Journal of religious culture = Journal für Religionskultur
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113
Wie aus den bisherigen Ausführungen hervorgeht, bezieht sich das Islamische Recht auf Quellen, die in ihrer Rangordnung unterschiedlich eingestuft werden. Der Koran nimmt im Vergleich zu den anderen Quellen zweifelsohne die höchste Stellung ein. Seine rechtsrelevanten Verse sind bei allen rechtlichen Entscheidungen für die Rechtswissenschaftler unumstrit-ten der wichtigste Referenzpunkt. Die sunna ist nach dem Koran die zweitwichtigste Quelle des Islamischen Recht. Sie spielt bei der Auslegung des Koran sowie für Themen, die im Koran nicht behandelt werden, eine herausragende Rolle sowohl für das Islamische Recht als auch für die anderen Disziplinen des Islam. Auch die Bedeutung von igma (Konsens) und qiyas (Analogieschluss) als zwei weitere Hauptquellen des Islamischen Rechts sollte an dieser Stelle nicht unerwähnt bleiben. Neben diesen primären verleihen die sekundären, also abgeleiteten, Quellen istihsan, istishab, istislah (al-masalih al-mursala), saru man qablana, urf und ada dem Islamischen Recht eine große Vielfalt und Flexibilität. Der mit einer Rechtsfrage betraute Islamrechtswissenschaftler wird stets versuchen, die geeignete Entscheidung ausgehend von diesen Quellen und unter Berücksichtigung ihres jeweiligen Stellenwerts zu finden.
220
The principles of the Islamic mystical exegesis are presented in this article. The sources of Islamic mystical exegesis of the Qur’an starts with Prophet Muhammad and his companions and continues with the following generations. In this regard, the narratives of ʿUmar and Ibn ʿAbbās are noteworthy because they were the first who disclosed the underlying meaning of certain verses which have reached us until today. The commentaries of the Islamic mystical exegetes are supported by the Qurʾān, some key Hadith of the Prophet and actions and words of his companions. This is a type of knowledge by unveiling (kašf) and is obtained by a channel that is confidential and closed to others. This leads to an ongoing debate as the confirmability is difficult. It is acknowledged that as long as these commentaries do not contradict with the literal meaning of the verses, are supported by solid narrations, or do not harm the boundaries of sharia they should be accepted as an enrichment.
221
This article is concerned with the mystical exegesis of the journey between Moses and Ḫiḍr mentioned in the Qurʾān in Sūrah al-Kahf (18/60-82). The verses are viewed and analysed by the commentaries of classic commentators (mufassirūn) aṭ-Ṭabarī, az-Zamaḫšarī and ar-Razī. The emphasis is set on the content-related description of Moses and Ḫiḍr which are found in Sūrah al-Kahf. The supreme allegory of the journey is that divinely-inspired knowledge (al-ʿilm al-ladunnī) may be received in the form of revelation (as Moses did) or as mystical, intuitive knowledge (as was given to Ḫiḍr). Classic commentators suggest, despite the distinguished position of Moses as a prophet, that the knowledge given to Ḫiḍr is superior and described as a secret or hidden knowledge. For this reason, Ḫiḍr holds an essential position in Islamic mystical tradition (taṣawwuf), in which Sūrah al-Kahf is considered as a legitimation for the mystical dimension in Islam.
222
İşârî Tefsirlerin Işığında Hz. Zekeriya'nın Vesâyeti Altındaki Meryem ve Onun Kur’ân’daki Mucizes
(2016)
The purpose of this article is to explore the Qurʾānic verses that mention Mary and the miraculous events that occured in particular during the guardianship of Zacharia. In this context commentators from the Islamic mystical tradition underline the link between the aspects of asceticism (riyāḍa) and miracles (karāmāt) with the Sufi tradition. They emphasise on the superior status of Mary in the sight of Allah Who has raised and protected her with great care. Commentators agree that Mary is not a Prophet, but can be seen as a serveant who became a friend of Allah (walī). Moreover, they highlight that Allah will always protect and support those who have obtained this superior status just as He did with Mary.