Arbeitspapier / Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Köln
Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Working Paper (114)
- Part of a Book (3)
Has Fulltext
- yes (117)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (117)
Keywords
- Semantik (8)
- Grammatik (7)
- Spracherwerb (7)
- Aspekt <Linguistik> (6)
- Possessivität (6)
- Deutsch (5)
- Internetsprache (5)
- Sprachtypologie (5)
- Argumentationstheorie (4)
- Computerlinguistik (4)
Institute
- Extern (42)
A.F. 31
In diesem Arbeitspapier möchte ich versuchen, zwei wesentliche Ergebnisse des Sprachkontakts zwischen Englisch und Yoruba in Nigeria zu beschreiben. Erstens sollen die daraus resultierenden Codes, die der gesamtgesellschaftlichen Kommunikation in verschiedenen sozialen Domänen dienen, dargestellt und illustriert werden. Zweitens soll an Hand eines Vergleichs zwischen Entlehnungsvorgängen in anderen Sprachen (hauptsächlich indoeuropäischen) und in der Yoruba-Sprache ein Modell für die Klassifizierung des lexikalischen Lehnguts vorgestellt werden.
N.F. 31
Pluralität im Tagalog
(1998)
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit einem bisher für das Tagalog noch nicht eingehender untersuchten Phänomenbereich: den verschiedenen Mitteln zur Bildung von sprachlichen Ausdrücken mit pluralischer Bedeutung. Im Tagalog kann nicht ohne weiteres von einer grammatischen Kategorie "Numerus" ausgegangen werden. Diese Kategorie basiert auf der Untersuchung von (indoeuropäischen) Sprachen mit ausgeprägter Nomen/Verb-Distinktion. Sie wird als eine nominelle Kategorie angesehen (vgl. Bußmann 1990), die sich gegebenenfalls im Verbalkomplex widerspiegelt. Eine solche Beziehung besteht vor allem zwischen Subjekt und Prädikat, tritt obligatorisch auf und wird als Kongruenz bezeichnet. Für das Tagalog ergeben sich in dieser Hinsicht mehrere Probleme: Zum einen besteht das Problem der Identifizierbarkeit von Wortklassen bzw. lexikalischen/syntaktischen Kategorien, damit zusammenhängend das Problem der Zuweisung bestimmter Mittel der "numeralen" Markierung zu einer lexikalischen/syntaktischen (Sub)-Kategorie. Zum anderen hat man - ausgehend von der Hypothese der optionalen Markierung von "Numerus" im Tagalog - das Problem der Erfassung von Restriktionen / Regularitäten der Pluralmarkierung je nach lexikalischer / 'syntaktischer. Subklasse, sowohl auf Satz- als auch auf Diskursebene.
A.F. 32
N.F. 32
In this paper we test previous claims concerning the universality of patterns of polysemy and semantic change in perception verbs. Implicit in such claims are two elements: firstly, that the sharing of two related senses A and B by a given form is cross-linguistically widespread, and matched by a complementary lack of some rival polysemy, and secondly that the explanation for the ubiquity of a given pattern of polysemy is ultimately rooted in our shared human cognitive make-up. However, in comparison to the vigorous testing of claimed universals that has occurred in phonology, syntax and even basic lexical meaning, there has been little attempt to test proposed universals of semantic extension against a detailed areal study of non-European languages. To address this problem we examine a broad range of Australian languages to evaluate two hypothesized universals: one by Viberg (1984), concerning patterns of semantic extension across sensory modalities within the domain of perception verbs (i .e. intra-field extensions), and the other by Sweetser (1990), concerning the mapping of perception to cognition (i.e. trans-field extensions). Testing against the Australian data allows one claimed universal to survive, but demolishes the other, even though both assign primacy to vision among the senses.
A.F. 33
In my paper "Thesen zum Universalienprojekt" (1976) I mention two complementary procedures for discovering language universals: 1. The investigation of the dimensions and principles whose existence is necessitated by the communicative function of language; 2. The development of a formal language in which all syntactic rules are explicitly formulated and in which all syntactic categories are defined by their relation to a minimally necessary number of syntactic categories. Since the first procedure is treated in many of the other papers of this volume, I wish to discuss the role of formal methods in the research of language universals. As an example I want to take the dimensions of determination and show how expressions denoting concepts are modified and turned into reference identifying expressions. There is a general end a specific motivation for the introduction of formal methods into linguistics. The general motivation is to make statements in linguistics as exact and verifiable as they are in the natural sciences. The specific motivation is to make the grammars of various languages comparable by describing them with the same form of rules. The form has to be flexible enough to describe the phenomena of any possible natural language. All natural languages have in common that they may potentially express any meaning. The flexibility of the form of grammatical rules may therefore be attained, if syntactic rules are not isolated from the semantic function they express and syntactic classes are not defined merely by the relative position of their elements in the sentence, but also by the communicative function their elements fulfill in their combination with elements of other classes.
Montague (1974) has shown that this flexibility may be attained by using the language of algebra combined with categorial grammar. Algebraic systems have been developed by mathematicians to model any systems whose operations are definable. Montague does not merely use the tools of mathematics for describing the features of language, but regards syntax, semantics and pragmatics as branches of mathematics. One of the advantages of this approach is that we may apply the laws developed by mathematicians to the systems constructed by linguists for the description and explanation of natural language.
N.F. 33
This study examines the particularities of multilingual discourse, based on the example of recorded conversations in a trilingual family in Canada. It combines two different fields of linguistic research: multilingualism and conversation analysis. The study of multilingualism has developed into a popular field of linguistic research over the past two decades. In general, it focuses on bilingualism as a social and individual phenomenon, and in particular on the alternation between two languages in the speech of bilinguals. For this alternation, the term code-switching is widely used. Usually, the term refers to language alternation both between sentences and within sentence boundaries. From a sociolinguistic perspective code-switching is often interpreted as a means of signaling group membership in bilingual communities, whereas grammatical analyses examine how morphosyntactic units from different languages are combined (and can be combined) within one sentence. Auer (1998: 3) suggests the study of the conversational structure of code-switching as a third perspective on bilingual language usage, one that he claims has been widely neglected by linguistic research in the past. In particular, those cases of language alternation between utterances (sentences) but within the same conversation cannot be described adequately from either a macro-sociolinguistic or a morphosyntactic perspective.
A.F. 34
Implikative Universalien, linguistische Prinzipien und Sprachtypologie / J.C.P. Auer, Wilfried Kuhn
(1977)
Wir wollen in diesem Aufsatz die Möglichkeiten typologischer Forschung prüfen, die sich aus Greenbergs Aufsatz "Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements" ergeben. Greenbergs primäres Interesse ist nicht typologisch, sondern an der Universalienforschung orientiert. Er ermittelt aus einem 'sample' von 30 Sprachen 45 implikative Universalien der allgemeinen Form V(x) [A(x) → B(x)], wobei A und B beliebige sprachliche Merkmale sind und über die Menge aller Sprachen x quantifiziert wird. Überdies versucht Greenberg die relativ große Zahl von implikativen Universalien unter eine kleine Zahl von sog. Prinzipien ('principles') zu subsummieren, die allgemeine Bauprinzipien von Sprachen darstellen sollen und so Erklärungscharakter für die empirisch gewonnenen Universalien haben. Typologie wird von Greenberg zunächst nur in einem klassifizierenden Sinn verstanden; die Verteilung der untersuchten Merkmale in der Stichprobe von 30 Sprachen klassifiziert diese in solche, in denen das Merkmal anzutreffen ist und solche, in denen es nicht anzutreffen ist. Im folgenden wird zu zeigen sein, daß darüber hinaus auch auf der Ebene der Universalien und der Ebene der Prinzipien typologische Ansätze möglich sind.
N.F. 34
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der nominalen Katetorie MASS/COUNT im Bairischen. Die "traditionellen" Distinktionskriterien der sog. MASS/COUNT-Kategorie werden mitsamt der mit ihnen verbundenen Probleme dargestellt, und anhand einer empirischen Untersuchung am Bairischen die Schwierigkeiten ihrer Anwendbarkeit verdeutlicht. Bei der phänomenologischen Beschreibung der Verhältnisse im Bairischen wird auf die Begrifflichkeit eines Ansatzes aus dem Bereich der "Lexikalischen Typologie" zurückgegriffen, der die semantischen Dimensionen auseinanderdividiert, die m Zusammenhang mit der MASS/COUNT-Kategorisierung eine Rolle spielen (vgl. Behrens 1995, Behrens/Sasse 1998).
A.F. 35
Recent developments in typology which put the notions of linguistic function and operation into the focus of interest and establish them as the ultimate base on which languages are comparable prove fruitful for contrastive linguistics. The functional approach is illustrated in a contrastive analysis of Persian and German relative clauses. In a sketch of the theory of the relative clause, four grammatical functions to be fulfilled by relative constructions are deduced, and the two languages are compared with respect to the various ways in which they realize them. Learning problems can thus be predicted with greater confidence, be explained more satisfactorily, and be remedied more efficiently, because they are seen as learner's attempts to transfer, beside the underlying functions and operations, which the languages do have in common, the techniques of their realization, which they do not have in common.
N.F. 35
In the present monograph, we will deal with questions of lexical typology in the nominal domain. By the term "lexical typology in the nominal domain", we refer to crosslinguistic regularities in the interaction between (a) those areas of the lexicon whose elements are capable of being used in the construction of "referring phrases" or "terms" and (b) the grammatical patterns in which these elements are involved. In the traditional analyses of a language such as English, such phrases are called "nominal phrases". In the study of the lexical aspects of the relevant domain, however, we will not confine ourselves to the investigation of "nouns" and "pronouns" but intend to take into consideration all those parts of speech which systematically alternate with nouns, either as heads or as modifiers of nominal phrases. In particular, this holds true for adjectives both in English and in other Standard European Languages. It is well known that adjectives are often difficult to distinguish from nouns, or that elements with an overt adjectival marker are used interchangeably with nouns, especially in particular semantic fields such as those denoting MATERIALS or NATlONALlTIES. That is, throughout this work the expression "lexical typology in the nominal domain" should not be interpreted as "a typology of nouns", but, rather, as the cross-linguistic investigation of lexical areas constitutive for "referring phrases" irrespective of how the parts-of-speech system in a specific language is defined.