830 Literaturen germanischer Sprachen; Deutsche Literatur
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"The death of the Emperor Frederick Il in 1250 marked a tuming point in German affairs. When in 1212 the young King of Sicily had taken Germany by storm, driving north his Welf rival Otto IV of Brunswick and securing the support of the German princes, it had seemed that a new golden age had begun. Walther von der Vogelweide at last received his "lêhen", and praised his new patron as "der edel künec, der milte künec". ln Aachen a crusade was proclaimed for the liberation of Jerusalem. Comparisons were made with the Emperor's grandfather, Frederick Barbarossa. The house of Hohenstaufen was again in the ascendency. But these high expectations were always unrealistic. Frederick's crusading vows became a thom in his flesh; his enemies held him to them, but obstructed him as he sought to fulfil them. Much of his energy was taken up in a dual struggle against insurgency in his restive Lombard states, and against the bitter invective of the papal propagandists. Although Innocent lll had been the prime sponsor of the young Emperor, Honorius III became alan·ned at the prospect of a union of the crowns of Sicily and the Empire, and Gregory IX and Innocent IV became determined to break the power of the Hohenstaufen dynasty once and for all. The popes did not have it all their own way. For the most part, the German princes remained loyal, pleased to have an emperor who interfered so little in their affairs. Frederick‘s policy of diplomacy and compromise attracted more sympathy than that of the Pope who refused to meet and treat with him. His early death, however, left his son Conrad IV in a weak position from which he was unable to recover, and within twenty years the last Hohenstaufen rulerwas deposed. The impact of these events on the intellectual climate in Germany was immense. After Frederick's death, there was an upsurge in apocalyptic preaching, and much of the literature of the period was diffused with a sense of nostalgia. It is in this light that we must read the account of the life of Frederick II which is offered by the Viennese patrician, Jansen Enike. Enikel‘s Universal Chronicle ('Weltchronik') recounts the history of the world from Adam to Frederick. It was written about 1272, just four years after the death of Conradin, the last of the Staufen line. Enikel was probably born in the 1230s, and his own lifespan exactly coincided with the years of Hohenstaufen decline. His account ol Frederick's life has limited value as history, but casts an interesting sidelight on the confusion of impressions which had gathered in popular lore. In keeping with the rest of his chronicle, it is anecdotal, falling naturally into ten sections of differing lengths, most of which are to some extent self-contained units. Together, these fill over thirteen hundred lines, making Frederick Enikel's most comprehensively treated post-biblical protagonist; only Moses and David are dealt with at greater length."
Der folgende Beitrag will anhand der exemplarischen Lektüre zweier Aufsätze zeigen, was Lou Andreas-Salomés beschäftigte, wie und in welche Diskussionen sie sich einmischte und warum die Rezeption ihrer Texte schwierig ist; er will aber auch die Richtung andeuten, in der sich Fragen und Auseinandersetzungen Lou Andreas-Salomés bis in die Gegenwart fortgeschrieben haben. Am Beispiel der beiden beinahe zeitgleichen, thematisch so verschiedenen Texte "Grundformen der Kunst" (1898) und "Der Mensch als Weib" (1899) soll im folgenden Lou Andreas-Salomés Stimme, wie sie in der Polyphonie der Jahrhundertwende erklang, wieder zu Gehör gebracht werden. Daß die Aufsätze trotz ihres thematischen Unterschieds in denselben lebensbejahenden Versuch nach anthropologischer Selbstbestimmung münden, macht sie zu exemplarischen Texten für ihr Werk insgesamt.
Adam Bernd (1676 - 1748), der nach der Publikation zweier Traktate, die den Unwillen der Amtskirche hervorriefen, von seinem Amt als Prediger an der Leipziger Peterskirche resignierte, scheint mit seiner Klage recht zu haben: Zwar gehört der Selbstmörder seit der Antike zum Bild des Melancholikers, doch sind die Erklärungen der Zusammenhänge bis heute spärlich geblieben.
Hofmannsthals Aufsatzentwurf "Die neuen Dichtungen Gabriele d’Annunzio’s" aus dem Jahre 1898, der hier zum ersten Male abgedruckt ist, belegt anhaltendes Interesse und eine um die Jahrhundertwende noch einmal aufllammende Sympathie, die erst 1912 in offene Ablehnung umschlagen wird. Gegenstand des ersten Teiles "Zwei Verherrlichungen der Stadt Venedig", welcher als beinahe abgeschlossen gelten kann, ist ein Bändchen von D’Annunzio mit dem Titel "L’Alllegoria dell’ autunno" (1895). Hofmannsthal kaufte es auf seiner Italienreise 1898. Über welche Dichtungen er darüber hinaus noch schreiben wollte, ist nicht bekannt. Einer genaueren Rekonstruktion der Beziehung zwischen D’Annunzio und Hofmannsthal bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt gelten die folgenden Hinweise.