Journal of religious culture = Journal für Religionskultur
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221
This article is concerned with the mystical exegesis of the journey between Moses and Ḫiḍr mentioned in the Qurʾān in Sūrah al-Kahf (18/60-82). The verses are viewed and analysed by the commentaries of classic commentators (mufassirūn) aṭ-Ṭabarī, az-Zamaḫšarī and ar-Razī. The emphasis is set on the content-related description of Moses and Ḫiḍr which are found in Sūrah al-Kahf. The supreme allegory of the journey is that divinely-inspired knowledge (al-ʿilm al-ladunnī) may be received in the form of revelation (as Moses did) or as mystical, intuitive knowledge (as was given to Ḫiḍr). Classic commentators suggest, despite the distinguished position of Moses as a prophet, that the knowledge given to Ḫiḍr is superior and described as a secret or hidden knowledge. For this reason, Ḫiḍr holds an essential position in Islamic mystical tradition (taṣawwuf), in which Sūrah al-Kahf is considered as a legitimation for the mystical dimension in Islam.
190
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Castes still determine the social reality of India in many fields and affect politics more and more by functioning as vote banks which are decisive in elections. Thus it is small wonder that there is an ongoing discussion about this social phe-nomenon. The controversies in the course of this discussion not only relate to academic theories concerning the origin, the evolution and the mode of opera-tion of the caste system but also determine the discussion about reform models for the Indian society. Such models either strive for the complete abolition of the caste system or at least call for a comprehensive reform of it. Especially the Dalit movement blames the caste system for the oppression and discrimination of the Dalits in society and tries to withdraw them from this system.[1] Yet the Dalit movement does not develop any alternative social draft. The Hindutva movement makes a strong effort to establish a modern (Hindu) nation which is only possible by overcoming the caste system that totally divides the society. Thus Hindutva is against the caste system though the antagonists of this move-ment usually maintain the contrary.[2] Swami Vivekananda holds that the only way to overcome the caste system is the Brahmanization of the whole society. For this he gives a religious explanation as he announces the end of the Kali-Yuga.[3] The Hare Krishna movement wants to turn away from a hereditary caste system towards a system where every individual is classified according to his skills and performance. Such a system should be based on Vedic traditions and especially on the fourfold varna system which is described in the ancient Rigveda.[4] Gandhi’s social draft and above all its attitude towards the caste system are often part of the current discussion but the interpretations differ according to the inter-preter’s ideological direction. Thus some charge Gandhi with having defended the caste system unconditionally, while others consider him a sharp critic of the system. This large spectrum is hardly surprising, since Gandhi’s comments are very reserved and can only become understandable by a comparative analysis of different statements on the caste system made by him during his political career. This article intends to provide such an analysis without neglecting the historical context which is vital to make Gandhi’s ideas clear. ...
63
In den mystischen Kommentarschulen, die einen wichtigen Teil der Korankommentarliteratur hervorgebracht haben, stützt man sich bei der Erstellung von Kommentaren außer auf bestimmte exegetische Regeln und Methoden auch auf die Intuition. Neben dem Wissen, das man durch die normale intellektuelle Arbeit erwirbt, gibt es nach dem Islam ein Wissen, das von Gott unmittelbar vermittelt wird und das man Ledünni Bilgi, d.h. unmittelbares intuitives Wissen nennt. Diese Art von Wissen, das man in allen Religionen der Welt findet, erwirbt man durch strenge Askese und intensive Gottesverehrung: Dies ist das mystische Wissen. Jede Religion und Philosophie hat ihre eigenen Auffassungs-, Interpretations- und Ausdrucksweisen. Das gilt auch für die Religion des Islam. Jedoch ist islamische Mystik nicht nur Wissen in Gedanke und Wort, sondern zugleich auch ein Wissen vom Handeln. [Die mystischen Korankommentare müssen, da sie das Ergebnis eines ekstatischen Zustandes sind, unabhängig von der empfangenden Person, nicht unbedingt akzeptiert werden, besonders dann nicht, wenn sie nicht mit dem Koran, der islamischen Tradition, Verstand und Logik übereinstimmen.] ...