Journal of religious culture = Journal für Religionskultur
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10
As both time and space at hand for this presentation is limited, therefore instead of a longer introductory note, here a move is made to deal with the given subject straight. In the second section the background both historical and theological is discussed, which win state the position of the inter-religious dialogue in India. The third section will deal with the involvement and experiences of the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches in the field of inter-religious dialogue. The fourth section deals with other living religions specially Islam. Finally in section five concluding remarks are given in the form of reflections and in section six, the notes and references are listed.
27-02
Die Wissenschaftliche Irenik hat im klaren Gegensatz dazu eine ganz andere Aufgabe. Die Bezeichnung Irenik leitet sich von dem griechischen Wort "Eirene" her, das wir normalerweise mit Frieden übersetzen . Das ist in unserem Zusammenhang hier, jedoch im Zusammenhang der Wissenschaftlichen Irenik, als Übersetzung des hebräischen Wortes Shalom zu verstehen , meint also den positiven Zustand des Heils. Die Aufgabe der Irenik besteht also darin, das Heilsame der Religionen zu bewahren. Das heißt im Rahmen wissenschaftlicher Religionskritik, die für die Menschen notwendige aber relative Bedeutung der verschiedenen einzelnen Religionen heraus zuarbeiten .
68
As for the relation between Islam and pluralism, it seems a little bit complicated. There are some verses in The Koran for pluralism and at the same time we have some verses against. Among the sayings of Prophet Muhammad like the some Koranic verses, we came across with something good and bad for non-Muslims in special contexts. By another saying, we find both positive and negative statements for Jews and Christians in different circumstances. Muslim scholars the complexity still exists. We find both positive and negative stances. So it is difficult to see a standard or official view on this issue. However, we should point out that Islam recognizes all the sacred (Semitic) books and their messages. It accepts all prophets of that traditions. It defines itself as the last and perfect religion of Semitic tradition and states that no other religion will be accepted from anybody else other then itself. It criticizes both the Jews and Christians especially about their failure to uphold the Oneness of God, tawhid, and to preserve the authenticity of their scripture from interventions. This exclusivist aspect of Islam as many conservative scholars formed with putting together some evidences from the Koran is generally accepted by Muslims.
47
Hz. Meryem’in İslam tasavvufundaki yerini anlayabilmek için az da olsa tasavvuftan bahsetmemiz gerekecektir:
Yaygın bir anlayışa göre tasavvufun sözlük anlamı yün giymektir.[1] Çünkü yün elbise gösterişsiz bir kıyafet olup, avret yerlerini örtmek için giyilirdi.
Terim anlamı olarak Tasavvuf, kalben temiz olmak, Ashab-ı suffe gibi olmak; devamlı ibadet etmektir. Kötü huyları terketmek, güzel huylar edinmektir. Kimseden incinmemek, kimseyi incitmemek, herkesin yükünü çekmek, kimseye yük olmamaktır. Kâmil yani, olgun insan olmak, Allah ile beraber olmaktır. Kişinin nefsine karşı giriştiği barışı olmayan bir savaştır.[2] Bunlara benzer tasavvufun pek çok tanımı yapılmıştır. Bu tanımları bir cümlede toplamak mümkün değildir. Çünkü tasavvuf bir yaşama biçimidir, Allah’ın sevgisini ve onun hoşnutluğunu kazanma yarışıdır. Bunun yolları ve metotları sayılmayacak kadar çoktur.
Müslümanlar Allah’a ulaşma ve O’nun rızasını elde etme amacıyla örnekler aramışlardır. Örnek olarak en başta Hz. Muhammed (a.s.)i almaları tabi karşılanmalıydı. Öyle de olmuştur. Hz. Muhammed (a.s.), ümmeti için her yönüyle örnek olduğu gibi sûfî hayat tarzı için de çok önemli bir örnektir.
Nitekim O şöyle buyurmuştur: “İhsan, Allah’ı görüyormuş gibi ibadet etmektir, zira sen O’nu görmüyorsan da O seni görüyor.”[3] Bu hadisten anlaşılan hedef ibadet esnasında Yaratıcı ile kul arasında tam bir iletişimin kurulması gerektiğidir. Başka bir hadiste yine Peygamber buyurmuştur ki; “Allah Teâla buyuruyor: Bir Allah dostuna düşmanlık edene karşı, ben savaş açarım. Kul bana en çok kendisine farz kıldığım şeyleri yapmakla yaklaşır. Nafile ibadetlerle de bana yaklaşmaya devam eder. Sonuçta o derece yaklaşır ki, ben onu severim. Ben onu seversem onun işiten kulağı, gören gözü, tutan eli, yürüyen ayağı olurum. Benimle işitir, benimle görür, benimle tutar, benimle yürür.”[4] İslam’ın genel prensipleri çerçevesinde bu hadisten panteist bir anlayış çıkaramayacağımıza göre bir müslümanın bu hadisten anlayacağı şeyı, çok heyecan verici bir dînî coşkunluk olması gayet doğaldır.
Müslüman bir mistiğe ufuk ve yön veren hadisler ve sünnet örnekleri sayılmayacak kadar çoktur. Engin bir kültür ve zengin bir yaşam tarzına sahip olan İslam Tasavvufunun mensupları sadece Peygamber ve sahabe örneği ile yetinmemişlerdir. Kur’an-ı Kerimde övülen her insanı arınma modeli olarak kabul etmişlerdir. Çünkü Kur’an bir Müslüman için Allah’ın ezeli ve ebedi olan kelam sıfatından süzülüp gelen bir Kelâm-ı Kadîm’dir, yani kutsal bir kitaptır.
78
In this article we dealt with the relations between the state and religion / Islam and its interpreters i.e., the ulama, their needs each other. As a case, with an original source, we focused on the time of the Mahmud II (1808-1839) The Ottoman reforms of the nineteenth century is reconciliation between Islam and Western civili-sation. In this process the ulama played key role by commenting Islam accordance with the need of the age or of the Ottoman Empire. The reformers, chiefly the Sultan and his close friends needed the support of the ulama to legitimate their reform programmes In this crucial stage the head of the ulama the Shaykhulislam, used his own religious knowledge and influence, derived from his office by writing a treatise to persuade the masses to accept the reforms. Applying the traditional virtue literature on the Ottoman dynasty he presented in this pamphlet one of the Western-minded Ottoman sultans as an ideal caliph-sultan. This attitude helped to transform the middle-aged Ottoman political structure and society into modern ages in Western line.
222
İşârî Tefsirlerin Işığında Hz. Zekeriya'nın Vesâyeti Altındaki Meryem ve Onun Kur’ân’daki Mucizes
(2016)
The purpose of this article is to explore the Qurʾānic verses that mention Mary and the miraculous events that occured in particular during the guardianship of Zacharia. In this context commentators from the Islamic mystical tradition underline the link between the aspects of asceticism (riyāḍa) and miracles (karāmāt) with the Sufi tradition. They emphasise on the superior status of Mary in the sight of Allah Who has raised and protected her with great care. Commentators agree that Mary is not a Prophet, but can be seen as a serveant who became a friend of Allah (walī). Moreover, they highlight that Allah will always protect and support those who have obtained this superior status just as He did with Mary.
240
The thesis John Calvin has been the religious initiator of modern capitalist mentality is not in accordance with his doctrine, just the opposite is true. Calvin had a very traditional will say non- or even ant-capitalist in view of economic behaviour.
275
The thesis John Calvin (1509-1564) was the religious initiator of modern capitalist mentality is inconsistent with his teaching; just the opposite is true. Calvin represented a very traditional i.e. non- or even ant-capitalist socio-economic position. There one does not find on his doctrine what could have fostered and prepared a so-called spirit of capitalism
194
Jubiläen haben es in sich! In diesem Jahr werden wir vor allem an den großen Philosophen Immanuel Kant erinnert, der am 12.2.1804 in Königsberg in Preußen gestorben ist. Sein Denkmal am Königsberger Dom hat den Krieg und auch die Russen überstanden. Am populärsten ist bis heute Kants Erläuterung von „Aufklärung“: „Aufklärung ist der Ausgang des Menschen aus seiner selbst verschuldeten Unmündigkeit. Unmündigkeit ist das Unvermögen, sich seines Verstandes ohne Leitung eines anderen zu bedienen. Sapere aude! Habe Mut, dich deines eigenen Verstandes zu bedienen! ist also der Wahlspruch der Aufklärung!“1 Nicht nur, daß die 1784 niedergeschriebene Abhandlung Kants nicht am Anfang der deutschen Aufklärung steht, sondern eher ihr Schwanengesang ist: In der Regel wird auch verschwiegen, daß der Autor selbst die prinzipielle Gültigkeit dieser Sätze entscheidend einschränkte, wenn er am Schluß seiner Abhandlung alle radikalen Konsequenzen ausdrücklich verwarf und das Grundgesetz des friderizianischen Preußen pries: „Räsonniert, soviel als ihr wollt, und worüber ihr wollt, nur gehorcht!“ Kant hat den Angriff Napoleons auf Europa, den Zusammenbruch Preußens und Österreichs nicht mehr erlebt. So ist ihm die bittere Erfahrung erspart geblieben, daß von den Idealen einer Revolution meistens nur verwirklicht wird, was machtpolitisch brauchbar ist...
183
One memorable quote from Karl Marx’s conception of religion is, “religion is the opium of the masses.” By this, he critiqued religion as an analgesic that dulls the senses, thus inducing a false sense of satisfaction, and preventing the oppressed from revolting against the grubby socio-economic system. As the sigh of the oppressed, religion makes them to resign to fate since it only gives an unrealistic eschatological hope. Rather than conceive religion from this prismatic way, contemporary events have shown that religion has become an amphetamine or a catalyst for revolt, not only at the global but also national level. This work argues that religion is used as an amphetamine, an energizing pill, to pursue other goals than religious as depicted in the activities of Boko Haram sect, which has raised security challenges in contemporary Nigeria.
185
In der Hindu Tradition zeigen sich zwei grundsätzlich unterschiedliche Strömungen. Einmal gibt es die Richtungen, die sich die Befreiung vom Joch des durch das eigene Werk, Karma, bestimmten Rads der Wiedergeburten, Samsara, aufs Panier geschrieben haben. Zum anderen gibt es die karmistische Religion, die genau das eigene Werk zum entscheidenden, wenn nicht gar alleinigen Kriterium menschlicher Existenz erhebt. Diese karmistische Religion bildete und bildet den geistigen Hintergrund der indo-asiatischen Kultur so sehr, daß sich ihre Gegner immer noch vor ihr rechtfertigen müssen. Während die karmistische Existenzdeutung besonders unter den Buddhisten und Jainas in voller Blüte steht, haben die großen Religionen der Shaivas, Vaishnavas und Shaktas schon früh in ihren zahllosen Bewegungen massiv gegen den Karmismus Front gemacht. Dennoch gilt die Karma-Samsara-Lehre als Beschreibung des Normalfalls der Existenzgestaltung. Die ist die stets vorausgesetzte Mechanik des Existenzprozesses. Aber als ein unaufhebbares Schicksal wird sie nicht mehr so ohne Weiters im Hindutum anerkannt. Die o.g. Bewegungen sind denn auch religiöse Revolten, die auf höchst unterschiedliche Weise gegen die absolute und allgemeine Geltung der Karma-Samsara-Lehre durchaus erfolgreich Widerstand leisten. Wie in den anderen Kulturen auch ist der Kampf zwischen beiden Religionen im Hindutum das zentrale Thema der geistigen Auseinandersetzung mit der eigenen Existenz. Diese so konträre Sichtsweisen der Existenz im Hindutum, d.h. die karmistische und antikarmistische Religion, sollen im Folgenden an je einem Fallbeispiel aus noch immer gültigen heiligen Schriften vorgestellt werden.