigung der Dzierzonschen Methode, anzufertigen und die Bienenkolonien auf einfache, fast kunstlose und doch sichere Weise mit Erfolg zu vermehren ; nebst kurzen Andeutungen der Beschäftigungen des Bienenzüchters in jedem Monat des Jahres / bearb. und hrsg. von Friedrich Otto Rothe