830 Literaturen germanischer Sprachen; Deutsche Literatur
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Der Roman Morenga, der erstmals 1978 beim Verlag Autoren-Edition veröffentlicht wurde, zählt zu den deutschsprachigen Romanen, die Göttsche als „neue Historische Afrika-Roman[e]“ bezeichnet. Laut Göttsche werfen die AutorInnen solcher Romane einen unvoreingenommenen Blick auf Afrika, anerkennen die kulturellen Realitäten Afrikas und stellen sie im Vergleich zu denen ihrer Gesellschaft als gleichwertig dar. […] Bei den literaturwissenschaftlichen Studien zum postkolonialen Diskurs unterscheidet Lützeler zwei dominante Aspekte: Einen deskriptiven und einen programmatischen Aspekt. Für ihn hebt der deskriptive Aspekt die ungleichberechtigte Beziehung zwischen den ehemaligen kolonisierenden und kolonisierten Ländern hervor. Durch den programmatischen Aspekt aber setzt man sich zum Ziel, dieses Machtherrschaftsverhältnis zu überwinden, damit eine gleichberechtigte Beziehung zwischen „Erster und Dritter Welt bzw. Nord und Süd“ möglich wird. Die Überwindung der Machtherrschaftsverhältnisse in den Beziehungen zwischen Afrika und Europa, hier im kulturellen Bereich, ist meines Erachtens eine notwendige Voraussetzung für die gegenseitige Bereicherung. Für Hofmann soll der postkoloniale Umgang der Europäer mit den außereuropäischen Kulturen nicht mehr der einer kulturellen Bevormundung sein, sondern einen Dialog zulassen, in den beide Seiten ihr jeweils Bestes einbringen5. Wie wird der postkoloniale Umgang der Europäer mit der afrikanischen Kultur im Roman Morenga inszeniert? Dies ist die Ausgangsfrage, die ich in Mittelpunkt dieses Aufsatzes stelle.
Wie die anderen Erzählungen des Bandes "Das dreißigste Jahr" handelt dieser zwischen Lyrik und Prosa changierende Monolog - "Undine geht" - von Sprache und Gewalt, von existentieller Wahrheit des Individuums und Anpassung an die gesellschaftliche Norm, von der quälenden Last der Erinnerung und der Freiheit zur Rebellion. Wohl erstmals in ihrem Werk stellt Bachmann hier die Frage nach der Möglichkeit der Kommunikation zwischen Mann und Frau von jenem dezidiert weiblichen Standpunkt aus, der die späte Prosa ihres "Todesarten"- Zyklus kennzeichnen wird. Nicht zuletzt setzt der Text eine poetologische Reflexion fort, die implizit in Gedichten und Erzählungen, explizit in Essays und Vorlesungen, um die Möglichkeit einer neuen, radikal anderen, nicht entfremdeten Sprache kreist.
When at the end of Hans Sachs' tragedy of Tristrant, dated February 7th, 1553, the herold takes the floor, he calls to the audience to recognize that this is a tragedy, Auß der wird offentlich erkendt, Wie solche unorndliche lieb Hat so ein starck mechtigen trieb, Wo sie einnimbt ein junges hertz Mit bitter angst, senenden schmertz, Darinn sie also heftig wüt, Verkert hertz, sin, vernunft und gmüt, Wird leichtfertig, verwegen gantz, Schlecht seel, lieb, ehr, gut in die schantz, Acht fürbas weder sitten noch tugent, (184,32-185,3) (1) ....
Brecht - Galileo
(2010)
This is the age of doubt, says Brecht's Galileo, the 17th century scientist. "It ain't necessarily so," says Gershwin's Sportin' Life of the 1930ies. "De t'ings dat yo li'ble / to read in de Bible / it ain't necessarily so. / Now I takes dat gospel / whenever it's pos'ble / but wid a grain of salt."
Faust the colonizer
(1995)
"Musst du nicht längst kolonisieren?" ("Hasn't colonizing been your business?") is Mephisto's loaded comment on Faust's dilemma, namely his inability to persuade Philemon and Baucis to vacate their little estate voluntarily in exchange for pleasant retirement quarters in his newly gained territory, wrested from the sea (Faust, Part II, V, line 11274). Baucis in particular sees no reason why they should be displaced and resents Faust's expansiveness. "Wie er sich als Nachbar brüstet, soll man untertänig sein" ("He struts into the neighborhood expecting us to act like serfs," lines 11133/4). "Kolonisieren" as Mephisto uses the word clearly favors strong-arm tactics over restraint. Faust finally gives the go-ahead: "So geht und schafft sie mir zur Seite" ("Go and get them out of there," line 11275) for an attempt at forced resettlement that leaves three more corpses on his path to salvation and is followed by a seamless flow of events culminating in his own death.
The tentative title of my presentation is GENDER AMBIVALENCE (AMBIGUITY?) and deals with Renaissance iconography in Thomas Mann's Death in Venice. It will show that homosexual attraction, although obvious in the story (and Mann's life) is a secondary issue and that the main concern lies with the problem provided by an aesthetic principle. (Parallel narratives, the plot is not the real/only story).
Martin Luther : 1483-1546
(1996)
450 years ago, in the early hours of February 18, the charismatic reformer and fearless combatant who had changed the face of Europe and of Christianity died in his home town of Eisleben while on a peace mission. The feuding Counts of Mansfeldt had asked him to mediate. Accompanied by his three sons, Luther, old at 62 and ailing, made the trip in mid-winter against the advice of friends and family. His body was returned to Wittenberg and buried there on February 22. It is impossible to overestimate his impact. The common priesthood of man, "everybody his own priest", this truly revolutionary notion at the core of his teaching, was immediately recognized for its (unintended) political, democratic implications. To him, all the faithful were one community, there was no room for separate casts. His zeal as a preacher of the "true faith", and his denunciation of those who would not accept it, earned him the reputation of intolerance, even anti-Semitism. The latter would surprise him, for he considered himself a prophet, though anointed against his will, like those of the Old Testament who also admonished, cajoled and condemned the "wayward children of Israel"'
The house of Tantalus
(2010)
Wozu Dichter?
(2010)
Goethe's Tasso is no "Dichter in duerftiger Zeit." He is rather duerftig himself, unbalanced and impulsive in the extreme. In fact, in an annoyed moment, the diplomat Antonio sees him as a useless and pampered brat and undiplomatically says so, triggering a fateful sequence of events that generate a seemingly unstoppable momentum.
Goethe: Helena
(2010)
Although we are concentrating on the Third Act, Faust's appreciation of legend's most beautiful woman begins much earlier, perhaps as early as the Hexenkueche scene where he is thoroughly enraptured by a woman's image in a magical mirror. It drives him crazy, he says (2456), particularly since he has to stay at a certain distance to keep it in proper focus (2434); can you see Mephisto's mischievous smile at this bit of enforced "disinterested contemplation"? Woman is God's final art work, the true Crown of Creation, we learn from Schiller's Princess Eboli; Mephisto seems to say as much, and Faust like most men needs no convincing. We can't be sure that this is indeed Helen, we (and Faust) have yet to meet her. She remains nameless but, by any name, would be as sweet.
Gretchen's infanticide
(2010)
In the scene At The Well, Gretchen herself describes the sequence of events best and in all their fateful simplicity. It is the progress from "sin" to "shame", that is to public disgrace as soon as her private transgression becomes "visible" as pregnancy. Already here the painful confusion over her private perception ("good, dear love", lines 3585/6) and public judgment ("slut", line 3753) which will eventually drive her mad is obvious. In her derangement and despair she will destroy the evidence against her, that is, drown her child.
Goethe - Egmont
(2010)
Do you know what I think? asks Adrian Leverkuehn. "Musik ist die Zweideutigkeit als System." Music is Janus-faced by its very nature. It can move and paralyze. "What passion cannot music raise and quell," exclaims John Dryden in his Song for St. Cecilia's Day, 1687. Music is an expert in the use of opiates, asserts Settembrini in The Magic Mountain, and Nietzsche speaks of her dual, intoxicating and befogging, nature. Shakespeare's Desdemona "will sing the savageness out of a bear" (IV, i) and the merchants in Novalis' Heinrich von Ofterdingen tell the story of another Orpheus whose song so charms a sea "monster" that it saves the singer's life and returns his treasure to him. John Dryden's Thimotheus "to his breathing flute and sounding lyre, could swell the soul to rage, or kindle soft desire" (Alexander's Feast, 1697). "Musica Consolatrix" and "Musica Tremenda". She is the "Mysterium tremendum et fascinosum" in Kleist's novella about the power of music. While English late 17th and early 18th century literature offers a particularly rich harvest of poetry celebrating the contradictory qualities, or effects, of music, there is in fact testimony to this at all stages of our tradition.
A single mother and her grown children. A team now. The fathers have come and gone and are barely remembered. These are her children. By contrast, Matthew (27; 56) identifies an anonymous woman as "the mother of Zebedee's children." We'll talk about it, for what it may mean. More important is the fact that this group is headed by a dominant female. Let's see if it makes a difference. Demian, as you'll remember, was the product of matriarchy, as it were, and seemed to be none the worse for it. It wasn't even worth mentioning. Fifty years later, Edgar Wibeau of Plenzdorf's The New Sorrows of Young W. (1972), a modern version of Goethe's bestselling novel Werther written 200 years earlier, and one of the most brilliant pieces of theatre post-Brecht, does find it worth mentioning. He is "sick & tired" of being paraded as living proof that "a single mother can successfully raise a male."
At the beginning of The Judgment, we find Georg Bendemann, who has just finished a letter to his friend in Russia, reliving once more the agonizing decision to write the letter in the first place. The decision had not been easy. Like many of Kafka's characters, Georg Bendemann is obsessed with the idea of analysis, with the painstaking exploration of all sides of a given issue. "What could one write to such a man without hurting him?" had been the question. "On the other hand, by writing only casual gossip or not at all one would doubtless increase the friends isolation" had been the counter-argument. What follows now is an exercise in looking at alternatives that spawn new alternatives that leaves the reader dazzled. Each conclusion is in turn explored to its possible opposite implications, which are in turn qualified, which leads to more questions followed by more partial conclusions plus qualifications thereof. The process could continue ad infinitum, in fact, has gone on for years--we are merely presented with a condensed version of it.
Goethe : Novelle
(2010)
Eckermann reports a conversation with Goethe on January 29, 1827: Es kam sodann zur Sprache, welchen Titel man der Novelle geben sollte; wir taten manche Vorschlaege, einige waren gut fuer den Anfang, andere gut fuer das Ende, doch fand sich keiner, der fuer das Ganze passend und also der rechte gewesen waere. "Wissen Sie was", sagte Goethe, "wir wollen es die Novelle nennen; denn was ist eine Novelle anders als eine sich ereignete unerhoerte Begebenheit. Dies ist der eigentliche Begriff, und so vieles, was in Deutschland unter dem Titel Novelle geht, ist gar keine Novelle, sondern bloss Erzaehlung oder was Sie sonst wollen. In jenem urspruenglichen Sinne einer unerhoerten Begebenheit kommt auch die Novelle in den Wahlverwandtschaften vor." This is the epilogue, as it were, to a lengthy conversation on January 15, 1827, in which Goethe interprets his own Novelle. Here an excerpt, a highly condensed analysis: Zu zeigen, wie das Unbaendige, Unueberwindliche oft besser durch Liebe und Froemmigkeit als durch Gewalt bezwungen werde, war die Aufgabe dieser Novelle, und dieses schoene Ziel, welches sich im Kinde und Loewen darstellt, reizte mich zur Ausfuehrung. Dies ist das Ideelle, dies die Blume. Und das gruene Blaetterwerk der durchaus realen Exposition ist nur dieserwegen da und nur dieserwegen etwas wert.