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Zum Buch von Jacques Krynen, Ideal du prince et pouvoir royal en France a la fin du Moyen Age (1380-1440). Etude de la littkrature politique du temps, Editions A. et J. Picard, Paris (1981). Wer als deutscher Mediävist diesen Titel liest, denkt zunächst an die Dissertation von Wilhelm Berges über die Fürstenspiegel des hohen und späten Mittelalters und dürfte geneigt sein, die Lektüre einer nach Raum und Zeit enger umgrenzten Spezialstudie den französischen Zunftgenossen zu überlassen. Aber ein so hohes Lob, wie von Bernard Guenie im Vorwort der Leistung des Verf. gezollt, sollte neugierig machen, stammt es doch von einem für die Thematik überaus kompetenten Fachmann (dessen eigene verdienstvolle Arbeiten und hohe wissenschaftliche Reputation in Deutschland bislang zu Unrecht etwas im Schatten von glänzend verkauften Namen wie Duby oder Le Roy Ladurie stehen). Einige kurze, aber treffende Bemerkungen zum Sujet hat Guenie selbst schon vor einem Jahrzehnt gemacht, überaus nützliche Wegweiser für Krynens Studien. Folgende Ausführungen wollen vor allem zur Lektüre des anregenden, im zweiten Teil über weite Strecken faszinierenden Buchs ermuntern. ...
Rezensionen zu: Georg Denzler, Die verbotene Lust. 2000 Jahre christliche Sexualmoral. München - Zürich, Piper, 1988, 378 S. Aline Rousselle, Der Ursprung der Keuschheit. Aus dem Französischen übersetzt von Ronald Vouillie, hrsg. von Peter Dinzelbacher. Stuttgart, Kreuz-Verlag, 1989, 298 S. Jacques Rossiaud, Dame Venus. Prostitution im Mittelalter. Aus dem Italienischen übersetzt von Ernst Voltmer. München, C. H. Beck, 1989, 239 S.
Die Kirche von Lyon im Karolingerreich : Studien zur Bischofsliste des 8. und 9. Jahrhunderts
(1987)
In der Geschichte der Kirche von Lyon, die zu den ältesten Gemeinden der westlichen Christenheit gehört, markieren die Pontifikate von Leidrad und Agobard einen besonderen Höhepunkt. Auf einer Bischofsliste, die über 1800 Jahre eine Vielzahl berühmter Namen verzeichnet, stehen sie für die Restauration des materiellen und geistlichen Lebens zu Zeiten Karls des Großen und Ludwigs des Frommen. Lyon sollte nach ihren Vorstellungen zur norma rectitudinis für ein karolingisches Bistum werden; vor allem Agobard erhob damals mit seiner Theologie der Reichseinheit Anspruch auf geistige Führerschaft im fränkischen Imperium. Von hier aus wurde das Ideal einer Eingliederung aller Gläubigen in das Corpus Christi, in eine Concorporatio propagiert, die ihre Entsprechung auf Erden im karolingischen Reich finden sollte. Doch scheint Agobards theologisch-politisches Werk, vor einigen Jahren von E. Boshof unter diesem Leitaspekt eindrucksvoll dargestellt und durch L. van Acker in einer modernen Edition erschlossen, auch von konkreten Erfahrungen in seiner Heimat und besonders in Lyon geprägt; ja der Gedanke der Reichseinheit erst recht verständlich vor dem Hintergrund der Geschichte des Lyoner Bistums im 7. und 8. Jahrhundert. Vermutlich aus Septimanien stammend und von westgotischer Herkunft, lebte Agobard schon seit 792 in Lyon und hatte mithin in den Jahrzehnten vor seinem Pontifikatsantritt die Diözese. teilweise im Amt des Chorbischofs, sehr gut kennengelernt - ebendieser, von Boshof bereits skizzierte Rahmen soll hier nun näher untersucht und in größere Zusammenhänge gerückt werden: Ein Versuch, durch Rückschau auf das spätmerowingische und frühkarolin ische Zeitalter wie im Ausgriff auf das weitere 9. Jahrhundert im Zeichen der Spätkarolinger und Bosonen das markante Profil eines Zentralbistums in Zänkischer Randprovinz hervortreten zu lassen, jene unverwechselbare Eigenart zu verdeutlichen, welche die Kirche von Lyon zwischen Reich und Krone bis ins Hochmittelalter zu behaupten vermochte und die Regierung eines Leidrad und Agobard wiederum zur Ausnahme steigert, zugleich aber auch in ihrer Bedeutung reduziert. Damit betritt diese Studie, die sich auch als Vorarbeit zur Liste der Bischöfe von Lyon im Rahmen der Series episcoporum ecclesiae catholicae occidentalis versteht, gewisses Neuland. Denn in den materialreichen »Recherches sur l'histoire de Lyon du Ve sikcle au IX' siecle« von A. Coville und in den stadt- und kirchengeschichtlichen Darstellungen von A. Steyert, A. Kleinclausz und R. Fidou steht dieser Aspekt ebensowenig im Vordergrund wie in dem - thematisch ja anders akzentuierten - Werk von E. Boshof oder der Bonner Dissertation von H. Gerner über das frühmittelalterliche Lyon. ...
Il Conte Umberto I. (Biancamano) : ricerche e documenti ; parte terza ; parte quarta ed ultima
(1878)
If the Bosnian crisis of 1908-9 may properly be described as the dress rehearsal for 1914, the Austrian project, announced early in 1908, to construct a railway from the Bosnian border through the Sandjalc of Novibazar helped to set the stage. Part of the original program to link up the Ottoman realm with central Europc by iron highways, this line had been overlooked for decades as finance, engineering, and diplomacy spent themselves on the great trunk line, the Orientbahn, running like a backbone down the Balkans to Constantinople, with a branch connecting Nish with Salonica via Uskub. From Uskub a spur penetrated northward to Mitrovitza; another linked Salonica with Monastir. Though small in itself, the reappearance of the Novibazar scheme heralded the revival of the perennial Austro-Russian rivalry over the Near East in an acute form, sharpened international animosities generally, strengthened latent dreads of Teutonic hegemony over the Balkans, and gave an impetus to a plethora of competing railway projects. In spite of Austria's renunciation of her rights in the Sandjak as part of the settlement attendant upon the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, the railway plan was not abandoned, and until well along in 1909 hopes were cherished that the Sandjak road - even today unconstructed - would be built.
The volume consists of eight essays with a precise focus: the study of the "dynamics of social exclusion" as reflected in data available for 1994 to 1996, when a detailed survey of a sample of households in EU countries, the "European Community Households Panel," was conducted. On the basis of these data, the authors document the extent and prevalence of poverty generally and specifically in regard to particular risk groups defined in terms of age, health and personal circumstances (young adults, lone parents, people with sickness or disability and retirees).[1] The analysis was carried out for five countries: Austria, Germany, Greece, Portugal and the United Kingdom, which were taken to be representative of the extremes of EU membership: north and south; wealthy and poor; large and small. The essays discuss income poverty (measured as incomes at 40, 50 or 60 percent of median incomes) as well as housing problems, access to basic necessities like food and utilities, access to consumer durables and social interactions. The essays document not only that the extent of poverty varies between countries--a well-known fact--but also that its causes and effects continue to differ even in an increasingly united western Europe. Austria had the lowest proportion of the population in poor households (17 percent--compared to 18 percent in Germany, 21 percent in the United Kingdom and Greece, and 24 percent in Portugal). While sickness and disability were likely to impoverish individuals in all the countries studied, this was particularly true of Austria, Germany and the United Kingdom (that is, northern Europe); retirement was more likely to result in income poverty in the south. The north-south divide was less relevant for parents; single income households with children were particularly likely to suffer from income poverty in the United Kingdom, Germany and Portugal. Poverty was more likely to be persistent than merely a brief phase in the life cycle. Persistence rates of income poverty were around 80 percent in Greece and Britain, above 70 percent in Portugal and above 60 percent in Germany and Austria. But the effects were rather different. In the United Kingdom, high persistence rates of income poverty coincided with low persistence rates (34 percent) of amenities deprivation, whereas the persistence of necessities deprivation was relatively low in Greece at 39 percent. The volume was conceived as a contribution to policy decision-making in the aftermath of the 2000 Lisbon Declaration, which focused (among other things) on poverty and encouraged member states to set more concrete targets for dealing with social exclusion. Some member states did so; Britain, for example--a country where income poverty was particularly likely to result in deprivation of basic necessities--vowed to abolish "poverty" by 2020. The volume is a treasure-trove of data and empirical analysis; it makes essential, though at times rather trying, reading for anyone interested in the extent of social exclusion, and the likelihood of falling into or escaping from it. It also provides ample proof--if any were needed--that governments seeking to combat social exclusion have to set different priorities, because they are not attacking the same phenomenon. Unfortunately, the empirical as well as the more conceptual contributions reveal some of the approach's and the book's shortcomings.[2] The book's very advantage--providing a precise research agenda--is also a drawback. With its focus on three years, and on the life-cycle rather than more stable factors such as ethnicity, occupation or regional origin, the volume presents a particular image of the risk (and duration) of deprivation, which may be more or less comprehensive for different countries. The narrow temporal focus makes one wonder whether measuring poverty's "persistence" of poverty makes much sense for such a relatively short time. Such doubt is enhanced when considering some of the oddities in the results: how did households that remained poor in the United Kingdom manage to get their hands on consumer durables? (The same question could be asked for the sudden increase in access to necessities in Greek households.) Illustrating the empirical findings with more concrete examples would have been helpful, particularly when they are counterintuitive, for instance the statement that patterns of poverty in eastern and western Germany were converging in spite of the continuing divergence in unemployment patterns. Another question--admittedly suggested by events of the last several years--is whether ethnicity, regional origins or occupations are not more important in determining the extent and duration of social exclusion than life cycle. These factors were not, and partly could not be, measured on the basis of the data used, but have moved to the center of policy debates today. This matter relates to another issue the book does not address: who is to blame for poverty, and what roles have governments and the European Union assumed in determining poverty patterns and trends? Have past policy choices--for instance, cutting benefits; increasing "flexibility" in labor markets; encouraging the emigration of jobs (such things the European Union is frequently accused of doing)--made a difference? Is combating poverty a serious policy agenda, or merely window-dressing to make the "reforms" that were key to the Lisbon agenda for modernizing the EU more palatable? Europe seems to be facing an internal contradiction between the agenda of competition and privatization (which results in higher access costs to essential services for "low value" customers) and the agenda of abolishing poverty. This contradiction is partly sustained by U.K. data. Which element is and should be more important to the European Union or national governments is hotly debated, but of course serious contributions to the debate require a comprehensive review of the present state of affairs through the type of careful studies of which this volume is an excellent example.