Insecta Mundi
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Phorodon cannabis Passerini (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Macrosiphini) is reported for the first time as a pest of Cannabis L. crops in North America. The insect has been confirmed from fields of industrial hemp in Colorado and Virginia and has been found present within greenhouses in at least several American states and one Canadian province. The generic position of the aphid species is discussed and other known members of the genus are ruled out. Phorodon cannabis is placed in genus Phorodon Passerini and subgenus (Diphorodon Börner). Phorodon persifoliae Shinji is transferred to Hyalopterus Koch as a nomen dubium.
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We present an abundance-based checklist of Pennsylvania planthoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea) compiled from available literature and 13,718 specimens. A substantial portion of the latter were bycatch from Lindgren funnel and panel traps intended to intercept wood-boring beetle species, and a directed survey for the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula (White)). The known planthopper fauna of Pennsylvania consists of 10 families, 54 genera and 139 species including 34 new state species records (and 12 new genera). In an attempt to assess the level of completeness of this survey, we compiled an abundance-based checklist of planthopper species found in states adjacent to Pennsylvania and found similar numbers of planthopper species for each state (viz. Delaware 138 species, Maryland 147, New Jersey 145, New York 162 and Ohio 126), but the cumulative species list is comprised of 240 planthopper species, suggesting that the inventory for Pennsylvania and all adjacent states may be substantially incomplete.
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Euryuridae Pocock 1909 and Eurymerodesmidae Causey 1951, both endemic to the eastern/central United States (US), are incorporated into Xystodesmidae Cook 1895 and reduced to subfamilies and (sub)tribes n. stats. Euryurina and Melaphina Brolemann 1916, n. stats., are sister-taxa that differ primarily in epiproctal configurations and comprise Euryurini; sister-taxa Eurymerodesmina and Nannariina Hoffman 1964, n. stats., the latter transferred from Xystodesminae, comprise Eurymerodesmini, n. stat., in which plesiomorphic forms exhibit sublinear, "stick-like," and subapically curved/bent gonopodal acropodites with moderately-long to long hairs, often with distal tufts, on their “inner” surfaces. Additional transferrals include Wamokia Chamberlin from the xystodesmine tribe Xystocheirini to Xystodesmini (= Harpaphini), and Macellolophus Attems, from Xystodesmidae to Chelodesmidae. Except for Chonaphini, the term, "prefemoral process," has traditionally been assigned to the secondary and shorter telopodital projection regardless of its position, origin, or configuration. Homology of these different structures has never been demonstrated and requires investigation, but the multitude of differences suggests that they are not such and warrant different names, for example "femoral process," for the similarly positioned branches in Devillea Brölemann and Rhysodesmus Cook (Xystodesminae: Devilleini, Rhysodesmini). The latter tribe may be polyphyletic, and new tribes may be required for components with acicular "prefemoral processes" (Boraria and Cherokia, both by Chamberlin, Gyalostethus and Erdelyia, both by Hoffman, and Pleuroloma Rafinesque) and the southeastern US genera with small-bodied species (Caralinda Hoffman and Gonoessa, Parvulodesmus, and Lourdesia, all by Shelley). Taxonomic value is accorded the "prefemoral extension/elongation," which is absent from Eurymerodesmina; complete, encircles the acropodite, and extends for ~1/3 to 1/2 of the latter’s lengths in Euryurini; and incomplete and extends for ~1/4 to 1/3 of the "outer" acropodital surfaces in Nannariina and xystodesmine tribes. Other newly recognized taxonomic characters include the "inner" and "outer" acropodital surfaces/margins, the position on the acropodital stem of the "distal curve/bend," and the length of the "distal zone." Rhysodesmus and Sigmoria (Rudiloria) t. trimaculata (Wood) (Xystodesminae: Rhysodesmini, Apheloriini) are recorded from, respectively, Chihuahua, Mexico, and Québec, Canada, as are Xystodesmidae/-inae and, provisionally, Chonaphini, Montaphe Chamberlin, and M. elrodi (Chamberlin), the only plausible taxa for an unidentifiable juvenile from near Yahk and only 2.5 km (1.6 mi) north of the International Border. The southern periphery of interior British Columbia (BC) thus represents the second xystodesmid faunal region in BC and the third in Canada. While incorporation of Euryuridae does not affect the family’s overall distribution, that of Eurymerodesmidae fundamentally alters it by joining the formerly separate East-Nearctic and Meso-American regions into a continuous one extending, north-south, from Montréal Island, Québec, to Santa Ana Department, El Salvador, a distance of around 4,944 km (3,090 mi). Xystodesmidae also inhabit two West-Nearctic regions, one in the interior stretching from southernmost BC to northeastern Oregon and the other running along the Pacific Coast from southern Alaska to southern California. The family also occupies two Palearctic regions, each with three subregions, an eastern one spreading from Hokkaido, Japan, and the southern Maritime Province, Russia, to Taiwan; a point locality in northern Vietnam; and southern/eastern China. The second Palearctic area extends along the Mediterranean and adjoining seas from Morocco, Sardinia, and the southeastern corner of France to Cyprus and southern coastal Turkey. New locality data, references, and maps are provided along with diagnostic accounts of all reconceptualized taxa and new/revived statuses.
A simple, sublinear, "stick-like" acropodite with a curve or bend near midlength or subapically and without a secondary telopodital projection is the hypothesized plesiomorphic gonopodal condition in Xystodesmidae. This form has undergone multitudinous modifications/alterations - twists, curls, variably configured thickened and laminate expansions, reductions, bi-/trifurcations, enlargements, ornamentations, etc. that are manifested in today’s xystodesmine tribes. When Avalonia collided with Baltica 450 million years ago, ancestral xystodesmoideans on the former dispersed into the latter, penetrated and occupied vacant niches, and evolved into today’s Melaphina (Euryurinae: Euryurini) and Devilleina (Xystodesminae). A similar evolutionary burst leading to today’s Nearctic and East-Palearctic faunas occurred 10 million years later when Avalonia + Baltica collided with Laurentia to form Euramerica. Ancestral forms of Euryurinae and Xystodesminae again penetrated vacant niches and evolved; the former maintained the general gonopodal structural pattern of Melaphina but changed the epiproct from triangular to broad and spatulate, thereby creating Euryurina. The earliest xystodesmine taxa to evolve in Laurentia were Rhysodesmini and Rhysodesmus, which spread southwestward, penetrated "proto- Mexico, and left relict populations in today’s southern Appalachians. Eurymerodesmina and Nannariina arose from ancestral euryurine stock prior to the Cretaceous in western Appalachia in their present area of overlap. The former dispersed to the west and south while the latter expanded to the east and north; consequently, the Western Inland Seaway minimally impacted Nannariina while eradicating Eurymerodesmina from the inundated area. Today’s populations in the Plains and south-southeastern states therefore represent secondary dispersion in the past 50-60 million years. The Seaway also eradicated Rhysodesmus from these areas, but enough forms survived in high mountain refugia to replenish the fauna when the embayment receded.
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Anomiopus cirulito Cano n. sp., from the tropical forest of the Mayan Biosphere Reserve, Petén, Guatemala is described. This is the northernmost known species of the genus Anomiopus Westwood (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) and is related to the Costa Rican and Panamanian Anomiopus panamensis (Paulian).
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Three Neotropical species are transferred to the genus Premnobius Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Ipini): Premnobius assiduus (Schedl, 1961, from Xyleborus), P. flechtmanni (Wood, 2007, from Acanthotomicus) and P. neoajunctus (Schedl, 1967, from Xyleborus). An illustrated key is presented for the native and introduced species of the genus known from the New World.
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Four new species of Elaphidiini (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae) are described: Psyrassa vandenberghei Wappes, Botero and Santos-Silva, from Nicaragua; Psyrassa androwi Wappes, Botero and Santos-Silva, from Belize, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Panama; Psyrassa vandevenderi Wappes, Botero and Santos-Silva, from Mexico; and Aneflomorpha monzoni Wappes, Botero and Santos-Silva, from Guatemala.
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Nomenclatural changes are proposed and herein implemented for several firefly taxa in the family Lampyridae (Coleoptera). Dates of publication are corrected for Lampyris brutia Costa, 1882, Diaphanes costulatus (Kolbe, 1897), Diaphanes fraternus (Kolbe, 1897), Diaphanes kilimanus (Kolbe, 1897), Diaphanes breviusculus (Kolbe, 1897) (a junior synonym of Diaphanes notaticollis E. Olivier), Diaphanes piligerus (Kolbe, 1897), Diaphanes planitianus (Kolbe, 1897), Diaphanes volkensi (Kolbe, 1897) (a junior synonym of Diaphanes rugicollis (Fairmaire)), Diaphanes signaticollis Pic, 1951, Diaphanes ugandanus (Kolbe, 1897), Pyrocoelia iwasakii (Matsumura, 1918), Pyrocoelia tappana (Matsumura, 1918), Lamprocera latreillei (Kirby, 1818), Tenaspis semifusca (Gorham, 1881), Lucernuta savignii (Kirby, 1818), Aspisoma candellarium Reiche, 1845, Aspisoma roseiventer (E. Olivier, 1888), Pyractomena Melsheimer, 1846, Pyractomena flavocincta LeConte, 1852 (a junior synonym of Pyractomena angulata (Say)), Pyractomena angustata LeConte, 1852, and Pyractomena lucifera Melsheimer, 1846.
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In this study, we described four new species of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): Aleurovitreus mariae Sanchez-Flores and García-Ochaeta new species found in Mexico and Guatemala; Aleurovitreus piperschiedeanum Sanchez-Flores and Carapia-Ruiz new species, Aleurovitreus pueblensis Sanchez-Flores and Carapia-Ruiz new species and Aleurovitreus tuberculatus Sanchez-Flores and Carapia-Ruiz new species. found in Mexico. All species were collected in Piper spp. Microphotographs of morphological structures of the puparium are provided, as well as a key to identification of species.
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The nesting biology of the potter wasp Pachymenes ghilianii (Spinola) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) is described based on observations made in the Cerro Turega Hydric Reserve, Penonome, Panama. The collection of building material, the architecture of the nest, the process of building a cell and cell provision with geometrid larvae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), and the emergence time of the adults are recorded.
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A new species of leaf insect from the celebicum species group, Phyllium (Phyllium) yapicum Cumming and Teemsma, new species (Phasmida: Phylliidae), is described from a female specimen from the California Academy of Sciences collection, United States. This new species is the first recorded species of Phylliidae from the country of Micronesia and represents a notable range expansion for the family. With Phyllium (Phyllium) yapicum Cumming and Teemsma, new species, currently only known from a female holotype; a key to females is included for the celebicum species group.
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The linyphiid spiders Tenuiphantes zelatus (Zorsch, 1937), T. zibus (Zorsch, 1937), and Centromerus mariannae sp. nov. are diagnosed, described or redescribed and illustrated, including the previously undescribed female of T. zibus. All are common species of the Pacific Northwest of North America but were previously inadequately described (T. zelatus and T. zibus) or illustrated only but not described or named (C. mariannae).
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A new subgenus, Hydrosmectomorpha Klimaszewski and Webster, of the genus Atheta C. G. Thomson (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) is erected to accommodate three new species and Atheta newfoundlandica (Klimaszewski and Langor). The new species are: Atheta (Hydrosmectomorpha) meduxnekeagensis Webster and Klimaszewski, new species; Atheta (Hydrosmectomorpha) quebecensis Webster and Klimaszewski, new species, Atheta (Hydrosmectomorpha) vincenti Webster and Klimaszewski, new species. The new species are described, illustrated, and a key is provided. Atheta newfoundlandica (Klimaszewski and Langor), was recently transferred from Hydrosmecta C.G. Thomson to an unspecified subgenus of Atheta. New habitat/collection data are presented for the treated species.
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The species Canthidium alvarezi Martínez and Halffter, 1986 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) is transferred to the genus Ateuchus Weber, 1801, becoming Ateuchus alvarezi (Martínez and Halffter), new combination. Its relationship with other species in the genus is briefly discussed. The validity and ranking of the genus Lobidion Génier, 2010, originally described from a single female, is discussed based on the discovery of male specimens, which lead us to reclassify it as a monotypic subgenus of Ateuchus, becoming Ateuchus (Lobidion), new rank, with the only included species becoming Ateuchus (Lobidion) punctatissimus (Génier, 2010) new combination.
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The dung beetle fauna of the Big Bend region of Texas (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
(2018)
This paper reports the results of a 2001-2009 field study of the scarabaeine dung beetle fauna (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of the Big Bend region of Texas, a three-county area of the Trans-Pecos portion of the Chihuahuan Desert. The observed fauna comprises 10 native species, Canthon blumei Halffter and Halffter, C. imitator Brown, C. praticola LeConte, and C. mixtus Robinson; Onthophagus browni Howden and Cartwright, O. knausi Brown, O. velutinus Horn and O. brevifrons Horn; Copris arizonensis Schaeffer and Phanaeus texensis Edmonds; as well as two exotic species introduced in the 1970s, Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius) and Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche). The existing native fauna antedates the completion of desertification approximately 9,000 yrs BP and is similar ecologically and taxonomically to those in southeastern Arizona and northern Mexico. Ecological distribution follows three broad, overlapping habitat zones: desert montane forest, desert grassland and desert scrub. Species accounts include diagnoses, geographic distribution data, and information on collection method, habitat distribution and daily activity.