Journal of religious culture = Journal für Religionskultur
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5 c
Svami Vivekananda i buddizm
(2000)
Moderne Hindus verwenden die Bezeichnung Hinduismus in einem positiven Sinn. Sie gilt nicht mehr als lästige Fremd-, sondern als identitätsstiftende Selbstbezeichnung. Der historisch wirksamste Ideologe dieser neuen, man muß fast sagen genuinen Hinduismusbewegung, ist der in Kalkutta gebürtige Narendra Nath Datta (1863-1902). Dieser hochbegabte Sohn einer angesehenen Juristenfamilie wurde Schüler von Ramakrishna, dem glühenden Verehrer und Priester der Göttin Kali. Als Sannyasi erhielt er den Namen Swami Vivekananda und gründete den hochberühmten Ramakrishna-Orden. ...
5 b
Modern Hindus use the term 'Hindu' in a positive sense. It is no more a derogatory appellation used by foreigners and oppressors, but a powerful self chosen name. The historically most valid ideologue of that positive Hindu understanding is Narendra Nath Datta (1863-1902). This highly talented son of a regarded lawyer family in Calcutta became disciple of Ramakrishna, the flaming son and priest of the goddess Kali and greatest religious virtuoso in the 19th century. Becoming a sannyasin Narendra received the title and name Swami Vivekananda; after the death of his master he set up the famous Ramakrishna Order. ...
5 a
Moderne Hindus verwenden die Bezeichnung Hinduismus in einem positiven Sinn. Sie gilt nicht mehr als lästige Fremd-, sondern als identitätsstiftende Selbstbezeichnung. Der historisch wirksamste Ideologe dieser neuen, man muß fast sagen genuinen Hinduismusbewegung, ist der in Kalkutta gebürtige Narendra Nath Datta (1863-1902). Dieser hochbegabte Sohn einer angesehenen Juristenfamilie wurde Schüler von Ramakrishna, dem glühenden Verehrer und Priester der Göttin Kali. Als Sannyasi erhielt er den Namen Swami Vivekananda und gründete den hochberühmten Ramakrishna-Orden. ...
4
Many religious people believe that the integration of world society is of the greatest importance for mankind. They think that the religions of the world should strive to attain this goal through multi-religious agreement, through inter-religious dialogue, even through the merger of their organisations. Religious unification is supposed to be an effective instrument to encourage world society and to guarantee social peace. Religious differentiation, however, is dubious to these people. It would lead to social splintering and would ultimately be anti-social and extremely dangerous, especially to the economic unification of the world. The people who advocate religious unification look upon the progressing cultural, political and economic unification of the world as a model for religious unity. Therefore, many religious people believe that a unified global religion, or at least a union of world religions, should be implemented today. Options of this kind, however, are utopian in the extreme - confronting the ever-expanding conflicts between the established international religious organisations. Pragmatists who espouse the doctrine of religious unification therefore propagate the following fundamental tenets: 1. All religious people believe in the same god or whatever the ultimate reality may be called. 2. Each religion may believe in the ultimate reality in its own way. 3. No religious community is allowed to make converts. 4. Everybody should remain in his original religious community forever. These tenets are in reality nothing but a kind of a cartel agreement. And this agreement should establish an inter-religious combine, which had to stop competition between the religious organisations and to prevent the individual to leave his original religion. The basic supposition of this concept, however, is that religion today has mainly to be seen as an organised, congregational and institutionalised one. And because of this historical error they are only interested to keep the status quo of the established religious organisations. The propagation of that cartel agreement is rooted in the fear, that the established religions wouldn't survive the radical religious revolution at the end of the 20th century.
49
The origin of the religious experience, says Vivekananda, is man's instinctive urge to transcend the sensual world. He believes that man is a compound of two fundamental ele-ments: sense arid mind. While through the senses he receives impressions of the objective world, he cannot remain satisfied with his senses, simply because he wants to go beyond them. Therefore, through his mind, at certain moments he transcends the limitations of the senses. But he also transcends the power of reasoning. He then comes face to face with the facts which he could never have sensed, could never have reasoned out. According to Vivekananda, this fact is the main basis of all the religions of the world. ...
27-07
The primary aim in establishing Dolma Ling Institute is to raise the education standard and improve the opportunity for nuns to study advanced Buddhist philosophy and doctrine. During the Tibetan Women's Association fourth working committee meeting in Dharamsala in October, 1992, His Holiness the Dalai Lama said, " In our society , we have as a legacy from the past the notion that nuns engage in ritual only and do not study Buddhist texts. This should be changed." His Holiness has in this way been urging the nuns to study higher Buddhist philosophy, in order to gain a deeper knowledge of Buddhism. Whenever His Holiness visits the Tibetan nunneries, he takes the opportunity to ecourage them to study. Dolma Ling Institute is specifically non sectarian and intented to provide nuns from all lineages with the opportunity to study to develop their full academic and spiritual potential. The crucial purpose of the overall project is to allow scholastically gifted nuns to attain the highest level of religious studies, that is the Geshe degree. This much respected degree has up until now only been attained by monks. Enabling women to participate in the study course leading to this goal will give them the confidence to take on roles as teachers and leaders within the communities. ...
167
The aim of this study is to examine the different grades students’ understanding levels of the concept of religion in elementary education. A total of 107 different grades students taken from elementary schools were asked the concept in using open ended question developed by the researcher. Obtained data showed that students couldn’t understand the concept correctly and scientifically and the majority of the students had a misconception about the concept such as worshipping, worships, being ethical, ethical behaviours and obligatory behaviours. Furthermore, some students had specific conceptual confusions about the concept.
238
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The Hindu Buddha according to the theology of the Bengali Vaishnava Acharya Bhaktivedanta Swami
(1999)
In the broad Indian religious culture we find two basic concepts of the inner structure of the Holy. The Advaita religion believes in the 'not-two' will say absolute 'oneness' of the ultimate reality. The Dvaita religion yet believes in 'two' will say the dual structure of the whole. Nevertheless, the latter one is no radical dualism because it recognises nothing to be outside the last reality. It is a kind of 'dualist monism' and insofar fundamentally different to West Asian and European moderate or radical dualism. The Dvaita religion experiences the inner structure of the Holy as everlasting dynamic relation of the whole and its parts. As a rule, the representation of the whole is the personal God, mostly called Bhagavan. The representations of the parts are the soul or jivas. Mostly following the idea the whole being a personal God the Dvaita religion is something like theism; yet, it is an Indian or Hindu theism teaching that the Godhead comprises within herself souls and matter, too. By the way, many of the jivas aren't conscious of their role within the Holy. They erroneously take themselves for empty monads and believe that they would get their realisation only by implementing themselves with 'matter'. Experiencing in this concern the uselessness of matter, the maya energy of the Godhead, they can get the true consciousness of their role as divine co-players in the inner divine play or lila. ...
153
When we observe today’s world, we can safely say that tensions and clashes still continue and that some of them arise from interreligious and intercultural conflicts. In search of a safer future world, man, naturally, looks for a solution. In this context, it is thought that empathic communication model will contribute greatly to the reduction of prejudices and to the formation of a healthy interreligious and intercultural dialog process. The aim of this study is to draw attention towards the importance of learning and teaching of empathic communication skills as a procedural method in interreligious and intercultural relations. In this study, emphasis was placed upon communication conflicts and prejudices and contributions that empathic communication can make in the reduction of prejudices were outlined.
27-11
Jetsun Lochen Rinpoche was presumably born in 1865 and died in 1951 and was one of the most famous female religious masters in traditional Tibet. Among her various religious roles were those of pilgrim, professional singer of manis (mani pa), healer, a messenger from the land of the dead (‘das log), yogini, nun, lineage-holder, visionary, performer of miracles (siddha), emanation, treasure-finder, religious teacher and head of a nunnery. In short, she had all the signs and charisma of a holy person. She was popularly known as Jetsun or Ani Lochen (A ne Lo chen), and among her several other names Rigdzin Chönyi Sangmo (Rig ’dzin chos nyid bzang mo) was frequently used. The main textual source regarding Jetsun Lochen Rinpoche’s life is her autobiography (271 folios). Lochen was repeatedly requested by her disciples to tell her life-story, but only in 1937, when she was requested by Drubchen Dawa Dorje Rinpoche (Grub chen Zla ba rdo rje rin po che), whom she recognized as the reincarnation of her root-lama Pema Gyatso (Padma rgya mtsho, 1829-1889/90), did she consent. Although she started telling her life-story in 1937, she abandoned the project and apparently did not take it up again until about twelve years later, in 1949, when she again was requested by Drubchen Dawa Dorje and four named diciples. Lochen told the story of her life up to the 25th day of the 11th month of 1949. The nun-teacher Thinlay (rGan ‘Phrin las) wrote the draft and it was completed by Dawa Dorje Rinpoche. ...
260
The Mad Man and the Old God : an essay on Friedrich Nietzsche's apocalypse of human existence
(2020)
26
Well before, even centuries before the II Vatican Council there were a lot of theological ac-tivities in India in the context of the different religions, particularly in the context of Hindu-ism. But the Council’s articulations on the Church’s relation with the non-Christian religions gave a tremendous boost to the theological movement in India. Almost all theological reflec-tions in India began to situate themselves in the context of non-Christian religions, especially Hinduism. These theological reflections did not remain solely in the theological circles. They began to trickle down, perhaps hesitantly, into the official ecclesiastical circles. These ele-ments may be considered in the near future by the magisterium of the Church. The reflections in this article are mainly based on: 1. The II Vatican council’s and the post-consiliar magisterium’s teachings on the Church’s relation with the non-Christian religions. 2. "Instrumentum Laboris" which was prepared taking into consideration the theological ac-tivities in Asia, and of course in India, and was published on Feb. 1998, in preparation for the Special Assembly for Asia of the Synod of Bishops. 3. Some of the interventions of the Bishops, especially from India, on the floor of the special assembly held on 19th April to 14th May 1998.
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The Crusade movement is one of the most important occurrences of medieval history. It took place throughout two centuries in the Levant and affected both Muslims and Crusaders and in turn changed the way in which West and East related to one another.1 When the Crusaders took control of the Holy Land and many Islamic cities in the Levant, they transferred their feudal European system there. They established four main fiefdoms or lordships, Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch and Tripoli. In addition, there were another twelve secondary fiefdoms,2 of which Tibnīn was one. Tibnīn was called “Toron” by the Crusaders. Once the Crusaders had captured Tibnīn, they began building its fortified castle, from which the fief of Tibnīn gained its importance throughout the period of the Crusades.
This paper traces the military role of Tibnīn and its rulers in the Latin East against the Muslims until 1187/ 583. Tibnīn played a key role in overcoming the Muslims in Tyre and controlled it in 1124. It also played a vital role in the conflict between Damascus and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Tibnīn participated in defending Antioch, Banyas, Hebron and Transjordan several times. Furthermore, its soldiers and Knights joined the army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to capture Ascalon in 1153, and joined the campaigns of Amaury I, King of Jerusalem, against Egypt from 1164 to1169. The military situation of Tibnīn under the rule of the royal house until its fall to the Muslims in 1187/ 583 will be studied as well.
77
Islam, the Muslim traditions and the ulama in Central Asian societies are becoming increasingly important for assessing the situation in and around the region. To understand of the post Soviet Muslim republics it is nec-essary to know the Islamic heritage of the Soviet Union, i.e. the Islamic understanding and interpretation of Soviet official ulama which still influence the mind of the people and the contemporary Central Asian ulama. The official ulama were endeavouring to reconcile Islam with science and progress and to guarantee its survival in a modern environment, they served by an extremely energetic effort to preserve Islam at least in purity and integrity as religion and national sentiment and to prevent it from relapsing into deprivation and ignorance. The most important official Muslim religious figure, the Mufti of Tashkent Z. Babakhan interpreted Islam as a bulwark of progress, disseminator of knowledge, the religion of peace and friendship; portrayed the Prophet Muhammad as a “democrat, reformer and revolutionary, even a socialist”; reconciliation with socialism and communism.
21
The word pada-yatra literally means to walk on foot. In early India people used to travel by chariot, horseback, elephant, bullock-cart, or palanquin. But saintly persons, having renounced such worldly comforts, would travel by foot. Their main concern was to teach the glories of God to the conditioned living entities and thereby deliver them from their miserable materialistic lives. Walking was the best means of contacting the common people and accomplishing that goal. When Lord Chaitanya took sannyas - the renounced order of life - He travelled throughout India on foot. First He went from Bengal to Jagannatha Puri in Orissa and then He toured South India on foot of course. At that South India was seriously influenced by impersonalism, and the people in general had deviated from the path of devotion to the Lord. Love of God is the source of real happiness, and when one abandons that loving relationship with God, he suffers. Lord Chaitanya wanted to deliver the conditioned souls plunged in the absolute misery of that impersonalism. In order to reinstate them as devotees of the Lord, Sri Chaitanya went personally to South India. Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is none other than the Supreme Personality of God-head who appeared as a devotee to teach the science of devotion - the only means of deliverance from material bondage. When the Lord performs any ac-tion, its effects are wonderful; similarly, when He directs His devotees to do anything, their result will also be wonderful. Lord Chaitanya's deliverance of South India stands as a proof that He is the Supreme Personality of Godhead in the guise of a devotee. ...
44
The people of Braj1 are attracted by the Holy in many ways. But nowhere is its attraction per-ceived as strongly as in the public performances of the lilas of Krisna – the lilanukaranas. Although by their aesthetic constitution these dramatic performances are a mixture of song, theater and dance, they do not belong to the genre of folkloric entertainment, for in their very essence they are revelations of the Holy. Thus in Braj the Holy is not at all considered a nirguna entity concealing itself from the world. On the contrary, it reveals itself plainly and unmistakably. This revelation is fully authentic because in its essence the Holy is saguna, i.e. possessed of form. This, however, further means that the lilanukarana do not present something mundane as sacred, nor do they present a 'substitute religion' – for they offer the experience of the Holy moving among and with the lilanukarana, as their equal, freely and naturally, without fear of touch by the creature. And this unconcern for possible worldly contamination allows the Brajbasis to meet the Holy without fear, and in intimate friendship.
23
The popularity of St. Francis (1182/3-1226) in our days is overwhelming. He has become a modern hero - not only of Catholics but also of Protestants, non-Christians and even atheists. Nevertheless, the question may be raised whether the modern portrayals of St. Francis do justice to the historical person. In order to get a more solid answer we will analyze various documents which were ap-proximately known to and approved by St. Francis himself, particularly his Tes-timony, his Song of Brother Sun, the Unapproved Rule, the Approved Rule, the Admonitions, and the Letter to the Faithful Ones I.[1] We will not even use the legendary reports of his disciples. From the very beginning the devotees of St. Francis made of him a typical convert. This biographic mutilation has remained en vogue until today.[2] - In his Testimony he tells his real story in a few brief words: "While I was in sins it appeared to me extremely bitter to look at the lep-ers. And the Lord himself brought me among them and I gave alms to them. When I was leaving them that what appeared bitter to me was to me exchanged for (converted into) sweetness of the soul and the body. And afterwards I stopped for a moment and then I left the world."[3] Therefore, his life can be divided into three periods: 1) the life in 'sin' or the 'world'; 2) the short period of the conversion, of a short stopping and of the leaving the 'world'; and 3) his exis-tence outside the 'world'. ...
11
In Germany, theological studies on the Hindu religion of the International Soci-ety of Krishna Consciousness and its Vaishnava theology are still only just be-ginning. Previously this relevant task was left mostly to religio-political polemics, resulting in a politically highly problematic research deficit which seriously impeded the necessary social and clerical confrontation with these new religious impulses in the German society. But theological passiveness and polemic activ-ism actually reduce the chances for religiously relevant analyses and socially acceptable solutions of philosophical and spiritual problems. Ignorance rather than dialogue, and polemics inimical to dialogue, have directly or indirectly stabilised the destructive forces in the new religious communities for decades, and consequently favoured a diminution and isolation of reformative tendencies. Due to an increasing respect for the freedom of religion as a human right, the profane alliance of the aggressive forces of both sides has recently ended, and a public, and differentiating, discussion of participants and persons concerned has cautiously started, reinforcing a freer and more competent inter-civil dialogue about spiritual affairs. Clear signs may be seen, not only of a reform within the ISKCON religion, but also in the churches setting about discussing the multi-religious topic on a higher level. A so-called broader theological research, partly transcending the border-lines of Christianity, is developing in the universities, and the free science of religion in Germany is receiving a surprising impetus. It was the suppression of the science of religion that had been impeding a constructive discussion in society of the new religious situation in Germany. The rejection of an inter-civil dialogue of spiritual affairs, however, contradicts an effective democracy which subsists on the continuous confrontation of free citizens with their common culture, especially with the ultimate questions of human existence. But the success of this inter-civil confrontation is solely guaranteed if the participants in the dialogue respect their mutual freedom as citizens and take the mutual dialogue among citizens for granted. This is the only way to attain a reasonable range of solutions concerning the ends of our existence and its proper means. As a contribution to this inter-civil dialogue a theological analysis is to be made of the religious culture practised by citizens of this country engaged in the ISK-CON religion and from there desiring to exert an impact on our civil culture. I. Subject and Aim of Diacritical Theology Because of the diffuse understanding of theology it is necessary to explain what it is, where it should and should not be engaged. Theology is not a religious ideology of a particular community that argues the interests of social organisations, but a universal science. It is not limited to a certain religious culture or form of society but is committed to its specific subject (1). Such an autonomous theology has the task of discrimen inter legem et evangelium—the diacritical analysis of Law and Gospel according to the description of its function by Martin Luther. We will follow these basic categories of diacritical theology and explain them here (2).
177
By organizing the approach to religion historically, we trace the evolution, diffusion, and genealogies of ideas and themes and how those ideas have been inspired or configured by the events of times and human agency in looking at selected texts, actors, and themes. In other words, we inquire into the articulated problem of existence, its solutions, techniques and examples on a case-to-case basis contextualizing specific texts, actors and themes by relating them to time, space and situations.
27-08
1. Die Lehre des Buddhismus ist die Lehre von Ursache und Wirkung. Buddha sagt:"Wer das bedingte Entstehen versteht, versteht Dharma, wer den Dharma versteht, versteht das bedingte Entstehen". Dharma ist die Lehre des Buddha. Dharma bedeutet "Wahrheit", "Gesetzmäßigkeit", "Naturgesetzt". Die gesamte Lehre von Buddha handelt von Menschen, von uns und von der Natur. Buddha hat ein andermal gesagt: "Die Lehre über das Entstehen in Abhängigkeit ist sehr tiefgründig und subtil". Nur mit dem Intellekt können wir es nicht "verstehen." Wörter sind leider nur ein lineares intellektuelles Mittel, was begrenzt ist....
3
Prolegomena Protestantische Theologie in der Nachfolge Martin Luthers hat allein Gesetz und Evangelium zum Gegenstand. Ihre Aufgabe besteht allein in der Unterscheidung der beiden verba Dei. Als ars practica hat sie für jede Epoche existenzrelevant herauszufinden, was hier und jetzt heißt: 1. Erlösungswille Gottes, d.h. was Christum treibet und im Unterschied dazu 2. Erhaltungswille Gottes, d.h. was das Gesetz treibet. Das Evangelium ist allein Sache des geistlichen Regiments. Das Gesetz ist allein Sache des weltlichen Regiments.
197
Paul Tillich wurde 1929 nach Frankfurt/M., wo es damals noch keine Theologische Fakultät gab, auf den Lehrstuhl für Philosophie mit der Verpflichtung berufen, „Philosophie und die Soziologie einschließlich Sozialpädagogik“ zu vertreten. Der ordinierte Pfarrer verstand die Konzentration auf die Philosophie gerade nicht als Absage an die Theologie; er sah sich immer als ein Grenzgänger, ohne Überläufer zu werden. Was seine Verbindung zur „Frankfurter Schule“ anbelangt, so wurde der Jude Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno von Tillich habilitiert; mit Max Horkheimer veranstaltete er Seminare. Während seiner Frankfurter Zeit hat sich Tillich z. B. dem Verhältnis von Protestantismus und Profanität zugewandt: „Das Heilige liegt nicht außerhalb des Profanen, sondern in seiner Tiefe. Es ist der schöpferische Grund des Profanen“; Kultur ist ihrer Substanz nach Religion. 1929 schloß sich Tillich der SPD an, aus der er 1933 austrat. Dennoch mußte er am 10.5.1933 mit ansehen, wie auf dem Frankfurter Römer auch ein Exemplar seines Buches „Die sozialistische Entscheidung“ verbrannt wurde. Zusammen mit Max Horkheimer wurde Tillich am 13.4.1933 „beurlaubt“ und am 20.12.1933 aus dem Staatsdienst entlassen. Er emigrierte in die USA, wo er 1965 starb.
Auch den großen katholischen Theologen Karl Rahner SJ, der sich 1937 in Innsbruck für katholische Dogmatik habilitierte, zeichnet eine ähnliche Breite des Wissens und Denkens aus. 1964 erhielt er den „Prestigelehrstuhl“ Romano Guardinis (Lehrstuhl für christliche Weltanschauung) in München. Seine akademische Lehrtätigkeit und sein Wirken als Konzilstheologe machten ihn schon in jungen Jahren weit über Deutschland und Europa hinaus bekannt.
196
Ich beginne mit einer etwas vereinfachten Darstellung der sogenannten 'Letzten Dinge' (Eschata) in der traditionellen (neu)scholastischen Theologie (Vgl. Siegfried Meier, Sterben, Tod und Auferstehung, in: Schulinformationen, Paderborn, 30. Jg., Nr. 2, 2000, S. 61ff.). Diese geht davon aus, daß sich im Tod die unsterbliche Seele vom sterblichen Leib trennt. Der Leichnam verfällt, die Seele hingegen kommt ganz allein vor das Gericht Gottes. Daher nennt man dieses Gericht auch das besondere Gericht (iudicium particulare). Derjenige, der im Zustand der Heiligkeit verstorben ist und alle zeitlichen Sündenstrafen schon in diesem Leben abgebüßt hat, dessen Seele kommt sofort in den Himmel. Stirbt hingegen ein Mensch im Zustand der Todsünde, beginnt durch den Richterspruch Gottes die sofortige Verdammnis in der Hölle. Der mittelmäßige Mensch, der weder als Heiliger noch als Todsünder gestorben ist, muß eine Zeit der Läuterungsqualen im Fegefeuer erleiden. Schwere und Menge der noch nicht abgebüßten Sündenstrafen bestimmen die Dauer und Intensität des dortigen Aufenthaltes. Erst danach kann die Seele in den Himmel gelangen. Am letzten Tag der Weltgeschichte, dem sogenannten 'Jüngsten Tag', kommt es zur Auferstehung der Toten. Das bedeutet, daß die Seelen mit dem toten Körper wieder zu lebendigen Menschen vereinigt werden. Dann wird Gericht gehalten über den ganzen Menschen. Dieses Gericht wird daher als das allgemeine Gericht (iudicium universale) bezeichnet. Nach diesem Gericht gibt es nur noch Himmel und Hölle.
Was das Fegefeuer und den damit verbundenen Ablaß anbelangt, so haben sich die Reformatoren mit diesem Bild von Tod und Auferstehung kritisch auseinandergesetzt, was aber Gemeinsamkeiten, die auch im Blick auf gemeinsames Erbe antiker Philosophie begründet sind, nicht ausschließt...
252
Two byzantine churches in Constantinople - a photographic, historical and bibliographical context
(2019)
72
The Dalai Lama, in exile since 1959 in Hindu majority India, has continuously been taking a firm stand on giving importance to an inter-religious dialogue and interaction. He has made it absolutely clear that Buddhism represents just one of the many religious ways open for mankind. Nonetheless, he has always referred to the bond shared between Buddhism and Hinduism as a very special one and has experienced it as a religious tie. Both these religious streams belong to what is known as Bharatiya or Indo-genous Dharma. The Dalai Lama does not restrict his care for nurturing this common bond to a mere academic talk. In fact he has been taking active part in promoting this kind of inter-religious dialogue and has been showing a fiery political commitment as well. He thus took active part in the second World Hindu Congress organized by the Vishwa Hindu Parishad held in Prayag-Allahabad in the year 1979. According to official reports, the organizers in their welcome speech for the Dalai Lama were frank enough to admit that 2500 years ago, the Kashi Pandits (Kashi also known as Varanasi) had stopped Siddharta Gautama Buddha from entering the Vishwanath temple. It was also mentioned that for all these years, there has never been any letup in the conflict between Sanatani Hindus and Bauddhas, despite the fact that later on Shakya Muni was rewarded the status of avatara by Hindus. The fact that these very Kashi Pandits had invite one of the highest religious authorities of Buddhism - the Dalai Lama- to this congress should be seen as "a positive step towards reconciliation." The Dalai Lama was thus pleasantly surprised to see that the highest rung of the religious body of Hindus publicly acknowledged the divine status of Siddharta Gautama Buddha and recognized the presence of the Dalai Lama as a valuable contribution towards the reconciliation between the two religious streams. ...
58
Bevor wir uns mit den soziologischen Untersuchungen über die Religiosität in der türkischen Gesellschaft beschäftigen, halte ich es für nützlich, vorher in den Grundzügen das lange Zeit vorherrschende Verständnis bei der Betrachtung der Religion durch die Soziologie in der Türkei zu berühren. Die Soziologen in der Türkei haben lange Zeit für das Thema Religion nicht genügend Interesse gezeigt. Zweifellos gibt es dafür einige Gründe. Der Hauptgrund ist der Einfluss der starren positivistischen Anschauung des 19. Jahrhunderts. Wie bekannt ist, hat Religion für A. Comte die Eigenheit einer primitiven, unterentwickelten Stufe in der Evolution des menschlichen Denkens. Nach der Philosophie des Positivismus hat die Religion in der modernen Zeit im Zuge der Entwicklung der modernen Wissenschaft keine grosse Bedeutung mehr. Mit anderen Worten, die positivistische Wissenschaft wird an die Stelle der Religion treten. Deswegen brauchen die Menschen keine Religion mehr. Die Bedeutung religiösen Glaubens wird nach und nach abnehmen und vielleicht wird die Religion sogar ganz verschwinden. Der Prozess der Modernisierung bedeutet gleichzeitig einen Rückgang in der Religiosität. Deshalb ist es sinnlos und unnötig sich für Religion zu interessieren und bedeutet, sich mit einem Gegenstand zu beschäftigen, der keine Zukunft hat. Nach einem Verständnis des Positivismus ist Religion ein Phänomen, dass primitiven und traditionellen Gesellschaften zu eigen ist. Aus diesem Grund sollten sich Sozialwissenchaftler und Anthropologen, die sich mit primitiven und traditionellen Gesellschaften befassen, für Religion interessieren. ...
70
Untouchability and inter-caste relations in rural India : the case of southern Tamil villages
(2004)
Justice and equality are the two subjects often talked about by most of the nationalists and leaders of various political and ideological streams across the world including India. India was at the fore-front in condemning racial discrimination particularly apartheid and also the influence of super powers) on the internal affairs of independent nations. Her commitment to secure its citizens' freedom, justice, equality and fraternity is reflected in the very preamble of the Indian Constitution. Towards achieving these challenging goals, special provisions have also been made in the Constitution to protect and promote the interests of the most oppressed section of Indian society - traditionally known as Untouchables and Constitutionally as the Scheduled Castes. These provisions are expected to alter the given unjust distribution of power (political and economic) and status (social) among different sections of people and thereby transform India into an egalitarian society. Given India's unequivocal commitment to secure its citizens these noble ideals - particularly the most exploited and pilloried section of India -, we shall attempt here to understand Indian villages, which host over 80 per cent of the Indian population, from the point of view of whether or not these villages patronise the institution of caste which is in contravention of these ideals or whether there are these little republics ideal for realising the said goals and thus to be preserved as they are as claimed by many social reformers including Mahatma Gandhi. In the process, we shall also address the question of how caste has remained unchanged, how it controls social interaction between higher and lower caste groups and accordingly perpetuates unequal control over power and status. And most importantly we shall also understand whether all the Scheduled Castes (lower castes) treat their members as equals or there is hierarchy, discrimination and practice of untouchability even among them.
242
Vernunft und des Verstandes (aql) in der islamischen Lehre bei Muhammed al-Ghazali (gest.1111)
(2019)
137
Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die erste Einführung des Buddhismus in Tibet und die dabei durch die Konfrontation mit der Bön-Religion entstehenden religiösen und politischen Konflikte. Die Tatsache, dass es zwei herausragende Einführungsphasen des Buddhismus in Tibet gab, deutet auf die religiösen Kontroversen hin, die sich in diesem Land abgespielt haben müssen. Es ergeben sich folgende Fragen: Wie haben die Tibeter auf das Eindringen des Buddhismus reagiert? Wie sieht das Verhältnis von Abgrenzung und Aneignung aus? Wie gingen die buddhistischen Mönche mit der vorherrschenden Bön-Religion um? Welche Wirkungen hatte die religiöse Dynamik auf die politische, ökonomische und soziale Lage des tibetischen Raums? ...