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A synthesis of the Carabid fauna of the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, from a biogeographical point of view, is presented. Only the Italian side of the Alpine chain is considered, from the basin of the Toce river to the Trieste and Gorizia Karst. Main features of the landscape are: 1. an ancient orogenetic history and evolution, that made this area available to the colonization by carabids, of both gondwanaland and laurasian lineages, since the lower Tertiary; 2. a marked geological and geo-morphological complexity, with highest elevation at Pizzo Bernina m 4.049; 3. the presence of a very developed, dolomitic-calcareous and markedly carsified prealpine belt, rich of deep and large hypogean systems (also at high altitude), which makes this area highly different, from the geo-morphological point of view, from the Western Alps; 4. the geographic position, as a mountain chain of some 750 kms between central Europe and the Padanian plain, connected with the Caravanche and the Dinaric chain and close to the Adriatic sea in me Eastern part; 5. finally, a puzzled climate situation, that includes xero-thermic areas (500-700 mm of rain per year, also in some intra-alpine sectors), close to highly rainy areas - more than 2.500 mm per year - in the westernmost and easternmost parts of the chain. Thus, like in the Western Alps, sub-mediterranean vegetation types, dose to cool-moist forests, coexist with high-altitude environments above the timber line. These facts explain the heterogeneity, the richness, the variety, and the interest of the carabid fauna of the area: the highest number of species (658) ascertained so far, i.e. 112 of the whole Italian carabid fauna and about 115 of the carabid fauna cited so far for the Europe in politic sense, fi·om me Canary islands to the Urals; the high number of euri- or stenoendemites (204, i.e. abour 31 % of the species, 3/5 of which concentrated in the pre-alpine belt), and the complex origins and/or affinities of different taxa. A large number of species (174, i.e. 26%) belongs to European chorotypes (European, South-European or typically Alpine), and even more (255, i.e. 38%) to Holarctic (Holarctic, Palaearccic, West-Palaearctic, Asiatic-European, Siberian-European, Central-Asiatic-European, Central-Asiatic-European-Mediterrancan, Turanic-European, Turanic-EuropeanMediterranean, European-Mediterranean) chorotypes. This darum confirms the well known role, both of connection and separation, that the Alps as a whole played between Europe and the Mediterranean area. Furthermore, it is to be recalled the presence, in some localities of the Eastern Alps, of micro thermophilous, boreal species, like Miscodera arctica, now widespread in Northern regions of the Holarctic Region. Many orophilous, forest-dwelling, riparian and hygrophilolls species, are of northern, north-eastern, ruranic or dinaric-balkanian origin. A very small, bur interesting group of thermophilous elements (mostly Harpalini), originally from the Mediterranean area or temperate steppes, during the hypsothermic periods of the Pleistocene and Olocene, reached the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, and persist in xerothermlc biotopes. Some of these could increase their range of distribution as a consequence human activities in agricultural use overgrazing and deforestation. Some others, like Carabus montivagus and Laemostenus algerinus, seem to be present owing to very recent anthropogenic introduction. From the biogeograpic point of view, however the most important group of species is represented by the impressive number of endemics (204, of which 116 species restricted to politic Italy), either eurendemics to Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, or stenoendemics to single sectors of the area or to very small biotopes (caves, isolated montane massifs): among these, we may cite some large-sized species like Cychrus cylindricollis, endemic at high altitude, to the Central Pre-Alps, several montane, very localized Trechus species, many subterranean, highly specialized Trechini of the peculiar genera Boldoriella, Orotrechus, Anophthalmus, Allegrettia, Italaphaenops, Lessinodytes: many Pterostlchini, and others, Most of them must be considered as pre-Quaternarian elements, With affinltl,es either til Gondwana (such as the blind Reicheina of the genus Alpiodytes), or in the Angarian (as the Broscosoma species) areas, They are, the result of an ancient, subtropical or temperate forest dweller Carabid fauna, tied now to soil: forest littter, superficlal subterranean environment, caves, and upper montane refugia, Both from floristic and faunistic informatlon, It IS a well known fact that the pre-alpine belt as a whole represents a large, unique Pleistocene refugium, that shows a scenario of marked isolation and speciation in mountains, valleys and hypogean compartments. The analysis of the entire Carabid fauna in the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps shows that the present composition and complexity is the result both of ancient clado-vicariance events and of recellt, ecological factors, These facts surprisingly make this area (not only concerning carabids) very close to important towns and to one of the most populated, cultivated and industrialized area of Italy (the Padanian plain), and in spite of its relatively small surface, one of the most important hot spar of biodiversity in Europe, in which many biotopes are presently highly endangered, or in some cases completely destroyed, A checklist of the Carabid species of the Central and Eastern Alps and Pre-Alps, with their chororypes, is added.
The Invertebrate section of the Museum of Zoology QCAZ at the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador in Quito maintains nearly two million curated specimens, and comprises Ecuador's largest collection of native taxa. We review 1902 type specimens from 6 subspecies and 320 species in 121 genera and 42 families, currently kept in the Museum. The list includes 116 holotypes, 10 allotypes, 1774 paratypes and 2 neoparatypes. The collection of type specimens is particularly strong in the Coleoptera (family Carabidae and Staphylinidae) and Hymenoptera. However, other insect orders such as Diptera and Lepidoptera and non-insect arthropods such as Acari, Aranea and Scorpiones, are moderately represented in the collection. This report provides original data from labels of every type specimen record. An analysis of the geographic distribution of type localities showed that collection sites are clustered geographically with most of them found. towards the northern region of Ecuador, in Pichincha, Cotopaxi and Napo provinces. Sites are mainly located in highly accessible areas near highways and towns. Localities with a high number of type species include the cloud forest reserve Bosque Integral Otonga and Parque Nacional Yasunf in the Amazon rainforest near PUCE's Yasuni Scientific Station. Type localities are not well represented in the Ecuadorian National System of Protected Areas. Future fieldwork Sllould include. localities in the southern region of Ecuador but also target less accessible areas not located near highways or towns. We discuss the value of the collection as a source of information for conservation and biodiversity policies in Ecuador.
During a 4-week run in October–November 2006, a pilot experiment was performed at the CERN Proton Synchrotron in preparation for the Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) experiment, whose aim is to study the possible influence of cosmic rays on clouds. The purpose of the pilot experiment was firstly to carry out exploratory measurements of the effect of ionising particle radiation on aerosol formation from trace H2SO4 vapour and secondly to provide technical input for the CLOUD design. A total of 44 nucleation bursts were produced and recorded, with formation rates of particles above the 3 nm detection threshold of between 0.1 and 100 cm -3 s -1, and growth rates between 2 and 37 nm h -1. The corresponding H2O concentrations were typically around 106 cm -3 or less. The experimentally-measured formation rates and htwosofour concentrations are comparable to those found in the atmosphere, supporting the idea that sulphuric acid is involved in the nucleation of atmospheric aerosols. However, sulphuric acid alone is not able to explain the observed rapid growth rates, which suggests the presence of additional trace vapours in the aerosol chamber, whose identity is unknown. By analysing the charged fraction, a few of the aerosol bursts appear to have a contribution from ion-induced nucleation and ion-ion recombination to form neutral clusters. Some indications were also found for the accelerator beam timing and intensity to influence the aerosol particle formation rate at the highest experimental SO2 concentrations of 6 ppb, although none was found at lower concentrations. Overall, the exploratory measurements provide suggestive evidence for ion-induced nucleation or ion-ion recombination as sources of aerosol particles. However in order to quantify the conditions under which ion processes become significant, improvements are needed in controlling the experimental variables and in the reproducibility of the experiments. Finally, concerning technical aspects, the most important lessons for the CLOUD design include the stringent requirement of internal cleanliness of the aerosol chamber, as well as maintenance of extremely stable temperatures (variations below 0.1 °C)
Schillers Geschichte des Dreißigjährigen Kriegs wurde in der Kalenderausgabe dieser Publikationsform entsprechend mit Titel- und Monatskupfern ausgestattet, die programmatische Allegorien, wichtige Szenen und zusätzlich Portraits der Hauptpersonen zeigten. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Titelkupfer und Monatsbilder auf ihre Darstellung von historischen Frauen und Weiblichkeit sowie die Porträts von Christina von Schweden und Amalia von Hessen und vergleicht sie mit Schillers Text.
Die Propyläen als Toranlage, die zur Akropolis führt, gaben der Kunstzeitschrift Propyläen (1798-1800) den Namen. Goethe gab sie heraus, um durch sie – wie durch ein Tor – die Kunst der Gegenwart zur Orientierung an der Antike zu führen. Das für die Zeitschrift grundlegende Motiv des Tores spielt eine Rolle auch in einem Artikel „Ueber Etrurische Monumente“, den Goethes Freund und Mitarbeiter Johann Heinrich Meyer anonym im ersten Band der Propyläen (S. 66-100) veröffentlichte.
"Wie ein ungeheures Märchen" : Johann Caspar, Johann Wolfgang und August Goethe im Petersdom in Rom
(2006)
Die Baugeschichte des Petersdoms in Rom, wie er sich dem Blick des neuzeitlichen Betrachters darstellt, ist das Resultat eines großen Abbruchunternehmens ebenso wie eines gewaltigen Neubaus. Von „schöpferischer Zerstörung“ hat Horst Bredekamp mit Blick auf die Baugeschichte von Neu St. Peter in Rom seit 1506 gesprochen. Als Johann Wolfgang Goethe, den Spuren seines Vaters folgend, 1786 auf seiner „Hegire“ das antike Rom und den Petersdom erblickte und sich damit in die südliche Kunstwelt „initiiert“ fühlte, konnte er kaum einschätzen, dass sein Neubau der deutschen Litera-tursprache ein ähnlich gewaltiges und gewaltsames Abbruch- und Aufbauprojekt sein könnte, wie der sich über mehr als ein Jahrhundert erstreckende Neubau der Papstkirche in Rom. Die „römischen Glückstage“, deren Stimmung und Kunstgefühl sich Goethe noch 1829, bei der Edition des „Zweiten römischen Aufenthalts“, in die „kimmerischen“ Nächte des Nordens holte, versuchte sein Sohn August 1830 auch für sich zu reklamieren. Doch endete dessen zu spät unternommene Flucht in einer Tragödie. August von Goethe starb zehn Tage, nachdem er die Kuppel des Petersdoms im Glanz der Morgensonne gesehen hatte, an einem Schlaganfall in Rom. Von dem Schock, der ihn im November 1830 durch die Nachricht vom Tod des Sohnes ereilte, hat sich Johann Wolfgang Goethe nicht mehr erholt.
Goethes Naturdenken ist an jener historischen Nahtstelle anzusiedeln, an der sich die europäische Menschheit mit Hilfe von Wissenschaft und Technik aus den drückenden Zwängen der Natur zu befreien und sich ihres Verstandes in freier Wahl zu bedienen vorgenommen hat. Der spezifisch neuzeitliche Akzent, der diesem Vorhaben anhaftet, lautet: Die Entfremdung von der Natur ist die Bedingung der menschlichen Freiheit und ihrer Herrschaft über die Natur, doch versuchen schon die Menschen des späten 18. Jahrhunderts, ästhetisch wiederzugewinnen, was sie in der realen Beziehung zwischen Mensch und Natur verloren haben. Der Aufsatz versucht eine sozialgeschichtliche Einordnung von Goethes Naturdenken auch in die zeitgenössischen Erfahrungen der elementaren Naturgewalten, in Gewitter, Feuersbrunst und Hagelschlag, um die Innovationskraft dieses Denkens und ihres ästhetischen Ausdrucks zu belegen. Goethe hat sich zunächst dem Diskurs über die Theodizee angeschlossen, der nach dem großen Erdbeben von Lissabon lebhafter und heftiger wurde als je zuvor, ist dann aber rasch über diesen Diskurs hinausgeschritten, um den Menschen in seiner Glücksfähigkeit von allen anderen Naturwesen zu unterscheiden.
Der Vortrag versucht den Zusammenhang von Kunst, Literatur und Medizin in dem historischen Augenblick einzufangen, in dem sich Kunst und Medizin, die über Jahrhunderte hin zusammengegangen sind, voneinander trennen. Die von Carl Gustav Carus mitbegründete Psychosomatik öffnet dabei ein Fenster in die Zeit vor dieser Trennung. Es war die Zeit der ars medica, in welcher die Heilkunst, die Malerei und die Literatur von ästhetischen und von medizinischen Beobachtungen bestimmt waren und die von Carus propagierte Kunst zu leben (die Gesunderhaltungskunde) den ganzen Menschen, Leib und Seele, meinte. Der Text handelt (1) von der rationalen Entzauberung und, komplementär dazu, von der poetischen Verzauberung der Welt, (2) von der pathologischen Anatomie als Leitwissenschaft in der Sattelzeit der Modernisierung, (3) von der als Kunstwerk verstandenen Medizin, (4) vom Verhältnis von Erd- und Seelenleben und (5) von unterschiedlichen „Räumen der Heilkunst“ seit dem Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts.
This monograph describes the overall language situation in Luxembourg, a highly multilingual country in Western Europe, from a language policy and planning perspective. The first part discusses the social and historical contexts, including major societal changes and uncertainties about the future, which are bound up with Europeanisation and the accelerated processes of globalisation. It also deconstructs the notions of Luxembourgish as a 'minority language' and French as the 'language of prestige', and describes a two-pronged language ideology that allows for either monolingual identification with Luxembourgish or trilingual identification with the languages recognised by the language law of 1984 (Luxembourgish / German / French). The second part discusses the trilingual school-system, a system in which large numbers of romanophone students are forced to go through a German-language literacy programme. The third part provides an overview of language spread in the areas of the media and literary writing. The fourth part examines language purism and tensions concerning the standardisation of Luxembourgish, as well as the debates about language requirements for citizenship. The discussion shows how language policy scholarship needs to be approached from a multidimensional perspective, that is, by taking into account dynamics on the global, regional and local levels in addition to those at the state level.
Enthält u.a. neu aufgestellte und beschriebene Formen: Thalictrum flavum var simpliciforme Lonicera Xylosteum f. longipedunculata Lonicera Xylosteum subf. calvescens Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum f. setosum Alectorolophus angustifolius ssp.subalpinus var. ericetorum Juncus compressus var. tereticaulus Carex glauca var. cuspidata f. hirtella Cyperus fuscus f. pygmaeus Scirpus lacustris f. radiatus