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In an attempt to more consistently apply generic concepts, 13 species of Mordellidae are transferred to different genera. Mordellistena bihamata (Melsheimer) and Mordellistena discolor (Melsheimer) are transferred to Falsomordellistena Ermisch, 1941, while 11 species (Mordellistena ancilla LeConte, Mordellistena floridensis Smith, Mordellistena guttulata Helmuth, Mordellistena impatiens LeConte, Mordellistena infima LeConte, Mordellistena lecontei Ermisch, Mordellistena minutalis Liljeblad, Mordellistena nigricans Melsheimer, Mordellistena parva Liljeblad, Mordellistena semiusta LeConte, and Mordellistena testacea Blatchley) are transferred to Mordellina Schilsky, 1908. Two species, Mordellistena rufa Liljeblad and Mordellina ustulata (LeConte), are proposed as junior synonyms of Mordellina ancilla (LeConte).
Caused by the similarity with the type species Aculepeira packardi and with A. ceropegia we confirm the combination Aculepeira lapponica for the arctic araneid Aranea lapponica Holm, 1945.
Tetrahydrobiopterin, a critical factor in the production and role of nitric oxide in mast cells
(2003)
Mast cells (MC) are biologically potent, ubiquitously distributed immune cells with fundamental roles in host integrity and disease. MC diversity and function is regulated by exogenous nitric oxide; however, the production and function of endogenously produced NO in MC is enigmatic. We used rat peritoneal MC (PMC) as an in vivo model to examine intracellular NO production. Live cell confocal analysis of PMC using the NO-sensitive probe diaminofluorescein showed distinct patterns of intracellular NO formation with either antigen (Ag)/IgE (short term) or interferon-γ (IFN-γ) (long term). Ag/IgE-induced NO production is preceded by increased intracellular Ca2+, implying constitutive nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) activity. NO formation inhibits MC degranulation. NOS has obligate requirements for tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a product of GTP-cyclohydrolase I (CHI), IFN-γ-stimulated PMC increased CHI mRNA, protein, and enzymatic activity, while decreasing CHI feedback regulatory protein mRNA, causing sustained NO production. Treatment with the CHI inhibitor, 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine, inhibited NO in both IFN-γ and Ag/IgE systems, increasing MC degranulation. Reconstitution with the exogenous BH4 substrate, sepiapterin, restored NO formation and inhibited exocytosis. Thus, Ag/IgE and IFN-γ induced intracellular NO plays a key role in MC mediator release, and alterations in NOS activity via BH4 availability may be critical to the heterogeneous responsiveness of MC.
Golf und dem Nördlichen Eismeer, der Mandschurei im Osten und Polen im Westen leben. Bei aller kultureller Vielfalt, die sich aus diesem weit verzweigten Verbreitungsgebiet ergibt, sind die Türkvölker hauptsächlich durch ihre Sprachen miteinander verbunden; eine gewisse gesellschaftliche und kulturelle Konvergenz scheint sich aber heute, nach dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion, anzubahnen.
The ABC transporter Mdl1p, a structural and functional homologue of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) plays an important role in intracellular peptide transport from the mitochondrial matrix of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To characterize the ATP hydrolysis cycle of Mdl1p, the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The isolated NBD was active in ATP binding and hydrolysis with a turnover of 25 ATP per minute and a Km of 0.6 mm and did not show cooperativity in ATPase activity. However, the ATPase activity was non-linearly dependent on protein concentration (Hill coefficient of 1.7), indicating that the functional state is a dimer. Dimeric catalytic transition states could be trapped either by incubation with orthovanadate or beryllium fluoride, or by mutagenesis of the NBD. The nucleotide composition of trapped intermediate states was determined using [alpha-32P]ATP and [gamma-32P]ATP. Three different dimeric intermediate states were isolated, containing either two ATPs, one ATP and one ADP, or two ADPs. Based on these experiments, it was shown that: (i) ATP binding to two NBDs induces dimerization, (ii) in all isolated dimeric states, two nucleotides are present, (iii) phosphate can dissociate from the dimer, (iv) both nucleotides are hydrolyzed, and (v) hydrolysis occurs in a sequential mode. Based on these data, we propose a processive-clamp model for the catalytic cycle in which association and dissociation of the NBDs depends on the status of bound nucleotides.
The breeding systems of the rainforest shrubs Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia and Triunia youngiana were studied in north-east New South Wales, where the former is listed as a vulnerable species. Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia flowered in winter and spring, and produced an average of 36 inflorescences per plant with 155 flowers per inflorescence (5580 flowers per plant). Inflorescences initiated and matured only a small number of fruits (c. 1–2 per inflorescence) in self-pollinated and open-pollinated treatments. This compared to about 17 fruits initiated and 4 fruits matured per inflorescence when cross-pollinated. Triunia youngiana flowered in spring and produced an average of 3 inflorescences per plant containing 23 flowers per inflorescence (69 flowers per plant). Plants were unable to initiate any fruit in autogamy and self-pollinated treatments. Plants in a cross-pollination treatment produced over three times as many fruit (3.5 matured per plant) compared to a control treatment (0.8 per plant), suggesting that plants were pollen-limited. Both treatments experienced substantial (80%) fruit abortion. These results indicate that Triunia youngiana is self-incompatible whereas Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia appears to be partially self-compatible.
The Brontini of the world : a generic review of the tribe (Coleoptera: Silvanidae: Brontinae)
(2003)
The genera of the tribe Brontini (Silvanidae: Brontinae) are reviewed. The tribe is considered here to be composed of 12 genera, Uleiota Latreille, Brontopriscus Sharp, and Dendrophagus Schönherr, plus nine new genera: Australodendrophagus, Australohyliota, Brontoliota, Dendrophagella, Macrohyliota, Megahyliota, Microhyliota, Parahyliota, and Protodendrophagus. Aplatamus Grouvelle is removed from the Brontini and placed in the Telephanini. Four new species are described: Protodendrophagus antipodes Thomas; Brontoliota indivisipennis Thomas; Brontoliota intermedius Thomas; and Brontoliota monteithi Thomas. Described species are assigned to genera with the following new combinations resulting: Australodendrophagus australis (Erichson); Australohyliota chilensis (Blanchard); Australohyliota macleayi (Olliff); Denrophagella capito (Pascoe); Macrohyliota truncatipennis (Heller); Macrohyliota bicolor Arrow; Macrohyliotagracilicornis (Arrow); Macrohyliota lucius (Pascoe); Macrohyliota militaris (Erichson); Macrohyliota spinicollis (Gory); Megahyliota feae (Grouvelle); Microhyliota integricollis (Fairmaire); Parahyliota africanus Grouvelle; Parahyliota alticola (Pal, Sen Gupta, and Crowson); Parahyliota atratus (Grouvelle); Parahyliota brevicollis (Arrow); Parahyliota cinamomeus (Fairmaire); Parahyliota costicollis (Reitter); Parahyliota fallax (Grouvelle); Parahyliota indicus (Arrow); Parahyliota pallidus (Arrow); Parahyliota puberulus (Reitter); Parahyliota serratus (Smith); Parahyliota serricollis (Candeze); Parahyliota siamensis (Arrow). Two new synonymies are proposed: Uleiota crenicollis Grouvelle (=Uleiota costicollis Grouvelle) and Uleiota texana Dajoz (=Uleiota dubius (Fabricius)). Uleiota truncatus Motschulsky, formerly treated as a subspecies of U. dubius (Fabricius), is elevated to a full species, new status.
Recently, we reported that in crude enzyme preparations, a monocyte-derived soluble protein (M-DSP) renders 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) activity Ca2+-dependent. Here we provide evidence that this M-DSP is glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-1. Thus, the inhibitory effect of the M-DSP on 5-LO could be overcome by the GPx-1 inhibitor mercaptosuccinate and by the broad spectrum GPx inhibitor iodoacetate, as well as by addition of 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13(S)-HPODE). Also, the chromatographic characteristics and the estimated molecular mass (80-100 kDa) of the M-DSP fit to GPx-1 (87 kDa), and GPx-1, isolated from bovine erythrocytes, mimicked the effects of the M-DSP. Intriguingly, only a trace amount of thiol (10 micro M GSH) was required for reduction of 5-LO activity by GPx-1 or the M-DSP. Moreover, the requirement of Ca2+ allowing 5-LO product synthesis in various leukocytes correlated with the respective GPx-1 activities. Mutation of the Ca2+ binding sites within the C2-like domain of 5-LO resulted in strong reduction of 5-LO activity by M-DSP and GPx-1, also in the presence of Ca2+. In summary, our data suggest that interaction of Ca2+ at the C2-like domain of 5-LO protects the enzyme against the effect of GPx-1. Apparently, in the presence of Ca2+, a low lipid hydroperoxide level is sufficient for 5-LO activation.
The earliest known extensive texts in Gullah (and perhaps African American Vernacular English as well) to appear in print were published in The Riverside Magazine for Young People in November, 1868, under the title "Negro Fables" (p. 505-507). These are four animal stories, which the editor of the magazine, Horace Elisha Scudder, described in his column only as having been "taken down from the lips of an old negro, in the vicinity of Charleston" (see Appendix for the editor´s comments and the full text of the stories).2 The Story-Teller was evidently a genuine "man of words" (Abrahams, 1983), a true raconteur who could artistically embellish a simple traditional account (perhaps further embellished by the transcriber) in a variety of ways. That he commanded a certain range of Gullah is evident from particular signature features in the texts, but the absence of other typical Gullah features and the presence of shared Gullah/African American Vernacular English usages, together with the periodic appearance of standard English forms, demonstrate that these texts provide perhaps the earliest actual documentation (apart from early tertiary comments, cited e.g. in Feagin, 1997, p. 128-129) of register variation or style/code-switching among Gullah speakers. ...
In this paper we provide an account of the historical development of Polish and Russian sibilants. The arguments provided here are of theoretical interest because they show that (i) certain allophonic rules are driven by the need to keep contrasts perceptually distinct, (ii) (unconditioned) sound changes result from needs of perceptual distinctiveness, and (iii) perceptual distinctiveness can be extended to a dass of consonants, i.e. the sibilants. The analysis is cast within Dispersion Theory by providing phonetic and typological data supporting the perceptual distinctiveness claims we make.
A new species of Dacne Latreille from Brazil, D. (Dacne) ducke, n. sp., and a new specimen of Dacne brodzinskyi Skelley (amber fossil) show characteristics presently unreported for the genus. Dacne ducke is the first member of the tribe Dacnini to be discovered in South America. A checklist of species and updates to an identification key for all known species are presented.
Twenty-two vascular plant communities occurring on, and adjacent to the Cumberland Plain and Hornsby Plateau, are defined using a multi-variate analysis of quantitative field survey data. Communities are described using structural features, habitat characteristics and diagnostic species. Diagnostic species are identified using a statistical fidelity measure. The pre–European spatial distribution of communities is estimated using a decision tree approach to derive relationships between community distribution and geological, climatic and topographical variables. Contemporary vegetation cover is estimated from 1:16 000 scale aerial photography (1997/98) and sorted into six categories based on cover of Eucalyptus species. These categories are only approximately related to vegetation condition: high Eucalyptus cover classes are most likely to contain high levels of floristic diversity, but areas with scattered cover or no cover at all may have either high or low diversity.
Map accuracy is assessed using independent field samples and is primarily limited by the accuracy of 1:100 000 geological maps. Patterns in overstorey composition were mapped at 1:16 000 scale but were less useful in delineating community boundaries than was hoped because few species are confined to a single community. The extent to which observer bias may influence estimates of the present extent of remnant vegetation is investigated by comparing the interpretations of two observers for a subset of the study area.
The community classification is interpreted in light of previous publications and the Endangered Ecological Communities listed under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation (TSC) Act (1995). Four communities listed under the TSC Act (1995) are represented by more than one unit in the new classification: Cumberland Plains Woodland (represented by Shale Plains Woodland, Shale Hills Woodland); Sydney Coastal River Flat Forest (Riparian Woodland, Riparian Forest, Alluvial Woodland); Shale/Sandstone Transition Forest (Shale/Sandstone Transition Forest low sandstone influence, high sandstone influence); and Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest (Turpentine-Ironbark Forest, Turpentine-Ironbark Margin Forest). A further seven listed communities are described in this paper (Cooks River/Castlereagh Ironbark Forest, Shale/ Gravel Transition Forest, Castlereagh Swamp Woodland, Agnes Banks Woodland, Western Sydney Dry Rainforest, Moist Shale Woodland, and Blue Gum High Forest).
As a result of clearing, native vegetation cover on the Cumberland Plain has been reduced to only 13.1% (+ 1.7) of the pre- European extent. Despite high levels of fragmentation, the presence of exotic species and a history of extensive grazing, high numbers of native species were recorded in remnants of all sizes. A large proportion of species was recorded once only (22%), while nearly half of all species were recorded 5 times or less. This suggests that there is a high likelihood that further clearing will lead to a loss of floristic diversity. Two exotic species (Olea europea subsp. africana and Myrsiphyllum asparagoides) are identified as a major threat to the conservation of native flora due to their widespread distribution and ability to out-compete native species. Control of these species should be a high priority in conservation management.
S.R. Ramsey writes (1979: 162): "The patterning of tone marks in Old Kyoto texts divides the vocabulary into virtually the same classes as those arrived at by comparing the accent distinctions found in the modern dialects. This means that the Old Kyoto dialect had a pitch system similar to that of proto-Japanese. The standard language of the Heian period may not actually be the ancestor of all the dialects of Japan, but at least as far as the accent system is concerned, it is close enough to the proto system to be used as a working model. The significance of this fact is important: It means that each of the dialects included in the comparison has as much to tell, at least potentially, as any other dialect about Old Kyoto accent."
The reproduction of culture in dictionaries constitutes one of the fundamental prob-lems of lexicographers today. What is the nature of cultural data in dictionaries? To what extent should cultural aspects be transferred from one language to another? How should this transfer take place? This article attempts to discuss the relevance of the reproduction of Gabonese cultural aspects in dictionaries in French and the Gabonese languages. One of the main problems the compilers of these dictionaries encountered was the transfer and the translation of some cultural aspects. In order to discuss the nature and extent of cultural information in Gabonese dictionaries, this article will restrict itself to the following points: — The translation of different realities — The role of culture in the change of meaning — Dictionaries and cultural activities — Dictionaries and cultural ethics — Dictionaries and language registers — Dictionaries and culture maintenance — Dictionaries and the standardization of culture Prior to a discussion of the above-mentioned points, a brief description of the dictionaries investi-gated will be given. After a description of the influence of cultural contexts on lexicographers in the choice of macrostructural elements and their treatment, cultural differences between source and target languages in the dictionaries of Gabonese languages are discussed. The article concludes with the observation that the majority of existing lexicographic works tend to survey the full vocabulary of the language. The lexicographic treatment of some words is satisfactory because an account of the underlying worldview of the people is given. For example, in this article, the fol-lowing themes are considered: dietary practices, sexuality, mythology, traditional pharmacopoeia, the kinship system, hospitality, and respect for traditional authority and elders. However, to be used in the most efficient way, these lexicographic publications need to be revised.
The vegetation of Peery Lake area, Paroo-Darling National Park (32°18’–32°40’S, 142°10’–142°25’E) in north western New South Wales was assessed using intensive quadrat sampling and mapped using extensive ground truthing and interpretation of aerial photograph and Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite images. 378 species of vascular plants were recorded from this survey from 66 families. Species recorded from previous studies but not noted in the present study have been added to give a total of 424 vascular plant species for the Park including 55 (13%) exotic species. Twenty vegetation communities were identified and mapped, the most widespread being Acacia aneura tall shrubland/tall open-shrubland, Eremophila/Dodonaea/Acacia open shrubland and Maireana pyramidata low open shrubland. One hundred and fifty years of pastoral use has impacted on many of these communities.
Data from the first physics run at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN]=130 GeV, have been analyzed by the STAR Collaboration using three-pion correlations with charged pions to study whether pions are emitted independently at freeze-out. We have made a high-statistics measurement of the three-pion correlation function and calculated the normalized three-particle correlator to obtain a quantitative measurement of the degree of chaoticity of the pion source. It is found that the degree of chaoticity seems to increase with increasing particle multiplicity.
In this article we propose that there are two universal properties for phonological stop assibilations, namely (i) assibilations cannot be triggered by /i/ unless they are also triggered by /j/, and (ii) voiced stops cannot undergo assibilations unless voiceless ones do. The article presents typological evidence from assibilations in 45 languages supporting both (i) and (ii). It is argued that assibilations are to be captured in the Optimality Theoretic framework by ranking markedness constraints grounded in perception which penalize sequences like [ti] ahead of a faith constraint which militates against the change from /t/ to some sibilant sound. The occurring language types predicted by (i) and (ii) will be shown to involve permutations of the rankings between several different markedness constraints and the one faith constraint. The article demonstrates that there exist several logically possible assibilation types which are ruled out because they would involve illicit rankings.
Transverse activity of kaons and deconfinement phase transition in nucleus–nucleus collisions
(2003)
We found that the experimental results on transverse mass spectrum of kaons produced in central Pb+Pb (Au+Au) collisions show an anomalous dependence on the colliding energy. The inverse slope of the spectrum increases with the energy in the low (AGS) and high (RHIC) energy domains, whereas it remains constant in the intermediate (SPS) energy range. We argue that this anomaly is probably caused by the modification of the equation of state in the transition region between confined and deconfined matter. This observation may be considered as a new signal, in addition to the previously reported anomalies in the pion and strangeness production, of the onset of deconfinement located in the low SPS energy domain.
We report high statistics measurements of inclusive charged hadron production in Au+Au and p+p collisions at sqrt[sNN]=200 GeV. A large, approximately constant hadron suppression is observed in central Au+Au collisions for 5<pT<12 GeV/c. The collision energy dependence of the yields and the centrality and pT dependence of the suppression provide stringent constraints on theoretical models of suppression. Models incorporating initial-state gluon saturation or partonic energy loss in dense matter are largely consistent with observations. We observe no evidence of pT-dependent suppression, which may be expected from models incorporating jet attenuation in cold nuclear matter or scattering of fragmentation hadrons.