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Nok Eisen : zentralnigerianische Eisenverhüttung in der Mitte des ersten Jahrtausends vor Christus
(2023)
Based on excavations, excavation documentation and archaeometallurgical analyses, this thesis aims to characterise Nok iron production in central Nigeria through a contextually based investigation.
In 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2016, the Nok research project at Goethe University Frankfurt/Main in collaboration with the National Commission for Museums and Monuments, Nigeria excavated 27 iron-smelting furnaces from 8 sites 60 kilometres north of Abuja. All furnaces date around the middle of the first millennium BCE. Absolute dates, relative pottery chronology and terracotta figurine finds in furnace contexts suggest their affiliation to the Nok context. In comparison, all 27 furnaces resemble each other closely regarding their design and spacial arrangement. The numbers of furnaces per site, furnace width, furnace wall angle and thickness as well as pits beneath the furnaces are just some features with similar qualities. The similarities of the smelting sites also extend into their finds: the structure of tuyères and their position in situ as well as macroscopic slag morphology and distribution. Find morphology and distribution as well as furnace structure suggest a highly standardized way of Nok iron production. However, archaeometallurgical analyses show heterogeneous use of raw materials between sites and/or furnaces. In similarly structured furnaces different kinds of iron ore were smelted leaving a high iron content in the respective slags. This hints at an early stage of iron production in which the smelting process was limited to one operative set-up.
Anarchival practises : the Clanwilliam Arts Project as re-imagining custodianship of the past
(2023)
Where is the past? It is not really behind us, but with us, constantly imagined and re-imagined in public discourse through historical narrations. Using the Clanwilliam Arts Project as a case study, this volume is founded on the 'anarchive', a conceptual constellation that positions the past in relation to the present, bringing into view strategies to facilitate remembering beyond the colonial archive.
Kola nut (Cola cf. nitida) and Safou fruit (Dacryodes edulis) remains have been discovered in eleventh- to fourteenth-century archaeological contexts at Togu Missiri near Ségou in Mali. These remains are evidence of early trade in perishable foodstuffs from the West African forest zone into the Middle Niger region. On the basis of these finds, this paper argues that long-distance trade links were well established by the end of the first millennium AD. It thereby supports the hypothesis that dates the inception of trade between the West African forest zone and the savanna regions to the first millennium AD. The circumstances of the find are discussed, as are the implications for our understanding of the wider exchange network based on the Niger River system in the late first and early second millennium CE.
The paper aims at presenting the Boer Wars (1881–1882 and 1899–1902) as they are reflected in „Siebenbürgisch-Deutsches Tageblatt”, the most important daily newspaper of the Transylvanian Saxons. From the beginning of the second conflict, the Saxons felt great sympathy for the Boers, because they considered them relatives due to their Germanic roots. They also drew a parallel between the Boers’ fight for independence and their own fight against the attempt of forced Hungarization by the authorities from Budapest. In the newspaper there were published not only articles about the armed conflicts but also contributions on the way of life and the habits of the Boers. A novel on the topic of the “Jameson Raid” which took place on New Year’s Eve 1895/1896 was also published. During the “Second Boer War” the Saxons created “Associations of Boer Friends” aimed to help their “brothers” from South Africa who lived in great misery.
This is a story about a house with a history and about the people who lived or worked there. It captures something of the spirit of the times in the worlds of politics and development, and it discusses the links which were established between Oxfam GB in Zambia and the African National Congress of South Africa.
Selena Axelrod Winsnes has been engaged, since 1982, in the translation into English, and editing of Danish language sources to West African history, sources published from 1697 to 1822, the period during which Denmark-Norway was an actor in the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Five major books have been published. They describe all aspects of life on the Gold Coast [Ghana], the Middle Passage and the Danish Caribbean islands [US Virgin Islands], as seen by five different men. Each had his own agenda and mind-set, and the books, both singly and combined, hold a wealth of information - of interest both to scholars and lay readers. They provide important insights into the cultural baggage the enslaved Africans carried with them to the America's. One of the books, L.F. Rømer's 'A Reliable Account of the Coast of Guinea' was runner-up for the prestigious International Texts Prize awarded by the U.S. African Studies Association.
Selena Axelrod Winsnes has been engaged, since 1982, in the translation into English, and editing of Danish language sources to West African history, sources published from 1697 to 1822, the period during which Denmark-Norway was an actor in the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Five major books have been published. They describe all aspects of life on the Gold Coast [Ghana], the Middle Passage and the Danish Caribbean islands [US Virgin Islands], as seen by five different men. Each had his own agenda and mind-set, and the books, both singly and combined, hold a wealth of information - of interest both to scholars and lay readers. They provide important insights into the cultural baggage the enslaved Africans carried with them to the America's. One of the books, L.F. Rømer's 'A Reliable Account of the Coast of Guinea' was runner-up for the prestigious International Texts Prize awarded by the U.S. African Studies Association.
At Independence in 1980, Julius Nyerere called Zimbabwe 'the jewel of Africa', and cautioned its new leaders not to tarnish it. Tragically, they paid no heed to Africa's esteemed elder statesmen. Arguably - and only if one ignores the carnage of Gukurahundi - the first decade was a developmental one, with resources being used prudently to benefit the formerly disadvantaged majority population. However, the 1990s witnessed a transition from a developmental to a predatory leadership which saw Zimbabwe cross the millennial line in crisis, where it has remained ever since. While many African countries have moved forward over the last three decades, Zimbabwe has gone relentlessly backwards, save for the four-year interregnum of the tripartite coalition government, 2009-2013. Virtually all development indicators point in the wrong direction and the crisis of poverty, unemployment, and the erosion of health. education and other public goods continues unabated. The imperatives of political survival and power politics supersede those of sound economics and public welfare. Moreover, unless good politics are conjoined with a sound people-first policy, the country will continue sliding downhill. Zimbabwe's Trajectory tells the story of the country's post-independence dynamics and its recent descent into becoming one of the three most unhappy countries in the world.
A Brutal State of Affairs analyses the transition from Rhodesia to Zimbabwe and challenges Rhodesian mythology. The story of the BSAP, where white and black officers were forced into a situation not of their own making, is critically examined. The liberation war in Rhodesia might never have happened but for the ascendency of the Rhodesian Front, prevailing racist attitudes, and the rise of white nationalists who thought their cause just. Blinded by nationalist fervour and the reassuring words of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and army commanders, the Smith government disregarded the advice of its intelligence services to reach a settlement before it was too late. By 1979, the Rhodesians were staring into the abyss, and the war was drawing to a close. Salisbury was virtually encircled, and guerrilla numbers continued to grow. A Brutal State of Affairs examines the Rhodesian legacy, the remarkable parallels of history, and suggests that Smith's Rhodesian template for rule has, in many instances, been assiduously applied by Mugabe and his successors.
The stone ruins of the Nyanga area of eastern Zimbabwe have aroused much interest since they were first reported to the outside world at the end of the 19th century. Early fanciful speculations about their meaning have slowly given way to better understanding based on archaeological research, most recently by the University of Zimbabwe in co-operation with the National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe and the British Institute in Eastern Africa. The ruins represent the remains of family homesteads and extensive stone-built agricultural terraces. Successive stages of development have been traced, starting with settlements on some of the highest peaks around AD 1300 and expanding gradually for five centuries to cover an area of over 5000 square kilometres. These stages show how the farming community adapted to and exploited the opportunities offered by the varied environments of the Nyanga highlands and lowlands to develop a specialised agricultural system integrating cultivation and livestock. In this book, Robert Soper sets out the accumulated knowledge and understanding of the old Nyanga society, in particular the significance of its agricultural works to which the landscape bears eloquent witness.
This monograph focuses on Gnokholo, a precolonial province of Senegal that has long been landlocked because of its eastern position and inhabited by Mandingoans. The decline of the Malian empire in the 15th century has been confined to a situation of geographical marginality in the foothills of the mountains Of the Fouta Djalon. This book reconstructs the geography, history, economy, culture and social structures of the pre-colonial Gnokholo Kingdom. It fills a deficit insofar as social studies have neglected these populations considered as part of a minority culture. Written in a simple and clear style, this book is in keeping with the tradition of the work of Father Boilat. It is an anthropological collection of a body of knowledge revealing various aspects of the country and the inhabitants of the Gnokholo.
Mary Elizabeth Barber (1818-1899), born in Britain, arrived in the Cape Colony in 1820 where she spent the rest of her life as a rolling stone, as she lived in and near Grahamstown, the diamond and gold fields, Pietermaritzburg, Malvern near Durban and on various farms in the eastern part of the Cape Colony. She has been perceived as 'the most advanced woman of her time', yet her legacy has attracted relatively little attention. She was the first woman ornithologist in South Africa, one of the first who propagated Darwin's theory of evolution, an early archaeologist, keen botanist and interested lepidopterist. In her scientific writing, she propagated a new gender order; positioned herself as a feminist avant la lettre without relying on difference models and at the same time made use of genuinely racist argumentation. This is the first publication of her edited scientific correspondence. The letters - transcribed by Alan Cohen, who has written a number of biographical articles on Barber and her brothers - are primarily addressed to the entomologist Roland Trimen, the director of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London. Today, the letters are housed at the Royal Entomological Society in St Albans. This book also includes a critical introduction by historian Tanja Hammel who has published a number of articles and is about to publish a monograph on Mary Elizabeth Barber.
Why does Namibia's economy look the way it does today? Was the reliance on raw materials for exports and on the service sector for employment an inevitability? And for what reasons has the manufacturing sector - the vehicle for economic development for many now-high income countries throughout the 19th and 20th centuries - seen its growth held back? With these questions in mind, this book offers an extensive analysis of industrial development and economic change in Namibia since 1900, exploring their causes, trajectory, vicissitudes, context, and politics. Its focus is particularly on the motivations behind the economic decisions of the state, arguing that power relations - both internationally and domestically - have held firm a status quo that has resisted efforts towards profound economic change. This work is the first in-depth economic study covering both the colonial and independence eras of Namibia's history and provides the first history of the country's manufacturing sector.
From Plough to Entrepreneurship is motivated largely by the fact that Africans were deprived of economic and political autonomy by white government in South Africa. This marginalisation lies in the complex and interconnected processes of displacement and dispossession by which Africans were first dispossessed of their own land; then deprived of independent productive opportunities. The increasing scarcity of land as scarce commodity and African land ownership in Evaton, best explains the history of African local economic independence. For the local residents, land possession in Evaton provided a space where a moral economy that fostered racial pride and solidarity was forged. This richly sourced monograph develops the logical explanation that sticks together all forces that constrained Africans to give up labour to an industrial economy in Evaton. It provides the reader and student of racialised inequalities in South Africa with an understanding steeped in historical ethnography on how local Africans struggled for economic independence, and how whatever independence their struggles yielded, changed over time in Evaton.
Pio Gama Pinto was born in Kenya on March 31, 1927. He was assassinated in Nairobi on February 24, 1965. In his short life, he became a symbol of anti-colonial and anti-imperialist struggles in Kenya and India. He was actively involved in Goa's struggle against Portuguese colonialism and in Mau Mau during Kenya's war of independence. For this, he was detained by the British colonial authorities in Kenya from 1954-59. His contribution to the struggle for liberation for working people spanned two continents - Africa and Asia. And it covered two phases of imperialism - colonialism in Kenya and Goa and neo-colonialism in Kenya after independence. His enemies saw no way of stopping the intense, lifelong struggle waged by Pinto - except through an assassin's bullets. But his contribution, his ideas, and his ideals are remembered and upheld even today by people active in liberation struggles. This book does not aim or claim to be a comprehensive record on Pio Gama Pinto, just the beginning of the long journey necessary to record the history of Kenya from an anti-imperialist perspective. It introduces readers to voices of many people who have written about Pinto to build up as clear a picture of Pinto as possible. In that spirit, it seeks to make history available to those whose story it is - people of Kenya, Africa and progressive people around the world.
As one of the foremost scientists of the time, the Zurich-born botanist Hans Schinz travelled throughout the colony of German South-West Africa, now known as Namibia, from 1884 to 1886. During his expeditions, which covered the length and breadth of the country, he was an enthusiastic collector of many botanical, ethnographical, zoological and mineral samples. He described his experiences in vivid detail in letters to his family and colleagues in Zurich and Berlin. The extensive collections, with which he returned to Switzerland, and his subsequent research fostered his rapid career progression: in 1893 Hans Schinz became the director of the Zurich Botanical Gardens and in 1895 the Professor of Systematic Botany at the University of Zurich.
The independence of Mozambique in 1975 and its decolonisation process attracted worldwide attention as a successful example of ìnational unityî. Yet, the armed conflict that broke out between the government and the guerrilla force in 1977 lasted for sixteen years and resulted in over a million deaths and several million refugees, placing this concept of ìnational unityî into doubt. For nearly twenty years, Sayaka Funada-Classen interviewed people in rural communities in Mozambique. By examining their testimonies, historical documents, previous studies, international and regional politics, and the changes that various interventions under colonialism brought to the traditional social structure, this book demonstrates that the seeds of ìdivisionî had already been planted while the liberation movement was seeking ìunityî in the struggle years. Presenting a comprehensive history of contemporary Mozambique, this book is indispensable for Mozambican scholars. It promises to serve as a landmark study not only for historians and the scholars of African studies but also for those who give serious consideration to the problems of conflict and peace in the world.
This newly edited volume, Bali Nyonga Today covers about thirty years of (1985-2015) developments in Bali Nyonga, Cameroon. Already well-established as a city-state prior to German colonization in the 19th century, Bali Nyonga continues to adapt to national and global changes since its incorporation into the modern state of Cameroon. With fresh contributions from 12 leading scholars, this volume covers a wide variety of themes and issues including; geographical and historical updates on Chamba migration and settlement in its present homeland in Northwestern Cameroon, an in-depth description of Bali Nyonga cultural associations within the country and the Bali diaspora in the United States, the coexistence of traditional and modern religious worldviews, traditional medicinal practices and life-cycle rituals of significance. Of noteworthy are two chapters devoted to Mungaka, the language of the Balis and its revival in the context of new language policies and developments in African linguistic. Spiced with numerous photos, many of which have never been published, the book is a welcome addition to studies in contemporary African history, culture and society.
Crises, downside up
(2020)
Der Vorstand der VAD hat den Text "Crises, downside up / Krisen: vom Kopf auf die Füße gestellt" von Teresa Cremer als bestes afrikapolitisches Essay des Jahres 2020 ausgewählt.
Der Essay [...] führt den Leser am Beispiel der Wasserkrise von Cape Town im Jahr 2018 in eine grundlegende und hochrelevante Problematik ein, die angesichts der aktuellen Corona-Epidemie nichts von ihrer Aktualität verloren hat.
Der Vorstand der VAD hat den Text "Crises, downside up / Krisen: vom Kopf auf die Füße gestellt" von Teresa Cremer als bestes afrikapolitisches Essay des Jahres 2020 ausgewählt.
Der Essay [...] führt den Leser am Beispiel der Wasserkrise von Cape Town im Jahr 2018 in eine grundlegende und hochrelevante Problematik ein, die angesichts der aktuellen Corona-Epidemie nichts von ihrer Aktualität verloren hat.
Die Studie behandelt archäologische und ethnoarchäologische wie auch ethnohistorische Untersuchungen im südlichen Tschadbecken Nigerias in der Zeit zwischen 1992 und 1998. Die Untersuchungen fanden im Rahmen der Anstellung des Verf. im Sonderforschungsbereich 268 "Kulturentwicklung und Sprachgeschichte im Naturraum Westafrikanische Savanne" sowie eines Habilitationsstipendiums der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft statt.
Zeitrahmen ist das 7./8. Jh. n. Chr. bis 1925, Hauptthema die Entwicklung komplexer eisenzeitlicher Gesellschaften in der Region sowie ihre Transformation bei der Eingliederung des Raumes in das expandierende Reich Kanem-Borno.
"I Am a Hottentot" : africanist mimicry and green xenophilia in Hans Paasche and Karen Blixen
(2014)
Claims that industrialized western countries must reform their environmental practices have often been made with reference to less-developed non-western societies living in greater "harmony" or "balance" with the natural world. Examples of what I call green xenophilia (from the Greek "xenos", meaning strange, unknown or foreign, and "philia", meaning love or attraction), are myriad, wide-ranging and culturally dispersed. They range from the appearance of the iconic "crying Indian" in anti-pollution TV and newspaper spots in the months leading up to the first Earth Day on April 22 1970 to numerous environmentalist individuals' and groups' use of the fabricated "Chief Seattle's Speech" as an authoritative touchstone of ecological consciousness, and from the British Schumacher College's endorsement of India as a source of simplicity, holism, humility, vegetarianism etc. to leading deep ecologists' advocacy of East Asian religions (especially Buddhism, Jainism and Taoism) as "biocentric" alternatives to "anthropocentric" Christianity (Rolston 1987; Dunaway 2008; Krupat 2011; Corrywright 2010). Invocations of non-western cultures, identities and worldviews have proved potent heuristic devices, enabling greens both to critique the status quo and to gesture (however schematically) towards the possibility of alternatives. Pervasive media-borne ideas and images like "the Green Tibet" (Huber 1997) and "the ecological Indian" (Krech 1999) have given environmentalist ideas about the good life physical incarnation, making them seem less remote and abstract. Yet the prevalence of xenophile dis course has also made environmentalism vulnerable to recurrent accusations of romantic primitivism, orientalism and exoticism, as western greens have sometimes (though not always) appeared to buttress traditional socio-cultural norms in the very act of challenging them (Guha 1989; Lohmann 1993; Bartholomeusz 1998). What is gained and what is risked when western greens speak about, with, for or as "the other"? In this essay I engage with two early-twentieth-century North European writers, the German Hans Paasche (1881-1921) and the Dane Karen Blixen (1885-1962), whose works bring this question to the forefront. Critical of European industrialization, and awkwardly positioned vis-a-vis their upper-class social milieus, Paasche and Blixen wrote as self-made "Africans", testing the limits between colonialism, anti-colonialism and emergent forms of environmentalism and green" lifestyle reform. More precisely, Paasche in "Die Forschungsreise des Afrikaners Lukanga Kukara ins Innerste Deutschland" ("The African Lukanga Mukara's Research Joumey into the Innermost of Germany" (1912-1913) and Blixen in "Out of Africa" (1937) deploy the ambiguous form of mimicry that Susan Gubar labels "racechange", impersonating or appropriating culturally other voices and perspectives on animals, food, physical embodiment and human-natural relations (Gubar 1997). Paasche and Blixen, I argue, used their considerable intercultural insight to construct images of Africa that they hoped would stand in redemptive contrast to the humanly and environmentally ruinous beliefs and practices of European modernity. I am interested in the acts of ethnic and textual self-alienation that these writers perform because they highlight the discursive, ethical and political ambiguities of green xenophilia - ambiguities that can be explored from different positions within the developing field of ecocritical studies.
The Central Nigerian Nok Culture has been well known for its elaborate terracotta sculptures and evidence of iron metallurgy since its discovery by British archaeologist Bernard Fagg in the 1940s. With a date in the first millennium BCE, both, sculptures and ironworking, belong to the earliest of their kind in sub-Saharan Africa. After a period of destruction of Nok sites by looting, scientific research resumed in 2006, when a team of archaeologists from Goethe University in Germany started to explore different Nok Culture aspects, one of which focused on chronology. Establishing a chronology for the Nok Culture employed two approaches: a comprehensive pottery analysis based on decoration and form elements and a wealth of radiocarbon dates from a large number of excavated sites. This volume presents the radiocarbon dates and the methods, data and results of the chronological pottery analysis, conducted within the scope of a dissertation project completed in 2015. Combining the two strands of information, a chronology emerges, dividing the Nok Culture into three phases from the middle of the second millennium BCE to the last centuries BCE and defining seven pottery groups that can be arranged to some extent in a chronological order.
Thema der Magisterarbeit ist die Aufarbeitung und Auswertung der Grabungen an der Fundstelle Pangwari in Zentralnigeria. Im Fokus stehen die Nok-zeitlichen Befunde und Funde, um die Struktur des Fundplatzes aufzudecken.
Die Nok-Kultur ist bekannt für die im sub-saharischen Raum ältesten Terrakottafiguren sowohl menschlicher als auch tierischer Darstellungen. Seit 2009 untersuchen die Wissenschaftler der Archäologie und Archäobotanik Afrikas an der Goethe-Universität die Hinterlassenschaften der Nok-Kultur. Zahlreiche 14C-Datierungen aus Fundkontexten belegen eine Dauer der Kultur von etwa 1500 v. Chr. bis zur Zeitenwende. Pangwari ist mit über 2600 m² verteilt auf 10 Grabungsschnitte mit knapp 13.000 Messpunkten die größte Grabung einer Nok-Fundstelle. Die Analyse der 20 identifizierten Befunde erlaubte, unter Berücksichtigung der Funde und Datierungen, Rückschlüsse auf die Chronologie und Funktion des Platzes, die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt werden.
Angaben aus der Verlagsmeldung: Von 1905–1907 unternahm der Missionsinspektor Johannes Spiecker eine Reise durch Deutsch- Südwestafrika, das heutige Namibia. Zu dieser Zeit fand der Aufstand der Herero und Nama gegen die deutsche Besatzung statt. Die Mission, die das Vertrauen der schwarzen Bevölkerung weit eher besaß als Kolonialregierung und Siedler, wurde dabei zu einer politischen Kraft. Sie schickte Boten aus, um die Aufständischen zur Aufgabe zu bewegen, und richtete Sammelstellen für Heimkehrer ein; diese wurden anschließend meist in Konzentrationslager verbracht, wo viele starben. Spieckers Rolle ist von besonderem Interesse, weil er bei Missionaren und Kolonialregierung ebenso Ansehen besaß wie bei den Stammeshäuptlingen. Er intervenierte für die Gefangenen und gegen die Vernichtungspläne deutscher Militärs. Um die Ausbreitung des Krieges zu verhindern, setzte er sich beim Gouverneur gegen einen Ovambofeldzug ein und reiste zudem – gegen die Anweisungen der Deputation in Barmen – in die nördlichen Ovambogebiete, um Häuptling Nechale zu treffen. Diesem empfahl er eindringlich die Unterwerfung unter die Kolonialregierung. – Spieckers Rolle ist also ambivalent; seine Einmischung in politische und militärische Entscheidungen könnte die Entwicklung des Krieges beeinflusst haben. Seine privaten Aufzeichnungen werden hier erstmals umfassend vor dem historischen Hintergrund ausgewertet.
Die Missionierung Ruandas
(2006)
Many Zanjian settlements (8th to 13th centuries AD) on Tanzania’s coast are considered to have collapsed and not regarded as belonging to the formation of the Swahili culture (13th to 16th centuries AD). With this regard, Swahili traditions found on Tanzania’s coast are seldom linked to local Zanjian precursors but to external influence especially from Lamu archipelago on the Kenya coast. Nevertheless, new archaeological evidences from Pangani Bay on the northern coast of Tanzania suggest that the external influences to cultural continuity and change from Zanjian to Swahili periods are overemphasized. This conclusion is grounded on archaeological field works conducted in the surrounding of Pangani Bay in 2010 and 2012, where major Swahili sites directly overlie Zanjian sites without recognizable changes of the cultural materials. The study compares and contrasts cultural materials (in particular pottery) and remains of economy and trade (fauna and glass beads) traditions from both Zanjian and Swahili phases. The aim of this comparative analysis is to trace change and continuity of archaeological traditions for better understanding the origin of Swahili culture in Pangani Bay.
In this endeavour, the analysis of ceramic, faunal remains and glass beads from Pangani Bay proposes negligible differences of materials and economical traditions from the late 1st to 2nd millennia AD. That is, local ceramic styles by Swahilis show only minor differences to those used by their ancestors, while fauna data suggest a similarity in subsistence economy between Zanjian and Swahili periods. Correspondingly, glass bead data indicate that although maritime trade became highly sophisticated during Swahili time, early involvement into oceanic far distance trade contact began in the Zanjian period. Thus, this thesis conveys all issues together. It presents research objectives, field work methods as well as analysis and interpretation of the results, with a main focus on ceramic, fauna and bead data. With the support of archaeological evidences, the current work concludes that there is more continuity than change in most of the Zanjian traditions that facilitated the origin of Swahili culture in Pangani Bay.
Die Reisetagebücher des Geographen Eduard Pechuël-Loesche von der afrikanischen Loango-Küste, die in der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek in München als Teil seines Nachlasses aufbewahrt werden, decken leider nicht die gesamte Zeitspanne seines Forschungsaufenthaltes ab, weil die mitgebrachten Hefte bei seiner Ankunft (19.8.1874) bereits vollgeschrieben waren und der Nachschub erst Monate später eintraf. Die fortlaufenden Einträge beginnen daher erst mit den Nachträgen für die Zeit ab 24.2.1875 und reichen bis zum Ende seines Aufenthaltes am 5.5.1876. Die Edition konzentriert sich daher auf diesen Zeitabschnitt und begnügt sich für die Hinreise mit einer Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Stationen.
Bei den Eintragungen handelt es sich meist um Notizen, die nur stichwortartig in oft unvollständigen Sätzen festgehalten worden waren. Die allgemeine Forschungssituation steht im Vordergrund; demgegenüber treten ethnographische Mitteilungen zurück. Die eigentlichen ethnographischen und sprachlichen Aufzeichnungen wurden offensichtlich in einem „Hauptbuch“, das in einem der Tagebücher erwähnt wird, sowie auf separaten Exzerpt-Zetteln eingetragen, die nicht mehr erhalten sind. Dennoch bilden diese unmittelbaren Tagebuchaufzeichnungen eine wesentliche Ergänzung zu den späteren Veröffentlichungen, besonders in Hinblick auf die Stimmungen und emotionalen Belastungen, denen diese Forschungsexpedition in hohem Maße unterworfen war.
Diese bisher vor allem im Ruf des Scheiterns stehende Expedition ist deshalb so interessant, weil sie eine der ersten interdisziplinären Feldforschungsversuche in Afrika gewesen ist. Ihre Ergebnisse überragen diejenigen der übrigen deutschen Afrika-Unternehmen dieser Zeit bei weitem. Sie hatte allerdings mit zahlreichen widrigen Umständen zu kämpfen, die es ihr verwehrten, ihre eigentliche Aufgabe, den Vorstoß ins Landesinnere (möglichst bis zu einer Erreichung der Ostküste) zu verwirklichen.
Je länger man sich mit diesen Tagebuchnotizen beschäftigt und mit den richtigen Fragen an sie herangeht, desto mehr erschließt sich ihr reichhaltiger Inhalt. Sie sind deshalb erst auf den dritten Blick tatsächlich eine wichtige und sehr vielseitige Quelle, die sich nicht ohne Vorwissen und nur in bestimmten Kontexten erschließt. Wegen ihres disparaten Charakters und ihrer Stakkato-artigen Darstellungsform eignen sich die Tagebücher zwar nicht als spannende Unterhaltungslektüre (und deshalb auch nicht als „normale“ Buchveröffentlichung), doch kann man ihr zu sehr unterschiedlichen Themen nützliche und vielseitige Informationen und Einblicke entlocken.
Da Eduard Pechuël-Loesche in seinen Tagebüchern immer wieder die Anfertigung bestimmter Aquarelle erwähnt, war es ein Glücksfall, dass diese Aquarelle aufgespürt werden und 31 davon in dieser Edition veröffentlicht werden konnten.
Der Edition wurde ein biographischer Abriss über Eduard Pechuël-Loesches Biographie und das Kapitel der Herausgeberin „Feldforschungsstreß an der Loango-Küste: Ein Blick in die Tagebücher von Eduard Pechuël-Loesche (1873–1876)“ aus dem Buch von Sylvia M. Schomburg-Scherff und Beatrix Heintze (Hg.), Die offenen Grenzen der Ethnologie. Schlaglichter auf ein sich wandelndes Fach, Frankfurt am Main: Lembeck 2000, vorangestellt.
Angola hat, besonders im 19. Jh., zahlreiche deutsche Forschungsreisende angezogen, die aber nur selten Berücksichtigung finden. Ihnen widmet sich dieses Buch, das zugleich Neuinterpretation, Handbuch und Anthologie ist. Darüber hinaus vermittelt es grundsätzliche Einblicke in die Geschichte der Ethnologie. 30 Kurzbiographien geben Hinweise zum Lebenslauf der Forschungsreisenden mit den Hauptdaten und dem Verlauf der Reise(n) in Angola, ihren Zielen, den Veröffentlichungen, sowie zu ethnographischen Sammlungen und visueller Dokumentation. Sie werden durch Textbeispiele aus den Werken der betreffenden Afrikareisenden ergänzt. Ein besonderes Augenmerk wird jeweils auf das Bild gerichtet, das sich die deutschen Reisenden von den afrikanischen Menschen gemacht haben, sowie auf die Art und Weise und den Kontext, in dem ihre späteren Publikationen über diese Begegnungen zustande kamen. Spezialbibliographien zu jedem der Forscher vermitteln erstmals eine umfassende bibliographische Übersicht. Über die biographischen Aspekte hinaus geht es im wesentlichen, vor allem in der ausführlichen Einführung, um die Entstehungsbedingungen und die Entstehungsgeschichte unserer Quellen, um die spezifischen Umstände und den allgemeinen Kontext der Produktion unseres Wissens. Abbildungen einiger Skulpturen aus den mitgebrachten ethnographischen Sammlungen, die wir heute als Meisterwerke afrikanischer Kunst bewundern, bilden einen eindrucksvollen visuellen Kontrast zu den meist abschätzigen Urteilen ihrer Sammler über diesen "Fetischkram".
Fracture numérique de genre en Afrique francophone : une inquiétante réalité ; réseau genre et TIC
(2005)
Ce document présente les principaux résultats de la recherche "Fracture numérique de genre en Afrique francophone : données et indicateurs", réalisée en 2004-2005 par le Réseau genre et TIC, grâce à une subvention du Centre de Recherches pour le Développement International (CRDI, Ottawa, Canada). Le Réseau genre et TIC est une initiative menée conjointement par l’organisation internationale Environnement et Développement du Tiers Monde (ENDA), l’Observatoire des Systèmes d’Information sur les Réseaux et Inforoutes du Sénégal (OSIRIS) et l’Agence sénégalaise de Régulation des Télécommunications (ART). Composé de personnes et d’organisations actives pour la promotion de l’égalité de genre dans le secteur des TIC, sa mission, en concertation avec l’ensemble des acteurs nationaux et partenaires internationaux, est de promouvoir l’égalité de genre dans la société de l’information.
This document presents the main results of the research on the “Gender digital divide in Francophone Africa: data and indicators”, which was carried out in 2004–2005 by the Gender and ICT Network (Réseau genre et TIC), with the sponsorship of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC, Ottawa, Canada). The Gender and ICT Network is a joint initiative of the international organisation Environmental Development Action in the Third World (ENDA), the Monitoring Centre for Information Systems and the Internet in Senegal (l’Observatoire des Systèmes d’Information sur les Réseaux et Inforoutes du Sénégal – OSIRIS) and the Senegalese Telecommunications Regulations Agency (l’Agence sénégalaise de Régulation des Télécommunications – ART). Comprising persons and organisations involved in promoting gender equality in the ICT sector, its mission, together with all its national stakeholders and international partners, is to promote gender equality in the information society.
A rather disillusioned observation was recently made during a pan-Africa conference: Africa women consider new information and communication technologies as "futuristic" rather than a tool for development to be used today. If initiatives are not taken now to thwart this attitude, activities by women in Africa to promote sustainable development that also benefit them will take event longer. This will be especially true in regions on the continent where English is not the common language.
· Des hommes comme les autres ? · De la biologie à l'analyse de genre · La hiérarchie des droits · La mise en oeuvre de la Plate-Forme d'Action de Beijing · La Section I de la PFA : "les droits fondamentaux de la femme" · Droits économiques et politiques : participer à la prise de décision · La "Déclaration de Luxembourg" · De l'égalité de genre à la lutte contre les disparités dans le monde · Références
Répertoire de la Recherche publique au Gabon (Universités et Grandes Ecoles, CE. NA. RE. S. T.)
(2003)
Quelque perfectible qu’il soit, ce premier Répertoire de la Recherche publique au Gabon a un grand mérite, celui d’exister et de témoigner ainsi, face aux sceptiques, de la réalité de la Recherche dans notre pays : en dépit des difficultés, les membres de la Communauté scientifique travaillent, produisent, publient. Et même si beaucoup reste à faire pour donner une impulsion nouvelle à certaines équipes, le constat a indiscutablement quelque chose de réconfortant.
Le présent ouvrage représente la version électronique d’un numéro spécial des Cahiers du Centre d’Études et de Recherche en Lettres Sciences Humaines et Sociales, publié en 2001 par la Direction des Presses Universitaires de l’Université de Ouagadougou, pour l’Unité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR/LAC & UFR/SH)
La documentation démographique concernant les populations rurales de l’Ouest-Africain ne s’est vraiment développée qu’à une époque très récente. On remarque une disparité entre les données relatives aux villes et escales, et celles qui ont trait à la situation rurale. La population urbaine a pu faire l’objet de véritables études démographiques, dès avant les indépendances, alors qu’en milieu rural, on s’est contenté des dénombrements effectués à des fins administratives et fiscales.
Pour ce qui est de la période précoloniale, l'existence, en Afrique au sud du Sahara, de cette forme de déviance qu'est le banditisme social peut poser problème; pour la période coloniale par contre, la présence de ce phénomène ne peut souffrir aucune contestation, tant les témoignages l'attestant sont à la fois nombreux, divers et concordants. Ainsi, tout au long de cette dernière séquence historique, dans beaucoup de régions du continent, il nous est offert de multiples exemples d'initiatives individuelles et marquantes de protestation sociale. Face à la déficience des structures traditionnelles de riposte, des hommes d'action ont opposé un refus individuel à la mise en place violente de l'ordre colonial. Retranchés dans les zones échappant au contrôle de la nouvelle autorité, ils ont essayé de tenir tête à son action intégratrice, et l'échec de celle-ci - quelle qu'en puisse du reste être la raison - expliquerait certaines carrières de bandit social.
Les relations entre l'Egypte pharaonique et l'Afrique Noire constituent une question très controversée, ce qui ne doit pas étonner : au moment où naissait l'égyptologie en 1822 avec le grand Champollion, l'idéologie coloniale, pour les raisons que l'on sait, s'opposait fermement à l'idée d'une Egypte appartenant à l'univers culturel négro-africain. On regardait plus volontiers vers le Tigre et l'Euphrate que vers les Grands Lacs africains pour retrouver les origines du miracle pharaonique. Les civilisations négro-africaines elles-mêmes étaient systématiquement attribuées à des Hamites venus d'Asie s'égarer dans le continent noir. Les rares voix discordantes étaient amplement couvertes par l'immense clameur d'une écrasante majorité.
The Tijanya brotherhood founded by Cheikh Ahmed TIJANI in the second half of the XVIIIth century achieved a spectacular breakthrough in West Africa by the middle of the XIXth century. It was adopted and championed by the main figures of the resistance to the French colonial penetration : Cheikh Umar al-Futi TALL and Ahmadou Mahdiyu BA who were introduced to it respectively by Mohamed el-Ghali in Medina and Mohamed el-Hafez, and Id-on-Ali in Mederdra, Mauritania. Mamadou Lamine Dramé from the Gajaaga and Samba Diadana Ac also were figures of the anticolonial resistance who embraced Tijanya. Ahmadou Cheikhou, Cheikh Umar TALL's successor and eldest son, too was a tijane anticolonial hero whom Archinard's men killed in 1891, after his empire had gone through a long period of turmoil.
Du XVIe au milieu du XIXe siècle les sociétés sénégalaises étaient frappées par une profonde crise consécutive à la traite négrière devenue la préoccupation majeure des autorités. Aux escarmouches succédaient les expéditions de grande envergure entraînant à leur suite des pillages, des vols, des viols. De partout montaient vers le ciel les gémissements des victimes. Cette atmosphère irrespirable de violence mit la société dans une sorte de vide spirituel et moral. Là où la religion traditionnelle était prépondérante comme en pays sérère aucune réponse adéquate n'était trouvée à l'inquiétude du lendemain en raison même de l'étroitesse de ses horizons. Toutefois il en était autrement dans les zones d'implantation des musulmans. Refusant de subir les caprices de l'aristocratie dirigeante, les musulmans prenaient souvent les armes pour abattre les régimes despotiques qui, à leurs yeux, avaient perdu toute légitimité. Ils décidèrent de remodeler la société en recourant aux provisions de la loi islamique.
L'Afrique noire telle que l'occident la percoit (XVème - XVIIIème siècles) entre mythes et réalités
(2000)
L'Occident médiéval a élaboré, dans sa curiosité pour le monde environnant, des images diverses sur l'Afrique Noire et ses habitants. Celles-ci reposent sur un savoir essentiellement livresque. Car, jusqu'au milieu du XVè s., à cause des multiples obstacles naturels (Sahara, Océan Atlantique), politiques et culturels (Islam...), les contacts réels entre les deux continents sont demeurés inexistants. Ces images ont aussi, pendant longtemps, été particulièrement marquées, non seulement par la confusion et la contamination entre l'Inde et l'Éthiopie, par les échos flous d'un Soudan regorgeant d'or mais aussi par le rêve caché d'abondance, de richesse et de puissance d'un Occident atteint de plein fouet par une crise généralisée.