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This note states the number of grounded sperm whales on the French Atlantic coast and more especially on the coast of Vendée between 1900 and 2002.
Clé de détermination des Coléoptères Lucanides et Scarabéides de Vendée et de l’Ouest de la France
(2002)
It is an identification key of species of beetles called Lucanoideas and Scarabaeoideas already observed in Vendée and in Western France or likely to be found there some day or other. 160 species have been described, often illustrated with maps of their habitats in France.
Following the 1989-90 winter storms, remains of several straight-tusked elephants as well as a rich quaternary paleoflora were found on the strand of La Parée beach in Brétignolles-sur-Mer (Vendée, France). The story of these findings, the diggings of the bones, the dating and the paleoenvironment of the deposits are mentioned in this article. The sediments are old "peat bogs" which belong to two distinct eras : Pleistocene (peat bog holding the remains of straight-tusked elephants) and Holocene (peat bog showing tracks of Bovidae and prints of tools, and higher peat bogs).
Recent extension works of the quarry of La Gouraudière in Mauzé-Thouarsais (in Deux-Sèvres), and excavation works for the water reservoirs to irrigate the cereal fields in Le Bernard (in Vendée) led to the collection of an interesting fauna of ammonites among which several species are close to the téthysian ones.
The Revue des Sciences naturelles de l’Ouest was edited in the years 1891-97. Although poorly known, it contains valuable papers on the natural sciences in Western France, particularly in Vendée. After a short presentation, we give here the content tables of this periodical together with a list of public libraries where it can be found.
Tracks and faeces of otter are abundant around the lac du Jaunay (Vendée) but this animal is very fierce and nocturnal. Nevertheless, an otter was observed in very good condition at midday, in June. It was fishing in a small pound near the lake. This note describes the behaviour of this otter.
After 1985, the otter (Lutra lutra) was not found any more on the Sèvre Nantaise (France). From 1997, a careful exploration revealed presence signs of its presence showing the coming back of this mammal.
Observation d’une genette, Genetta genetta (Linné, 1758), sur les rives du lac du Jaunay en Vendée
(2001)
The diurnal observation of a Genet, such as the one made in the bocage of Vendée (France) related here, is exceptional because this small carnivore is said to be so shy and so exclusively nocturnal.
The Genet is a little carnivore whose status is not very well-known in Vendée (France). The methods for a county survey about these carnivores are set out in order to get information about its presence. The results will make it possible to map out an atlas showing where it is located and where it lives.
The Orchis simia is a rare orchid in Vendée (France). Historical data and the amount of books published about it are mentioned here. A new find on the limestone formation of Chantonnay has been added to the present distribution of species.
The writer mentions the existence of the Ophrys passionis in Loire-Atlantique and in Vendée (France), which are two countries where this Orchid had never be seen before. All the observations so far emphasize the hypothesis that this Orchid is different from the other related Orchids through its ability to adapt to a specific pollinator, Andrena carbonaria.
L’Ophrys petite araignée, Ophrys araneola Reichenbach 1831, redécouverte de l’espèce en Vendée
(2001)
The Ophrys araneola which had not been seen in Vendée (France) since 1993 was rediscovered in may 1993 among a colony of Ophrys sphegodes. The writer underlines the risks of eventually confusing the two species and mentions the different characteristics of each in order to avoid any confusion.
This article summarizes the observations of Odonatas gathered over the last fifteen years in Vendée. It results from collective research work by more than forty naturalists. A map locating each of the 58 species of Odonatas is given as well.
A first inventory of Yeu island’s Orthoptera (Vendée, France) allow us to list 23 species and 4 species of the allied orders Mantodea, Phasmodea and Dermaptera. A faunistic study was established on each species and a discussion gives an evaluation of the imprint of human activity on insular Orthoptera’s communities.
Background: The treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma patients consists of multimodal induction therapy to achieve remission followed by consolidation therapy to prevent relapses. However, the type of consolidation therapy is still discussed controversial. We applied metronomic chemotherapy in the prospective NB90 trial and monoclonal anti-GD2-antibody (MAB) ch14.18 in the NB97 trial. Here, we present the long term outcome data of the patient cohort. Methods: A total of 334 stage 4 neuroblastoma patients one year or older were included. All patients successfully completed the induction therapy. In the NB90 trial, 99 patients received at least one cycle of the oral maintenance chemotherapy (NB90 MT, 12 alternating cycles of oral melphalan/etoposide and vincristine/cyclophosphamide). In the NB97 trial, 166 patients commenced the MAB ch14.18 consolidation therapy (six cycles over 12 months). Patients who received no maintenance therapy according to the NB90 protocol or by refusal in NB97 (n = 69) served as controls. Results: The median observation time was 11.11 years. The nine-year event-free survival rates were 41 ± 4%, 31 ± 5%, and 32 ± 6% for MAB ch14.18, NB90 MT, and no consolidation, respectively (p = 0.098). In contrast to earlier reports, MAB ch14.18 treatment improved the long-term outcome compared to no additional therapy (p = 0.038). The overall survival was better in the MAB ch14.18-treated group (9-y-OS 46 ± 4%) compared to NB90 MT (34 ± 5%, p = 0.026) and to no consolidation (35 ± 6%, p = 0.019). Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed ch14.18 consolidation to improve outcome compared to no consolidation, however, no difference between NB90 MT and MAB ch14.18-treated patients was found. Conclusions: Follow-up analysis of the patient cohort indicated that immunotherapy with MAB ch14.18 may prevent late relapses. Finally, metronomic oral maintenance chemotherapy also appeared effective.
Der Stockberg bei Ottbergen, Kreis Höxter, wurde 1982 nach fast zwanzigjährigem Bemühen der Naturkundler unter Schutz gestellt. Bereits in den beiden über dieses Gebiet veröffentlichten Arbeiten von KOPPE (1962) und LEWEJOHANN (1964) wird die floristische Bedeutung des Berges hervorgehoben. BRINKMANN (1978) bezeichnet ihn gar als wertvollsten und artenreichsten Muschelkalkhang im gesamten Regierungsbezirk Detmold.
An der Abteilung Höxter der Universität -Gesamthochschule- Paderborn wurde 1977 der Fachhochschulstudiengang Landespflege eingerichtet. Im Juli 1980 wurde ich nach Höxter berufen, um das Lehrgebiet "Vegetationskunde (Pflanzensoziologie/-ökologie)" zu vertreten. Zum Aufgabenbereich gehört auch ein Teil des Lehrgebietes "Freilandpflanzenkunde, Pflanzenverwendung", und zwar der Bereich der einheimischen Wildpflanzen und der Pflanzensystematik.
Im vorigen Jahrhundert waren die durchschnittlichen Ernteerträge in der Landwirtschaft weit geringer als heute. Mißernten, die meist durch ungünstige Witterungsverhältnisse, aber auch durch Pflanzenkrankheiten und Schädlinge bedingt waren, konnten für die Bevölkerung zur Katastrophe werden. Der Witterungsverlauf in unserem Raum sowie seine und sonstige Auswirkungen auf die Ernteergebnisse und die Versorgungslage von den ersten Jahrzehnten des vorigen Jahrhunderts bis zum Jahre 1863 sind der Gegenstand dieses Beitrages.
Jedem an Natur und Landschaft interessierten Wanderer, der mit offenen Augen unsere Heimat durchstreift, fällt die große Zahl der Steinbrüche auf, auf die er in Wald und Feld stößt. Da sind sowohl die kleinen Brüche, die, heute meist aufgelassen, einst dem Bedarf eines Dorfes oder dem Waldwegebau dienten. Da sind aber auch riesige Steinbrüche, in denen auch jetzt noch mit großem technischen Aufwand Steine gebrochen werden.
A review of biological control efforts against Diptera of medical and veterinary importance includes pertinent literature of major dipterous taxonomic groups where some success has been achieved or where work is currently being conducted on species breeding in aquatic (e.g., mosquitoes, blackflies, tabanids) and terrestrial habitats (muscids, tsetse, etc.). Most effort has been directed against aquatic Diptera because of the human and animal disease agents they transmit. Research has established that the natural enemy component frequently is responsible for significant population reduction and indispensable to integrated control which seeks to maintain populations below annoyance or disease transmission levels. The manipulation of natural enemies through introduction and/or augmentation has in some cases provided satisfactory control, and sustained releases of natural enemies over several years may overcome the relative high cost of massive release rates. Ultimately, to guarantee the existence and maximum expression of resident natural enemies has become almost universally accepted, and challenging, to sound control practices. Indeed, chemical industry recognizing this, has sought to manufacture products such as Bacillus toxins, juvenile hormones, and baits that are minimally disruptive to existing natural controls. Although such easily applied products have been widely adopted, their cost continues to become prohibitive with developing resistance, as was observed earlier with many organophosphate and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Further advancements in the control ofthese Diptera should continue to embrace a sound appreciation for the natural control component and nurture ways to allow its maximum expression. Keyword Index: Biological Control, Diptera, Medical, Veterinary.
Unter den zahlreichen einheimischen Arten der Nagetiere sind die Bilche oder Schläfer am wenigsten bekannt. Das liegt an ihrer heimlichen, vorwiegend in der Dämmerung und bei Nacht aktiven Lebensweise, sowie ihrer lückenhaften Verbreitung. Von den vier europäischen Schläfern kommen bei uns im Kreis nur zwei, nämlich Siebenschläfer und Haselmaus, vor.
Anfang Mai 1982 trafen Mitglieder unseres Vereins auf ein aufsehenerregendes Vorkommen der Frauenschuh-Orchidee im Altkreis Warburg. Das war Anlaß, die Umgebung des Standorts näher zu erkunden. In vier Begehungen von Mai bis September konnte ich einen ungefähren Einblick in die Flora dieses Gebiets gewinnen. Zu erschöpfenden Aussagen wären Beobachtungen über mehrere Vegetationsperioden hinweg notwendig.
Johann Konrad Schlaun, berühmt gewordener Barockbaumeister des Fürstbischofs zu Münster, verbrachte seine ersten Lebensjahre und frühe Jugendzeit in Nörde, einem kleinen Dörfchen in der südlichen Eggelandschaft. Seinem Vater, Heinrich Schlaun, oblag in diesem Orte und seiner Nachbarschaft die Wahrnehmung wirtschaftlicher und eingeschränkt hoheitlicher Belange des Klosters Hardehausen. Das bezeugt ein Schreiben des damaligen Abtes von Hardehausen, F. Stephan Overgar, "Unserm Richter zu Nörde einzuhändigen",
Dieser aus den Wäldern Nordamerikas stammende Bär gehört zur Familie der Kleinbären. Er erreicht ein Gewicht von ca. 10 kg und eine Länge von 80 bis 90 cm. Seine Haarfarbe ist gelblichgrau, mit Schwarz durchsetzt. Bärinnen scheinen etwas heller gefärbt. Der etwa 25 cm lange Schwanz ist mehrfach schwarz quergebändert. Eine larvenartige schwarze Gesichtsmaske paßt zu dem unsteten nächtlichen Räuberleben des Waschbären. Seine Beine sind mäßig lang, fünfzehig und mit langen Krallen bewehrt. Die Fußsohlen berühren beim Gehen den Boden in voller Länge und sind unbehaart; die Sprungspur hat daher Ähnlichkeit mit der des Steinmarders.
Arthropods use fluid medium motion-sensing filiform hairs on their exoskeleton to detect aerodynamic or hydrodynamic stimuli in their surroundings that affect their behaviour. The hairs, often of different lengths and organized in groups or arrays, respond to particular fluid motion amplitudes and frequencies produced by prey, predators, or conspecifics, even in the presence of background noise peculiar to the environment. While long known to biologists and experimentally investigated by them, it is only relatively recently that comprehensive physical-mathematical models have emerged offering an alternative methodology for investigating the biomechanics of filiform hair motion. These models have been developed and applied to quantitatively predict the performance characteristics of filiform hairs in air and water as a function of the relevant parameters that affect their physical behaviour. They even allow the exploration of possible biological evolutionary paths for filiform hair changes resulting from physical selection pressures. In this chapter we review the state of knowledge of filiform hair biomechanics and discuss two physical-mathematical models to predict hair dynamical behaviour. One modelling approach is analytically exact, serving for quantitative purposes, while the other, derived from it, is approximate, serving for qualitative guidance concerning the parameter dependencies of hair motion. Using these models we look in turn at the influence of these parameters and the fluid media physical properties on hair motion, including the possibility of medium-facilitated viscous coupling between hairs. The models point to areas where data is currently lacking and future research could be focused. In addition, new results are presented pertaining to transient tlows. We qualitatively explore the possibility of an overlapping water-air niches adaptation potential that may explain how, over many generations, the filiform hairs of an arthropod living in water could have evolved to function in air. Because flow-sensing hairs have served to inspire corresponding artificial medium motion microsensors, we discuss recent advances in this area. Significant challenges remain to be overcome, especially with respect to the materials and fabrication techniques used. In spite of the impressive technological advances made, nature still remains unrivalled.
Anthropologischer Verein zu Göttingen : die Ausgrabung des neolithischen Dorfes bei Diemarden
(1911)
Anthropologischer Verein zu Göttingen. In der Sitzung am 11. Mai 1910 wurde zunächst an Sitelle des bisherigen Vorsitzenden Prof. Max Verworn, der sich vom Verein verabschiedete, um einem Ruf an die Universität Bonn zu folgen, Herr Prof. Dr. Fr. Merkel zum Vorsitzenden gewählt und die frei gewordene Stelle im Vorstande durch die Wahl des Herrn Prof. Dr. Heiderich wieder besetzt. Sodann erstattete Herr Prof. Max Verworn einen ausführlichen Bericht über "Die Ausgrabung des neolithischen Dorfes bei Diemarden"
The birds of Billiton Island
(1937)
Resume 1) The egg of Squilla oratoria DE HAAN is centrolecithal and undergoes partial cleavages resulting in rudimentary primary yolk pyramids. 2) The germinal disk is first represented by a pair of optic lobes and a ventral plate, which are afterward connected by paired, lateral ectoderm thickenings to form a V-shape. The V is then transformed into an O by the appearance of a transverse band between the optic lobes of both sides. 3) A small blastopore is formed. Of the mesendoderm cells derived from the blastopore by cell immigrations, those attached to the lower surface of the lateral ectoderm thickenings are differentiated into a U-shaped, naupliar mesoderm band. This inesoderm band joins the preante:mulary mesoderm derived from the optic lobe, and grows into a complete ring conforming to the shape of the germinal disk. 4) The extra-blastoporic immigrants consist of a preantennulary mesoderm, mesodermal yolk cells and a part of the naupliar mesoderm. The greater part of the preantennulary mesoderm cells disintegrate sooner or later, without forming any distinct structure. The mesodermal yolk cells also degenerate after taking part in the dissolution of the deutoplasm. A discussion as regards the mutual relationship between these elements, with the conclusion that the formation of the preantennulary mesoderm represents the initial step of the extra-blastoporic cell sinking from the whole egg surface, is included. 5) The endodermal elements consist of a compact cell mass differentiated from the posterior part of the mesendoderm layer and the endodermal yolk cells immigrated from the blastopore. The yolk cells, after migrating through the most peripheral part of the yolk, scatter all over its surface. The endoderm plate is nothing but a mass of yolk cells. which remain without scattering. 6) Eight mesoteloblasts derived from the blastoporic lip are attached to the inner surface of the thoracico-abdominal process, making four groups. The ectoteloblasts are differentiated from the ordinary blastoderm cells in a later stage than the mesoteloblasts. In the final condition they consist of 21 cells forming a complete ring around the thoracico-abdominal process. 7) Both the ectoderm and the mesoderm are derived from the teloblasts in all of the post-naupliar segments.· The dorsal ectoderm, however, is non-teloblastic in only a few anterior segments. Differentiation of segments proceeds from the front toward the back. 8) The telson mesoderm is formed by the cells sunk from the telson ectoderm which is derived from the peri-blastoporic ectoderm . 9) The anus is the remnant of the blastopore. In accordance with the change of the caudal furca, the anus is displaced from the dorsal side of the telson to the ventral border between this and the last abdominal segment. 10) There is a distinct nauplius stage. Of the meta-naupliar segments, those from the m:txillula to the second maxilliped are laid on the germinal disk, the following segments together forming a thoracico-abdominal process. Two maxiliiped segments, however, are later separated from the cephalon with the development of the carapace fold, and join the trunk segments. Externally, six abdominal segments are formed. 11) The ganglionic cells are proliferated from the neuroblasts occupying the most superficial part of the centra1 nervous system. The giant ganglionic cells arise from the ordinary ganglionic cells and not directly from neuroblasts. The development of the cerebrum is described. The tritocerebra of both sides are conne~ted by a transverse nerve-fibre bundle behind the stomodaeum. The ganglia of the segments from the mandible to the second maxilliped first exhibit a typical ladder-like shape. Of these ganglia, the anterior three constitute a sub-resophageal ganglion by more or less complete fusion, while the posterior two are transferred from the cephalon to the thoracico-abdomimil process with the constriction of the segments. The inter-ganglionic cell groups take part in the constriction of the consecutive segments. The seventh abdominal ganglion is clearly indicated by the presence of such a cell group as well as of a pair of nerve fibre masses. 12) The development of the compound eye is traced. The ganglion opticum is derived from the ectoderm of the optic lobe lateral to the protocerebrum; it is not an outgrowth of the cerebrum. 13) The ganglion visceralum is differentiated from the anterior wall of the stomodaeum. 14) A median dorsal organ is formed. In close connection with the activity of this organ, the embryo undergoes one ecdysis. 15) The mid-gut epithelium is formed by the gradual expansion of the anterior and posterior endoderm plates over the yolk sac. These plates, however, extend only on the ventral side of the yolk sac before hatching. The posterior plate is produced by the concentration of the scattered yolk cells toward the periphery of the. plate differentiated from the mesendoderm, while the anterior plate is formed by yolk cells alone. 16) The greater part of the intestine develops from the outgrowth of the posterior endoderm epithelium, the proctodaeum occupying only the rectum. 17) The posterior liver lobes are produced from the posterior endoderm plate as a pair of blind tubes and extend as far backward as the telson. The anterior liver lobes and the lateral mid-gut cceca are rather incompletely developed, being ~eparated by shallow superficial grooves of the yolk sac. These two pairs of diverticula are only partially covered by the endoderm epithelium, and develop into more or less distinct coeca during larval life. They later seem to be completely absorbed again by the mid-gut. 18) The product of each division of the mesoteloblast is equivalent to one mesodermal-segment. The mesoderm of the seventh abdominal segment is derived from the posteriorly situated daughter cell produced by the last division of the teloblast. In' accordance with the grouping of teloblasts, the trunk mesoderm is separated into two ventral and two dorsal bands. Each band is further separated into segmentally arranged blocks, the somites. The ccelom develops in no stage and in no segment. 19) The dorsal mesoderm gives rise to the extensor and the oblique muscles of the trunk, the anterior and posterior limb muscles, as well as to the mesodermal inclusion of the limb. The -ventral mesoderm grows into the flexor. The connective tissue investing the intestine -and the liver lobes are principally constructed from the dorsal mesoderm. The germ cell does not appear until hatching. A brief account is also given of the fate of the naupliar mesoderm. 20) The heart wall and the pericardial floor are morphologically one unit. They arise from the dorsal mesoderm as a pair of membranes stretching between it and the intestine. The dilated and elongated parts of the heart are formed by the subsequent union of these paired rudiments. 21) The anterior dorsal vessel has a two-fold origin; it is formed by the fusion of an anterior rudiment extending backward from the rostrum and a posterior one developing as a tubular outgrowth of the heart. The former is derived from the rearrangement of mesenchymatous cells which migrated from the anterior end of the naupliar mesoderm. 22) By the time of hatching, two pairs of lateral vessels are formed as hollow linear thickenings of the pericardial floor in front and behind the dilated part of the heart. 23) The antennal gland remains rudimentary without acquiring any intercellular lumen. The maxillar gland is not laid until hatching. The labral and anal glands are derived from the peristomodaeal and the telson mesoderm respectively. 23) Comparisons are made bewteen Squilla and other orders of Malacostraca as regards the salient points of the embryonic development. These have led to the conclusion that the Stomatopoda are most closely related in their embryonic development to Nebaliacea, and further that Stomatopoda represent a rather primitive group separated from the main stem of Malacostraca very early, only next in order to Nebaliacea.
Recherches sur la formation des annexes foetales chez les Mammifères : (Lapin et Cheiroptères)
(1884)
Die Buchenwälder Griechenlands umfassen eine Fläche von rund 220.000 ha oder 9% der gesamten Waldfläche des Landes. Diese Wälder verteilen sich in vier Hauptrealen: in Mazedonien und Thrazien, in Zentral-Chalkidiki, auf den Gebiergsketten Ost-Griechenlands (Vermion, Pieria, Olymp, Ossa und Pelion) und in Zentral- und Nord-Pindos. Sie kommen hauptsächlich an den feuchteren 0, NO, N und NW Hängen vor und stocken auf Böden, die aus Silikatgesteinen oder Flysch entstanden. Sie bilden selten grössere, geschlossene Waldkomplexe zonalen Charakters; häufiger kommen sie inselartig vor. Im Gegensatz zu den mitteleuropäischen Buchenwäldern treten sie sehr selten oder fast nie auf Kalkgesteine ein. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Ausscheidung und Beschreibung von Standsortseinheiten der Buchenwaldgesellschaften, die den waldbaulichen Zweck dienen. Von einer systematischen Anordnung dieser Geselschaften im strengen pflanzensoziologischen Sinne wurde verzichtet. Zu diesem Ziel wurden 108 pflanzensoziologische Aufnahmen gemacht, die mit 17 Bodenprofilen kombiniert wurden. Aus der Verarbeitung des gasamten Untersuchungsmaterials ergab sich folgendes: Die Buchenwälder der untersuchten Gebieten unterscheiden sich geographisch, chloristisch, ökologisch und historisch deutlich in drei verschiedenen Grundpflanzengesellschaften. Die erste, Fagetum submontanum genannt, umfasst Buchenwälder der submontanen Stufe bis zu einer Höhe über das Meer von ungefähr 900 m. Diese Pflanzengesellschaft kommt in Chalkidiki sowie in Ost-Griechenland (Ossa-, Pieria-, Pilionberg) vor und hat als Hauptmerkmal die Erscheinung der orientalischen - Buche sowie anderer Pflanzenarten der Eichen- und Kastaniengesellschaften und das Vorwiegen der Fagus moesiaoa f. spatulolepis. Die zweite Gesellschaft, Fagetum montanum genannt, kommt sowohl in Ost-Griechenland (Pieria-, Ossa-, Pilionberg) als auch in Pindos von 900 bis 1600 m ü.M. vor. Ihr Hauptmerkmal ist das Vorwiegen der Fagus moesiaoa f. tainiolepis. Die dritte Gesellsohaft, Fagetum subalpinum genannt, schliesst sich der zweiten an und erstreckt sich bis zu den Waldgrenzen (1600 - 1900 m ü.M.). Ihr Hauptmerkmal ist das Vorwiegen der Fagus moesiaoa f. tainiolepis sowie anderer Buchenformen die sich Fagus silvatioa nähern. Diese Unterscheidung dient nur den reinen pflanzensoziologischen Gesichtspunkten und nioht unseren waldbaulichen Erfordernissen. Deshalb wurden weiter pflanzensoziologisohe Einheiten unabhängig von dieser Unterscheidung mit Hilfe von Pflanzenzeigergruppen ausgeschieden. Anfänglich unterschieden sich für jede pflanzensoziologische Grundgesellschaft getrennt pflanzensoziologische Einheiten. Durch den Vergleich der Tabellen wurde bewiesen, dass dieselben Pflanzenzeigergruppen mit kleinen Abweichungen sowie die gleichen Kombinationen in den drei Gesellschaften vorkommen. Dieses Ergebnis erlaubte uns die pflanzensoziologischen Einheiten sowie die entsprechenden Standortstypen unabhängig von den pflanzensoziologischen Grundgesellschaften zu untersoheiden. Durch die Kombination der ausgeschiedenen fünf Pflanzenzeigergruppen unterschieden sich sechs pflanzensoziologisohe Einheiten bzw. Standortstypen oder Standortsgüten. Zur Erleichterung der Anwendung in der Praxis wurden auch die entspreohenden Baumhöhekurven als Standortszeiger in Abhängigkeit vom Alter (Abb. 10) eigerichtet. Aus reinen waldbauliohen Gesiohtspunkten können wir die ausgechiedenen Standortsgüten wie folgt in drei zusammendrängen: I und II, III und IV, und V und VI. Bei den I und II Standortsgüten (Bonitäten) weisst die Buche ihre maximale Produktivität auf. Dagegen zeigt die natürliche Verjüngung der Bestände, wegen der Tendenz des Bodens zur Verkräutung und des reichlichen Vorkommens eines üppigen Unterwuchses naoh jeder Lockerung des Kronenschlusses, manche Schwierigkeiten. In diesen Standortstypen wird die Verjüngung unter klein- oder grossflächigem Schirmschlag empfohlen. Wegen des starken Wettbewerbes der Unkräuter, des raschen Wachstums und der kräftigen Differenzierung ist eine intessive Jungwuchs- u. Dickungspflege als unentbehrlich zu bezeichnen. Bei den III mid IV Standortsgliten weisst die Buche eine befriedigende Produktivität auf. Die natürliche Verjüngung ist hier sehr leicht und tritt nach jeder Lockerung der Bestände massenartig ein. Die V und VI Standortsgüten kommen hauptsächlich auf Kupenlagen, Südhängen oder auf stark erodierten Böden vor. Hier weisst die Buche eine gering"e Produktivität und eine schwache Konkurenzfähigkeit auf. Die natürliche Verjüngung wird wegen der ungünstigen ökologischen Verhältnisse erschwert. Zur Steigerung der Produktivität an Nutzholz wird die Einfuhr der anspruchloseren Schwarzföhre emfohlen.
The purpose of the present paper is to describe the thoracic cirripeds found in the waters around the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory. The material dealt with in this paper was collected almost entirely by myself during the period extending from the summer of 1930 up to the present time, except a few species obtained from the Soyo-maru Expedition undertaken by the Imperial Fisheries Experimental Station during the years 1926-1930. Descriptions of the latter have already been given (HIRO, 1933a). The present material consists, with few exceptions, of specimens from the littoral zone and shallow water; none of the specimens are from deep water. However, I have paid special attention to the commensal forms from the ecological and faunistic standpoint, and have thus been able to enumerate a comparatively large number of species in such a restricted area as this district.
The goals of this exercise are essentially threefold: (1) to rescrutinize, archaeologically, epigraphically and linguistically, the pre-Roman inscriptions of the justly famous Negau A and B helmets, (2) to identify "eastward graphemic drift" in preRoman northern Italy and (3) to reconsider and perhaps identify the origin of the Germanic runes in light of (1) and (2). While moving toward these goals, we cite but a sampling of the burgeoning literature, some of which may not be generally known or easily accessible, in these rapidly expanding venues; see Ellis (1998) for a recent overview in English.
In seinen theoretischen Schriften beschreibt Dürrenmatt die Welt als undurchschaubar und daher die herkömmlichen Formen des Dramas als nicht länger angebracht. Der Aufsatz konfrontiert Dürrenmatts Skepsis mit Brechts marxistischem Realismus. Während Brecht die Welt als eine Beziehung von Kausalitäten sieht, stellt Dürrenmatt Realität und fiktionale Gegenrealität einander gegenüber. Seine Definition des Grotesken als zentrales Element der Komödie spielt dabei eine entscheidende Rolle. Die Analyse der Ahistorizität der Helden in "Romulus der Große" und deren Art historische Prozesse zu unterwandern etabliert das Groteske als einzig angebrachte Form, die Gegenwart darzustellen.
Linyphia triumphalis Denis, 1952 was found to be a junior synonym of Centromerus pabulator (O.P.-Cambridge, 1875) (Araneae, Linyphiidae). New synonymy.
A glimpse of the tropics : spiders (Araneae) in the greenhouses of the Botanic Garden Berlin-Dahlem
(2008)
In a survey of the spider fauna in greenhouses of the Botanic Garden Berlin-Dahlem, 30 spider species were recorded. Two species are new to Europe: Theotima minutissima (Petrunkevitch, 1929) and Heteroonops spinimanus (Simon, 1891). T. minutissima is the first member of the family Ochyroceratidae reported from Europe. Oecobius navus Blackwall, 1859 is new to Central Europe. Triaeris stenaspis Simon, 1891, is recorded from Germany for the first time. Zodarion italicum (Canestrini, 1868) is new to eastern Germany. Despite the discovery of some species previously unknown to Germany, the spider fauna in the Botanic Garden consisted mainly of wellknown synanthropic species and common inhabitants of greenhouses. Several alien spiders recently found in greenhouses, garden centers and houses were not recorded in the Botanic Garden. The species composition of the exotic spider fauna in greenhouses seems to depend chiefly on the specific modes of acquisition of plants and plant substrate.
In the course of a long term survey on the effects of grazing on the diversity of alpine grasslands, the false scorpion Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) poeninus Mahnert, 1979 was recorded for the first time outside of Switzerland. The preferred habitat at the locality Alpe Einödsberg (Germany, Bavaria) differs strongly from previous findings. Our data suggest an association with Nardus grasslands (Geo montani-Nardetum), whereas earlier records originated from leaf litter, moss and mouldy trunks. Furthermore, the new records between 1540 m and 1973 m above sea level are the first from the subalpine region of the Alps (hitherto C. poeninus was known from 550 m to 1450 m). In the study region, extensive grazing seems to have a positive effect on the abundance of the species, while it is missing from intensively grazed pastures.
Spiders were collected at the massif 'Panský diel' near the city of Banská Bystrica (Central Slovakia). We recorded 252 spider species for the territory and one new species for Slovakia. Although the summit reaches an altitude of 1.100 m a.s.l., more or less thermophilous species apparently prevail here, especially at lower moderate sites. On the other hand, only several typical oreophilous species were documented. Many recorded species are scarce or even very rare. This indicates the very high value of this territory from both a genetic and an environmental perspective.
Pandava laminata : eine weitere nach Deutschland importierte Spinnenart (Araneae: Titanoecidae)
(2008)
Pandava laminata (Thorell, 1878) was recorded for the first time from Germany at the Cologne Zoo. The species was most likely introduced with plants or cargo from Southeast Asia. Characters important for identification at species, genus and family level are listed and partly illustrated.
In September 2005, one male specimen of the wolf spider genus Alopecosa was discovered and photographed in heathland near Haltern, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was identified as A. barbipes (Sundevall, 1833), as it showed the species- and sex-specific tibial hair-brush absent in the sibling species A. accentuata. Three years later, two other specimens of A. barbipes were collected in the same area. These findings indicate that the species is more widespread than originally thought. Some details concerning the distribution of A. accentuata and A. barbipes and the problem of synonymy are discussed.
Im N. Arch. XI, S. 409 - 410 theilt Dümmler aus der Hs. Nr. 544 der Gr. Hofbibliothek zu Darmstadt eine Reihe von Seelstiftungen mit; am Schlusse bemerkt er, er habe noch nicht ermitteln können, aus welchem Kloster diese Aufzeichnung stammt. Da ich dies nachzuweisen und ausserdem einige der vorkommenden Persönlichkeiten näher zu bestimmen vermag, wird man einen nochmaligen Abdruck des kurzen Eintrags entschuldigen. ...
I) Durch die vielen Extrem-Faktoren, die im Seewinkel zusammentreffen, erscheint dieses Steppengebiet, das östlich des Neusiedlersees gelegen ist, als besonders geeignetes Untersuchungsobjekt, sowohl für faunistische als auch für ökologische Forschungen. II) Die geologischen Verhältnisse und III) die Entstehungstheorien der Lacken werden in großen Zügen skizziert. IV) Das Klima ist als kontinental zu bezeichnen, es unterscheidet sich aber vom typischen Steppenklima der Ungarischen Tiefebene. V) Die Salzlacken sind durch eine hohe Alkalinitkit, bedeutende Salzgehalte, die zum Großteil auf Soda zurückzuführen sind, ihre große Härte, vor allem aber die Schwankungen im Ionenverhältnis und in der Gesamtkonzentration gekennzeichnet. Die Brunnen sind ebenso wie die Schottergruben als Süßwasser anzusprechen. VI) Es wurden insgesamt 32 Locken, 3 Brunnen, 3 Schottergruben und 7 Kanäle auf ihre Turbellarienfauna untersucht. VII) Die in den Gewässern gefundenen Turbellarien (30 an der Zahl) werden systematisch geordnet. Auch ihre Verteilung auf die einzelnen Lacken in den verschiedenen Monaten wird erläutert. Castrada gigantea ist eine neue Castrada-Art, die in zwei chemisch sehr verschiedenen Lacken gefunden wurde. Die allgemeine Organisation weicht von der der anderen Castraden nicht ab, auffallend ist hier lediglich der sehr große Kopulatiol1sapparat und die eigenartige "pflastersteinartige" Bestachelung der Bursa. Es sind vor allem die Karbonat-, in geringem Maße die Chlorid- und Sulfatkonzentrationen, die für das Artengefüge ausschlaggebend und als auslesender Faktor wirksam sind. Die meisten Turbellarien vertragen nur mittlere und niedere Konzentrationen, die Art der Ionen scheint dann eine untergeordnetere Rolle zu spielen. VIII) Zur Autökologie der Arten in den einzelnen Gewässertypen wird Stellung genommen und mit ihrem von anderen Autoren beschriebenen Vorkommen verglichen. Auf Grund der großen jahreszeitlichen Temperaturschwankungen ist es verständlich, daß wir im Gebiet einen starken Faunenwechsel vermerken können. In den Lacken haben die Temperaturänderungen aber gleichzeitig eine solche der Konzentration zur Folge, diese beiden Faktoren ließen sich nur im Experiment trennen. Man findet in den Lacken hauptsächlich Frühjahrsformen, einige davon erscheinen neben neu hinzutretenden auch im Herbst. Stenostomum leucops ist die einzige Art, die das ganze Jahr hindurch zu finden ist. Übersichtlich sind die Verhältnisse in den Brunnen, da hier die Schwankungen im Chemismus nicht so groß sind. Da das Brunnenwasser viel kühler ist und auch im Sommer nicht versiegt, können sich hier mehrere Arten über das ganze Jahr behaupten. IX) Abschließend wird auf den Entwicklungszyldus von Monocystella Arndti, einer parasitischen Gregarine, die in den Planarien des Brunnens am Sandeck vorkommt, eingegangen.
Conclusions Le Colpomenia simlosa que les auteurs américains appellent typica ne mérite pas ce nom, car il ne correspond pas à la plante méditerranéenne. La plante récemment immigrée sur les côtes atlantiques d' Europe, ou var. peregrina Nob., diffère du type méditerranéen par son thalle moins sinueux, pIns mince et plus souple, par ses sores moins limités, largement étendus, ses sporanges moins hauts; les cryptes pilifères y naissent par un processus différent de celui que MITCHELL a décrit. Elle paraît voisine de celle que les auteurs américains appellent var. typica; elle n'est vraisemblahlement pas originaire cles mers plus chaudes que les nôtres et il est possible qu'elle soit originaire de la côte pacifique de l'Amérique septentrionale; ceci nous laisse mieux comprendre sa naturalisation chez nous. Les zoospores des sporanges pluriloculaires (les seuls connus) du Colpomenia de la Méditerranée, et de sa variété peregrina, germent sans copulation. Elles fournissent un protonéma monosiphonié, simple ou ramifié qui, par le cloisonnement localisé de certaines cellules, engendre un glomérule d'abord mûriforme; en uniformisant sa surface, celui-ci devient vite un Colpomenia d'abord massif. Un même protonéma produit un seul, ou plusieurs, ou de nombreux Colpomenia. Les jeunes individus ainsi obtenus en culture n'ont. pu être conservés assez longtemps pour fructifier. Mais de vieux protonémas de la var. peregrina produisirent des sporanges pluriloculaires (interpétés ici comme des amorces gleglomérules aussitôt évoluées en sporanges) dont les zoospores fournirent des protonémas très ramifiés de seconde génération. Bien que restés en culture durant plusieurs mois, ces derniers n'ont produit ni glomérules ni sporanges; cette longue stérilité pourrait expliquer, au moins en partie, les irrégularités de la présence du Colpomenia dans la nature. Si l'on s'en rapporte aux dessins de KUCKUCK, publiés par OLTMANNS, les zoospores du Phyllitis et du Scytosiphon fournissent un protonéma qui rappelle celui du Colpomenia ; ceci confirme l'interprétation de BORNET, de FALKENBERG et de KJELLMAN qui rapprochaient ces trois genres dans un même groupe.
The following new species are described from the Maghreb: Tapinocyba algirica n. sp. and Walckenaeria heimbergi n. sp. The unknown male of Minicia elegans and the unknown females of Alioranus pauper, Cherserigone graciipes and Entelecara truncatifrons are described. Tmeticus hipponense is transfered to the genus Gongylidiellum and HybocoptliS ericicola is removed from synonymy with H. corrugis and revalidated. The Maghrebian species of the genera Alioranus, Brachycerasphora, Cherserigone, Didectoprocnemis, Entelecara, Eperigone, Erigone, Gnathonarium, Gonatium, Gongylidiellum, Hybocoptus, Lessertia, Maso, Mierargus, Microetenonyx, Minicia, Monocephalus, Nematogmus, Ostearius, Prinerigone, Styloetetor, Tapinocyba, Triehoncoides and Trichoncus are all revised. As a final paper in a series on the Linyphiidae of the Maghreb, all the remaining genera are reviewed. A total of 169 species of Linyphiidae has currently been recorded in the Maghreb.
This article is concerned with the specification and estimation of relationships whose dependent variable is qualitative in nature (such as "yes" or "no"). It discusses logit equations with and without interaction, and the estimation procedure is generalized least squares. Part I deals with dependent variables that take only two values, part II with variables taking more than two values, and part III describes informational measures for the explanatory power of the determining factors. The discussion of more advanced technical matters is contained in various appendixes.
The aim of this study is to look into the reasons for the institutional character assumed by the exchanges of prisoners from the early 9th until the end of the lOth century in the context of the Arab-Byzantine struggle in the Middle East. Over a period of 161 years, 20 official exchanges involving several hundrends of prisoners took place at the bed of the river Lamis near Tarse by the Cilician frontier. ...
Explaining cross-country differences in growth rates requires not only an understanding of the link between growth and public policies, but also an understanding of why countries choose different public policies. This paper shows that ethnic diversity helps explain cross-country differences in public policies and other economic indicators. In the case of Sub-Ssharan Africa, economic growth is associated with low schooling, political instability, underdeveloped financial systems, distorted foreign exchange markets, high government deficits, and insufficient infrastructure. Africa's high ethnic fragmentation explains a significant part of most of these characteristics.
In this chapter we develop an agenda for future research on the personalization of politics. To do so, we clarify the propositions of the personalization hypothesis, critically discuss the normative standard on which most studies base their evaluation of personalization, and systematically summarize empirical research findings. We show that the condemnation of personalization is based on a trivial logic and on a maximalist definition of democracy. The review of empirical studies leads us to question the assumption that personalization has steadily increased in all areas of politics. Finally, our normative considerations help us develop new research questions on how personalized politics affects democracy. Moreover, this review also makes clear that another weakness of today's empirical research on the personalization of politics lies in methodological problems and a lack of analysis of the impacts of systemic and contextual variables. Consequently, we suggest methodological pathways and possible explanatory factors for the study of personalization.
Grâce à l'amabilité de M. le Dr. H. SCHOUTEDEN, il m'a été permis d'examiner plusieurs exemplaires et un nid d'une curieuse Araignée sociale de la région du Kasai, faisant partie des collections du Musée du Congo, à Tervueren (Belgique). M.le Lt. J. GHESQUIÈRE, qui avait recueilli cet intéressant matériel, a bien voulu me communiquer les observations éthologiques qu'il avait pu faire à son sujet. Je tiens à remercier bien vivement ces deux naturalistes pour les renseignements et les facilités qu'ils m'ont donnés dans la confection de ce travail. Le regretté arachnologue francais, EUGÈNE SIMON, avait eu en communication une partie du matériel qui m'a été remis dans la suite. Il en avait fait une première détermination générique (in litt. 15-XII-1922) et avait cru y reconnaître une espèce nouvelle. La mort l'a empêché de poursuivre son étude. Je dédie, respectueusement, à sa mémoire, l'espèce que j t ai le plaisir de décrire ici.
Die Überlegungen und Untersuchungen, die hier vorgestellt werden sollen, hatte ich bereits in meinem Beitrag zur Geschichte der Stadt Speyer von 1982 ganz knapp skizziert, weil sie für eine Beurteilung der Tätigkeit des Speyrer Bischofs Dragobod grundlegend waren. Allerdings konnte im Rahmen einer Stadtgeschichte die Behandlung des Gegenstandes mit den entsprechenden Nachweisen, die dazu nötig sind, keinen Platz finden, so daß dies hier nachgeholt werden soll. Dazu sind folgende Punkte zu behandeln: 1) die Entstehung der Abtei Weißenburg im Speyergau als Gründung des Bischofs Dragobod von Speyer, 2) die Beteiligung von Nachbarbischöfen an der Gründung, 3) die monastischen und seelsorglichen Ziele des Klosters, 4) die Frage, wer die weitgestreute Ausstattung Weißenburgs mit seinen späteren Pfarrkirchen zur Verfügung stellte mit einem Überblick über diese Pfarrkirchen (im Anhang), 5) schließlich eine kurze allgemeine Wertung der Niederkirchenorganisation im 7. Jahrhundert.
In this study the rich variety of fossil microorganisms and other ultrastruchlres in the Messel oil shale is documented. The taphonomy of the micro- and the macro organisms is discussed and a basic model for microbial life in the Eocene Lake Messel is proposed. Documentation of the Messel microbiota was made using a scanning electron microscope fitted with an energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer, and a transmission electron microscope. The most common objects discovered were fossil bacteria in the form of cocci, coccobacilli, bacilli, curved rods and filaments, preserved as moulds, crusts, casts, encrusted casts and clay-coated casts. The main lithifying mineral is apatite, followed by siderite. The bacteria occur on fossil remains of macroorganisms. Sideritic bacteria are usually found on keratinous substrates, whereas apatitic bacteria occur preferentially on fish remains. Lithification of the bacteria was selective. It is suggested that the preserved bacteria were heterotrophic, Gram-positive anaerobes, which may have belonged to the group of clostridians.
The family Cimicidae consists of 6 subfamilies, 23 genera, and 91 species. Nineteen new species names, one new species, and one new genus have been proposed since the monograph by Usinger was published in 1966. A checklist includes the world cimicid fauna with sinonymy. A selected bibliography is concerned with cimicids as potential disease vectors; the bibliography is a comprehensive treatment of the cimicid literature of the Americas and islands of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
One of the byproducts of World War II of which society is hardly aware is the new stage of development which the social sciences have reached. This development indeed may prove to be as revolutionary at the atom bomb. Applying cultural anthropology to modern rather than "primitive" cultures, experimentation with groups inside and outside the laboratory, the measurement of sociopsychological aspects of large social bodies, the combination of economic, cultural, and psychological fact-finding, all of these developments started before the war. But, by providing unprecedented facilities and by demanding realistic and workable solutions to scientific problems, the war has accelerated greatly the change of social sciences to a new development level. The scientific aspects of this development center around three objectives: (1) Integrating social sciences. (2) Moving from the description of social bodies to dynamic problems of changing group life. (3) Developing new instruments and techniques of· social research. Theoretical progress has hardly kept pace with the development of techniques. It is, however, as true for the social as for the physical and biological sciences that without adequate conceptual development, science cannot proceed beyond a certain stage. It is an important step forward that the hostility to theorizing which dominated a number of social sciences ten years ago has all but vanished. It has been replaced by a relatively wide-spread recognition of the necessity for developing better concepts and higher levels of theory. The theoretical development will have to proceed rather rapidly if social science is to reach that level of practical usefulness which society needs for winning the race against the destructive capacities set free by man's use of the llatural sciences. I should like to survey certain concepts and theories which have emerged mainly from experimental research. They concern: (a) Quasi-stationary social equilibria and social changes. (b) Locomotion through social channels. (c) Social feedback processes and social management. The last two of these will be dealt with in a later article. A cursory introductory discussion of certain aspects of the present state of affairs in social science is included here for those readers who are interested in the general background of these concepts and in the problems from which they have sprung.
This paper aims to compile an exhaustive list of the behavioral patterns exhibited by the chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. The compilation is based on the glossary compiled by Goodall (1989), but a substantial numbers of new terms have been added. Thus, we list 316 simple anatomical terms, 81 complex anatomical terms, 37 simple functional terms, and 81 complex functional terms, in addition to 116 synonyms. The behavioral patterns are divided into eight categories on the basis of degree of universality: (1) commonly seen in both Homo and two species of Pan, (1?) commonly seen in Homo and only one species of Pan, (2) patterns common to the genus Pan but not to Homo, (3) patterns common to the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes but not the bonobo Pan paniscus, (4) patterns common to eastern (P.t. schweinfurthii) and central (P.t. troglodytes) but not western (P.t. vents) chimpanzees, (5) patterns unique to the eastern chimpanzees, P.t. schweinfurthii, (6) patterns unique to the population of Mahale, (7) patterns unique to many individuals (at least most members of an age/sex class) of M group chimpanzees, (8) patterns limited to a single (idiosyncrasy) or a few individuals of M group. It is most likely that the behavior patterns of the last common ancestor of Homo and Pan are found in Categories 1 and I? and less likely in Categories 2 and 3. It is possible that behavior patterns belonging to Categories 5, 6 or 7 are cultures.
È stata effettuata una revisione sistematica sulle specie del genere Genista in Italia. L'indagine ha permesso di accertare la posizione tassonomica delle diverse entità che rappresentano il genere nel territorio italiano. In questa prima nota sono riferiti i risultati emersi dallo studio delle entità di sezioni a prevalente distribuzione in opposte zone del bacino del Mediterraneo e precisamente Erinacoides Spach del Mediterraneo occidentale ed Ephedrospartum Spach, Aureospartum sect. nova del Mediterraneo centrale. La sezione Erinacoides é rappresentata da G. salzmanii DC. in Sardegna e in Corsica, G. pichisermolliana sp. nov. in Sardegna, G. aspalathoides Lam. in Sicilia, Pantelleria, Africa settentrionale, G. desoleana Valso in Liguria, Toscana, Elba, Corsica e Sardegna, G. arbusensis Vals., G. sulcitana Valso e G. toluensis Valso in Sardegna. La sezione Aureospartum (sect. nova) comprende solo l'endemica sardo-sicula G. aetnensis (Raf.) DC. e l'Ephedrospartum racchiude G. ephedroides DC. presente in Sardegna, G. thyrrena Valso nell'arcipelago ponziano, G. gasparrini in Sicilia e G. cilentina Vals. in Campania e in Sicilia.
Das Genus Levantina Kob.
(1918)
1. The migration of the spotted mackerel, Pneumatophorus tapeinacephalus distributing in the coastal sea of Japan was investigated in relation to the geographical distribution of the fishing grounds, seasonal change of fishing condition. sea conditions and fork length. Secondarily, some anatomical and histological observations were carried out on spotted mackerels caught in the coastal sea area around Kagoshima and its vicinity to clarify the sex differentiation and the seasonal cycle of the gonads. 2. Spotted mackerels are distributed throughout a wide sea area stretching from north of Formosa to the south of Japan Sea. including the Pacific coastal sea from Kyushu to Chiba Prefecture. The northern limit of the distribution area is assumed to be the sea areas off San-in and Chosi. 3. The schools of adult fish make a feeding migration to the circumference of Saishu Island and to the sea area off Ashizuri cape in summer. and these schools make a spawning migration toward the sea area around the Osumi Islands and the southern area of the East China Sea in winter. 4. In winter some schools of adult fish remain living in the sea area south of the Izu Islands. These schools belong to a group isolated incompletely from that of the East China Sea. as some of them are those which came from the East China Sea. 5. The larvae grow while they are being brought by the sea current or tide current. When they have reached 50~60mm. in total length. they aggregate in schools and approach the coast. In spring they swim in the coastal nursery grounds. 6. From summer to autumn, the schools of the young fish make a feeding migration to the sea off San-in and to the eastern coastal sea of Chiba Prefecture. In winter. they make a seasonal migration to the coastal sea of South Kyushu, the East China Sea and the southern sea area of the Izu Islands. 7. The range of vertical distribution of the larvae is supposed to be the layer from the surface to 40m. in depth. The vertical distribution of the adult fish is chiefly in the layer, 40-70m. in depth, during the period from late autumn to early spring. It becomes shallower in late spring and summer, the depth being about 20-40m. 8. The ranges of water temperature and salinity in the sea where the adult fish schools are distributed are 17.0-26.0°C and 34.0~34.8%0. respectively. 9. The spawning takes place during the period from the end of January to June in the southern part of the East China Sea and the sea areas around the Osumi Islands, off Ashizuri Cape and around the Izu Islands. These spawning grounds are sea areas where a comparatively rapid current is running towards a land shelf. 10. The ranges of the optimum water temperatures and salinities for the spawning are assumed to be 17-23°C and 34.0-34.8 0/00, respectively. 11. The primordial germ cells seem to migrate to the gonad by amoeboid movement from other places than the gonad. 12. The early indifferent gonad is very slender and suspended with a mesogonium, in the coelom. It is composed of peritoneal epithelium, stroma cells and primordial germ cells. 13. The formation of the gonocoel begins as a longitudinal depression on the surface of the gonad, facing the mesentery. This depression takes place in the gonad of the fish, about 60mm. in fork length, prior to the sex differentiation. 14. The sex differentiation occurs directly without a phase of a juvenile hermaphrodite. 15. The gonad in which the gonocoel is greatly enlarged becomes an ovary, while that in which the gonocoel is left narrow becomes a testis. 16. In the early ovary the layer containing oogonia is surrounded with stroma cells. The surface of the ovary is covered with cuboidal epithelium. 17. In the ovary of the fish, 100-130mm. in fork length, the wall of the ovocoel forms small protuberances, which become the lobes of the ovary. The oocytes are situated in these lobes. The yolk formation begins in the oocytes, 15.....,20.a in diameter, 18. The maturing process of eggs is clasified into the following 7 stages; the chromatin nucleolus, the peripheral nucleolus, the yolk vesicle, the early yolk globule, the late yolk globule, the migrating nucleus and the matured stage. Ovarian eggs at the migrating nucleus stage and the matured stage are observed in the fish, more than 300mm. in fork length. 19. The surface of the early testis is covered with peritoneal epithelium. The interior is filled up with the multiplied stroma cells and the spermatogonia scattered among them. In the testis of a somewhat later stage, a lot of branches are stretched out of the testocoel. Some of the spermatogonia are arranged directly beneath the peritoneal epithelium and the others are buried deep in the testis. The testis lacks a layer of stroma cells under the peritoneal epithelium. 20. In the testis of young male fish the spermatogonia increase in number and surround the small branches of testocoel; they form seminiferous tubules. The testocoel and its large branches become the rete apparatus constructed of collecting ducts. The maturation division appears in the testes of the fish more than 280mm. in fork length. 21. The sex ratio of the young fish is approximately 1 : 1. The ratio between the gonad length and the fork length shows an exponential increase. The gonads of adult fish are enlarged about 9-13 % of the original length during the spawning season. 22. During the months from July to November the oocytes in the ovaries of adult female :fish are at the chromatin nucleolus stage and the peripheral nucleolus stage. During the same season there are only spermatogonia in the testes of adult male fish. The gonads of adult fish begin to increase in size in December and become the largest in March and April. The increase in size of the ovary is chiefly due to the enlargement of ova on account of yolk deposition. The increase in size of the testis is due to accumulation of spermatozoa. 23. A few oogonia can be seen m the ovanes of adult female fish during and immediately after spawning. Numerous spermatogonia appear along the inner walls of the seminiferous tubules late in the spawning season.
Die Pilzgattung Hygrocybe wird taxonomisch besprochen, wobei die bisherige Sektion Oreocybe Boertmann (subgenus Cuphophyllus) den Status einer eigenen Untergattung erhält. Ein Bestimmungsschlüssel zur Gattung wird vorgelegt, wobei Gruppen sehr ähnlicher Arten, die früher teilweise nicht getrennt wurden, im Hauptschlüssel zu Aggregaten zusammen gefaßt wurden. Diese Aggregate werden getrennt aufgeschlüsselt. 50 europäische Arten der Gattung Hygrocybe werden schließlich hinsichtlich ihrer Morphologie, Taxonomie, Ökologie und Verbreitung vorgestellt.