791 Öffentliche Darbietungen, Film, Rundfunk
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Film review: The Matrix cult
(2003)
Much of the semiotic discussion around the deeper structures of "The Matrix" has tended to center around positive ethical and philosophical systems. Thus, numerous critics have pointed out the Christian subtext in the film with Neo as Christ and Morpheus as John the Baptist (James L. Ford: 8). The Garden of Eden story has been superimposed on "The Matrix" as well with the implication that just as Adam's and Eve's awakening to knowledge makes Christianity possible, so too, Neo's awakening will lead to the salvation of humanity by a Christ-like figure (cf. James S. Spiegel: 13). Others have picked out connections with Joseph Campbell's monomyth concept where the hero must depart from the familiar world, go into a netherworld and return morally transformed (A. Samuel Kimball: 176, 198). There is also the Platonic interpretation where the passage toward the light from the famous cave allegory is read into the awakening process of "The Matrix": "The theme of appearance versus reality is as old as Plato's Republic. And while perhaps no writer or artist has improved upon his cave allegory in presenting this theme, the Wachowski brothers' The Matrix might be as effective an attempt as any since Plato, in cinematic history anyway" (James S. Spiegel: 9). Buddhism and its notion that reality is illusion appears as an equally convincing model for reading "The Matrix" (James L. Ford: 10). Even Gnosticism has been used as an interesting semiotic framework for the film (Frances Flannery-Dailey and Rachel Wagner: 10-12).
Die folgende Bibliographie listet die wichtigsten Arbeiten zur Geschichte der Spionageromans und die wenigen vorliegenden Untersuchungen zum Spionagefilm auf. Auf die Dokumentation einzelner Rezensionen und Untersuchungen zu Einzelfilmen habe ich verzichtet, sofern sie nicht allgemeiner auf Strukturen des Spionagefilms eingehen.
Das Sehen steht am Anfang jeglicher Deutung und Analyse filmischer Werke. Die Lektüre eines Films bedarf der visuellen Erfahrung. So trivial dieser Sachverhalt, so grundlegend ist doch die damit verbundene Frage nach der Bedeutung des Sehens für das filmische Bild. Wie wäre also eine filmische Lektüre von einer Lektüre im klassischen Sinn zu unterscheiden? Den Film als Text im weiten Sinn aufzufassen und zu lesen ist in den Medienwissenschaften durchaus geläufig. Knut Hickethier zufolge haben Film und Fernsehen das „Erzählen visualisiert". Doch wird eine solche durchaus legitime, ja für die Analyse produktive Annahme dem Filmbild gerecht? Sind Filmbilder per se narrativ oder zeigt sich in ihnen auch ein spezifisches ikonisches Moment, das nicht in einer Erzählstruktur aufgeht? In der anhaltenden Diskussion um den Iconic Turn wird stets auf die Differenz des Bildlichen als Erkenntnismodell und Wissenskategorie hingewiesen. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der ikonischen Differenz betrifft dabei die Darstellungsweise narrativer Episteme. Die Gleichzeitigkeit des Ungleichzeitigen in der Bilderzählung demonstriert etwa das simultane Erscheinen zeitlich-sukzessiver Ereignisse. Der Film wird zwar in der Regel auch den Bildkünsten zugeschlagen, doch eine solche Simultanität von Handlungsabläufen ist in diesem Medium eher selten zu beobachten. Der Mythos des Kinofilms installiert sich vielmehr gerade über die allgemeine Vorstellung, dass der Film Geschichten erzähle. Gleichwohl artikuliert sich - und nicht nur im experimentellen oder im Essay-Film - in der filmischen Darstellungsform eine Differenz des Bildlichen. Sie wird dann besonders relevant und anschaulich, wenn das Bildliche selbst in den Fokus der Narration gerät, wenn mithin die Erzählung in Bildern von Bildern erzählt. Dies geschieht insbesondere im autothematischen, selbstreferentiellen Film. Im deutschen Film findet sich dieser Gestus vor allem im Werk von Wim Wenders. Wenders gehört zweifelsohne zu den bedeutendsten Geschichten-Erzählern des Neuen Deutschen Films. Doch gleichzeitig dokumentieren seine Filme eine deutliche Sympathie für eine nicht-narrative Bildlichkeit.
Eine theoretische Auseinandersetzung mit fiktiven Figuren begann spätestens vor gut 2000 Jahren mit Aristoteles’ Poetik und dem indischen Natyashastra. Wie in diesen einflussreichen Poetiken des Theaters standen Jahrhunderte lang normative Konzepte im Vordergrund, bis sich die Forschungsschwerpunkte Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts auf die psychologische Interpretation von Figuren und in den sechziger Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts auf ihre formale Analyse verlagerten. Ein Fokus der heutigen Forschung liegt auf dem Bemühen, solche unterschiedlichen Perspektiven zu integrieren. Grundlage dafür ist oft eine Beschäftigung mit der Rezeption: Wie verstehen wir Figuren, und auf welche Weisen reagieren wir emotional auf sie?
This article discusses the influence of electric illumination on theatre and the so called expressionist film. It starts with a short historical overview and will then argue that the only film with a narrative as well as a visual design in expressionist tradition is From Morn to Midnight, based on a play written in 1912 by Georg Kaiser and released in same year (1920) as its legend counterpart The Cabinet of Caligari. But different then Caligari or many other famous German silent movies from the 1920s it is not located in a romantic shadow world, syntactically created by lightning effects, but renounces the dark and spooky irrational in favor of an urban environment in the early twentieth century: a story of money, erotic seduction, escapist fantasies, eccentric bohemian life, crime and rapid alteration of scenes.
Walter Salles is probably the most widely known Brazilian director and producer. This article offers a portrait of his work over the last two decades as part of the cinematic and cultural changes that took place in Brazil. It starts with a historical overview of Brazilian film history and will then take a closer look at the films directed by Salles and his activities as producer. By looking at the evolution of the Brazilian film industry in the last ten to fifteen years in terms of market structures as well as aesthetic qualities, two major references become apparent: the more (but not only) commercial oriented productions of Globo Filmes, which often meet public taste and rely on a well-proven television language; second, the movies of Walter Salles as well as the films produced by Videofilmes, a company run and founded in 1987 by him and his brother, the documentarist João Moreira Salles. Videofilmes not only fosters many of the somewhat marginal, smaller film projects, but also serves as support for more artistically orientated movies.
Bild und Leidenschaft
(2010)
This experience, listening to the radio version of "The Green Hills of Earth" was the first form in which I encountered a problem that in the following years continued to haunt much of the work I have done ever since. This problem has a double aspect, since it involves both 'the visibility of the invisible' and, inseparably linked to it, that of the 'invisibility of the visible'. Far from excluding each other, as opposites are commonly expected to do, 'visibility' and 'invisibility' seem here to be inextricably linked, although not simply the same. The prominence, in the story, of repetition and recurrence, indeed of doubling, suggests that another term should be introduced to describe this curious relationship of non-exclusive opposition, that of 'divisibility'. Visibility divides itself into what is visible and what is invisible. And given the fact that this is also a question of life and death, of living and dying, the process of divisibility can be said to produce not just appearances, but 'apparitions' (which in English, unlike its 'false friend' in French, signifies 'ghosts' and not just appearances). Listening to the radio in that darkened bedroom, I think what I experienced was something like the apparition of such divisibility, by which the invisible seemed to become visible, but only by making the visible invisible. Much later I learned that this was a phenomenon - if one can call it that - quite familiar to philosophers and aestheticians who generally tried to interpret it with the use of words such as "fantasy" and "imagination": what Kant, for example, in 'Kritik der reinen Vernunft' calls "productive" as distinct from "reproductive imagination", which does not merely reproduce what one sees but which produces representations of things that were never seen (and perhaps could never be seen). But I never felt that such concepts were capable of accounting for the strange capacity of those invisible 'images' to produce feelings whose intensity seemed in direct proportion to their indistinct and relatively indeterminate - non-objective - quality.