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Gegründet 1988, vier Studioalben zwischen 1991 und 1996, zwei Kompilationen und eine Abschiedstournee 1998: so die Eckdaten der Berliner Band Lassie Singers. Gegründet wurde sie von den Sängerinnen Almut Klotz und Christiane Rösinger, die sich zunächst Almut Schummel und C.C. Hügelsheim nannten. Hügelsheim ist der Name des badischen Geburtsortes von Christiane Rösinger. Auch die vor ein paar Jahren früh verstorbene Almut Klotz war Mitte der Achtzigerjahre aus Baden-Württemberg, aus dem tiefen Schwarzwald, nach Berlin gekommen. Die Lassie Singers sind also ein Beispiel für den schwäbisch-badischen Kulturtransfer ins alte West-Berlin und ins Wende-Berlin um 1990.
Der Kiezkönig bleibt ein Paradox. Ob bei City oder in den verschiedenen Rap-Richtungen: Die Identifikation mit dem Problemkiez ist in der Popmusik einerseits ein wichtiges Zeichen für Unabhängigkeit und Widerstand. Andererseits ist sie eine Gratwanderung, denn der Querulant darf sich eben nicht wie ein absolutistischer Herrscher über alles und jeden erheben, sondern muss Milieutreue beweisen - und damit auch seinen Zuhörern die Möglichkeit geben, sich als gleichberechtigten Teil dieses Milieus zu imaginieren.
Weltmusik
(2018)
Der Begriff der Weltmusik produziert Fremdheit. Die Erzählung seiner Geschichte beginnt üblicherweise mit der Verwendung durch den Musikwissenschaftler Georg Capellen, der 1905 für einen 'neuen exotischen Musikstil' plädiert: Waren 'exotische' Motive bislang nur als "Kuriosum" in der europäischen Musik vertreten, erhofft sich Capellen, "falls unsere Komponisten sich in die neuen Ausdrucksformen einzuleben und die fremdartige Nahrung in eignes Blut umzuwandeln vermögen", die Etablierung eines "exotisch-europäische[n] Mischstil[s] oder (um mich phantastisch auszudrücken) eine[r] 'Weltmusik'". Dabei spielt für Capellen keine Rolle, dass in dieser Reduktion auf die Harmoniestrukturen europäischer Kunstmusik gerade die Charakteristika zahlreicher außereuropäischer Musiken ausgestrichen bleiben müssen; zu schweigen von der Inkommensurabilität der europäischen Taktordnung mit anderen Formen der Rhythmik. Bereits 1902 verweist Friedrich Spiro indes auf eine verwickelte Geschichte des Begriffs.
Whereas many writers across all times and cultures have written about the potential aesthetic effects of music experiences which could be labeled as absorption, only limited empirical research has been done on the state aspects of this fascinating aspect of human involvement. What is more, there are still few tested models which explain how people can be absorbed by a piece of music as well as continue to be third-person observers monitoring and even reflecting on that same musical experience.
Adopting a dual process approach – in which human thinking, emotion, and routes to appraisal are defined in terms of an interplay between two distinct systems of psychological processing – this thesis aimed to examine a) the cognitive mechanisms underlying the paradox of losing oneself in the music on the one hand, and meta-awareness on the other, b) its corresponding psychophenomenological profile(s) when listening intentionally to self-chosen music, and c) the different potential of state and trait aspects of absorption and meta-awareness in predicting three indicators of the aesthetic response to music: enjoyment, lasting impression, and behavioral intention.
To this end, a quantitative empirical research method (state and trait questionnaires) was employed in a series of online surveys, using self-selected music as well as pre-determined music by the researcher as stimulus, together approaching a naturalistic listening setting.Aesthetic absorption was confirmed to be structured– in terms of dual process terminology – by intuitive type I and reflective type II processing. Two forms of music absorption were empirically
identified and labeled as zoning in and tuning in. These experience profiles distinguished themselves significantly in terms of the degree in which a music listener maintained his or her meta-awareness, assessed via volitional control, rationality, self-awareness, and memory of the previous event. The overall pattern of consciousness parameters of both types of absorbed listening are suggestive of a unique interchanging between brain networks for intuitive processing and areas related to self-reference, -awareness and -control. The distinction between zoning in and tuning in was further found to be strongly related to the quality of affective state.
These emotions modulate the experiential intensity of absorption, suggesting this experience to be an affect-biased type of attention. Based on the feelings-as-information theory, postulating that positive emotions are differently processed than negatively-tinted types of emotions, it was
concluded that music-induced rumination ‘competes’ with higher-order functions relevant to meta-awareness. From this perspective, the two found absorption types match conceptually with the positively-tinged self-reflection and negatively-tinged self-rumination as two different types of self-focused introspection. It was also shown that being absorbed by music is a continuous phenomenon; a matter of ‘more-or-less’ involvement rather than a ‘unique state of mind’. Consequently, determining ‘music absorbers’ is a matter of imprecise estimation rather than being marked by a clear observable onset. Finally, as expected, an absorbed state of mind - operationalized here as a multidimensional bifactor model – completely mediated the effect of trait absorption, and was a good predictor for enjoyment, lasting impression, and behavioral intention.
Whereas absorption and enjoyment were found to have a mutual positive effect on each other, absorption and meta-awareness were found to be unrelated to each other. Also, meta-awareness contributed little to aesthetic appreciation. The results confirm the need for a dynamic approach to the relationship between state absorption and enjoyment; the one-directional approach common in many research reports does not seem to fully capture the relationship between them. Taken together, this dissertation shows the potential of including the interplay between the trait and state constructs of absorption and meta-awareness in order to better understand the mechanisms underlying aesthetic experiences with music. The present work demonstrated that these two constructs should not be conflated. Moreover, this thesis underlined the power of absorption not only to evoke short-lived pleasurable experiences, but also to stimulate longlasting impressions. Knowing more about absorbed listening and its potential effects, learning to consciously recognize it as it happens, and perhaps regulate and maintain its positive consequences (i.e., savoring), could further improve the way we engage ourselves with music or other aesthetic objects. Only then could we engage in behavior that we’re sure would make us happy rather than seeking out experiences which we hope would make us happy.
Whereas many writers across all times and cultures have written about the potential aesthetic effects of music experiences which could be labeled as absorption, only limited empirical research has been done on the state aspects of this fascinating aspect of human involvement. What is more, there are still few tested models which explain how people can be absorbed by a piece of music as well as continue to be third-person observers monitoring and even reflecting on that same musical experience (cf. Bryant & Veroff, 2007; Dewey, 2005; Wolf, 2013).
Adopting a dual process approach (Dietrich, 2004; Evans & Stanovich, 2013; Lewis, Tamborini & Weber, 2014; Mukhopadhyay, 2014; Schwarz, 2011; Smith & Neumann, 2005) – in which human thinking, emotion, and routes to appraisal are defined in terms of an interplay between two distinct systems of psychological processing – this thesis aimed to examine a) the cognitive mechanisms underlying the essential yet poorly understood paradox of losing oneself in the music on the one hand, and the act of meta-awareness (i.e., rational and controlled sense of self) on the other, b) its corresponding psycho-phenomenological profile(s) when listening intentionally to self-chosen music, and c) the different potential of state and trait aspects of absorption and meta-awareness in predicting three indicators of the aesthetic response to music: enjoyment (a purely pleasurable response), lasting impression (a meaningful response related to mixed emotion), and behavioral intention (future-planned seeking/ avoidance response). Moreover, a dynamically-conceived conceptualization of absorption was proposed in terms of a temporary phase taking place amidst a variety of other cognitive responses to music, including concentration, mind wandering, and mindfulness. Finally, a questionnaire commonly-used for assessing alterations in consciousness (Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory; Pekala, 1991) was evaluated in the context of music listening, before using it in the development of a self-report questionnaire aimed at measuring absorptive states in or by music. To this end, a quantitative empirical research method (state and trait questionnaires) was employed in a series of online surveys, using self-selected music as well as pre-determined music by the researcher as stimulus, together approaching a naturalistic listening setting.
Situated within an overarching neurocognitive model for music engagement and consistent with several aesthetic theories converging (Benson, 1993; Dewey, 2005; Wolf, 2013), aesthetic absorption was conceptualized as, and later confirmed to be, structured by experiential and meta-consciousness or – in terms of dual process terminology – intuitive type I and reflective type II processing. Two forms of music absorption were empirically identified and labeled as zoning in and tuning in (cf. Schooler, 2007). These experience profiles distinguished themselves significantly in terms of the degree in which a music listener maintained his or her meta-awareness, assessed via volitional control, rationality, self-awareness, and memory of the previous event. The overall pattern of consciousness parameters of both types of absorbed listening are suggestive of a unique interchanging between brain networks for intuitive processing and areas related to self-reference, -awareness and -control. The distinction between zoning in and tuning in was further found to be strongly related to the quality of affective state (i.e., positive vs. mixed emotions). These emotions modulate the experiential intensity of absorption, suggesting this experience to be an affect-biased type of attention. Based on the feelings-as-information theory (Schwarz, 2011), postulating that positive emotions (e.g., happiness) are differently processed than negatively-tinted types of emotions (e.g., nostalgia), it was concluded that music-induced rumination (a negatively-valenced experience related to the self and represented by the feeling of sadness) ‘competes’ with higher-order functions relevant to meta-awareness. From this perspective, the two found absorption types match conceptually with the positively-tinged self-reflection and negatively-tinged self-rumination as two different types of self-focused introspection (Takano & Tanno, 2009; Trapnell & Campbell, 1999). Further examining the construct’s latent structure, it was shown that being absorbed by music is a continuous phenomenon; a matter of ‘more-or-less’ involvement rather than a ‘unique state of mind’. This finding cautions against subtyping absorption experiences as being qualitatively distinct, and assuming it to be guided by ‘special’ mechanisms. Consequently, determining ‘music absorbers’ is a matter of imprecise estimation rather than being marked by a clear observable onset. Finally, as expected, an absorbed state of mind – operationalized here as a multidimensional bifactor model – completely mediated the effect of trait absorption, and was a good predictor for enjoyment, lasting impression, and behavioral intention. Whereas absorption and enjoyment were found to have a mutual positive effect on each other, absorption and meta-awareness were found to be unrelated to each other. Also, meta-awareness contributed little to aesthetic appreciation. The results confirm the need for a dynamic approach to the relationship between state absorption and enjoyment; the one-directional approach common in many research reports does not seem to fully capture the relationship between them. Future research should examine whether the same applies for absorption and meta-awareness, preferably making use of more advanced measures for the latter.
Taken together, this dissertation shows the potential of including the interplay between the trait and state constructs of absorption and meta-awareness in order to better understand the mechanisms underlying aesthetic experiences with music. The present work demonstrated that these two constructs should not be conflated, but, in terms of dual processing, that they represent different levels of consciousness. Moreover, this thesis underlined the power of absorption not only to evoke short-lived pleasurable experiences, but also to stimulate long-lasting impressions. Knowing more about absorbed listening and its potential effects, learning to consciously recognize it as it happens, and perhaps regulate and maintain its positive consequences (i.e., savoring), could further improve the way we engage ourselves with music or other aesthetic objects. Only then could we engage in behavior that we’re sure would make us happy rather than seeking out experiences which we hope would make us happy.
Finally, dual process approach and measures provided by research on altered-states-of-consciousness (ASC) experiences offer new and fruitful perspectives to conceptualize aesthetic absorption and examine its mechanisms. Several major research questions lie ahead in understanding the phenomenological experience and aesthetic role of absorption, including the future comparison between subjective experiences of ASCs across varying music and non-music induction methods (e.g., hypnosis), listening conditions (e.g., live concert experience), and musical ‘cultures’ (human societies, musical styles, classes).
Kurz vor Mitternacht am 2. April 1968 bricht im Kaufhaus M. Schneider auf der Zeil ein Feuer aus. Kurz darauf ertönt der Feueralarm im Kaufhof an der Hauptwache. Menschen werden nicht verletzt, der Schaden beträgt nach heutigem Geldwert rund eine Million Euro. Unter den Tätern sind Andreas Baader und Gudrun Ensslin. Beide werden zu drei Jahren Zuchthaus verurteilt. Die Brandanschläge auf die Frankfurter Kaufhäuser sind die Geburtsstunde der Roten Armee Fraktion – das wissen wir heute. ...