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This article conceptualizes tension as a relation between elements in which at least two forces with different directions are involved. How can this concept of tension be applied to the analysis of the peculiar logic of life in common? The article offers a reading, inspired by the method of conceptual history, of the use of the concept of 'force' in three models of society: Hobbes's political model, the economic model proposed by the thinkers of commercial society, and Durkheim's social theory. The analysis sheds some light on the ways in which the presence of contradictory forces can be taken to be constitutive of the social itself. This observation is then used to suggest that the puzzling fascination exerted by the notion of tension can be better understood if we see it pointing to some fundamental features of our way of collectively inhabiting the world.
Insects, the new food?
(2017)
In many parts of the world it is common to eat insects while in the western world it is regarded as a bizarre habit, even evoking disgust. Is this justified? What if insects were nutritionally similar to our common meat products and have proven to be delicious in blind tests? Insects have an environmental impact which is much less than our common production animals, so why not eat it? If these questions can be answered affirmatively, then the question is: Can we persuade the western consumers to take this psychological barrier? There has been a tremendous interest during the last five years to promote insects as food. There are now close to 200 start-up companies listed. Also, in the scientific world the interest is growing exponentially, testified by the number of articles on edible insects that have appeared during the last 15 years (83 from 2011 to 2015 against 9 from 2001 to 20051). These articles deal with harvesting from nature, environmental benefits, nutritional value, food safety, processing, and consumer attitudes. I will give a short overview of the developments in these different areas.
Sozialgeschichte des Theaters - das soll im folgenden bedeuten: eine Geschichte der Berührungen der Institution und des Mediums Theater mit "Gesellschaft". Diese Formel lenkt den Blick auf zwei Sachverhalte, nämlich zum ersten auf die Gruppe(n) derjenigen, die Theater rezipieren, also auf bestimmte Gesellschaftsausschnitte, aus denen sich gewissermaßen Publikum konstituiert, zum zweiten auf die Reflexion sozialer Konstellationen und Prozesse im Rahmen des künstlerischen Produkts "Theater", etwa auf der Ebene der behandelten Themen und Stoffe. Beide Sachverhalte sind nicht zu trennen von der grundsätzlichen Frage nach der gesellschaftlichen Funktion von Theater. [...] Nähert man sich Wien und seinem Theater über Konzepte wie Identität oder Image, so erhebt sich die Frage, wie sich dieses "Wien" eigentlich fassen lässt. Wien als räumliches und soziales Gebilde besaß und besitzt eine überaus komplexe Struktur. [...] Um sich diesen Sachverhalten immerhin anzunähern und Wien als einen in einzigartiger Weise geordneten Raum des sozialen Miteinanders, des Wohnens, des Arbeitens und des Vergnügens zu erschließen, bietet sich das Modell einer kulturellen Topographie an. [...] Mit den Begriffen Identität und Topographie sind jene beiden Kategorien benannt, an denen sich die folgenden Ausführungen zum Wiener Theater vornehmlich orientieren. Diese Zugangsweise erhebt ebenso wenig Anspruch auf Objektivität wie die Auswahl der Aspekte der Wiener Theatergeschichte, die aus der vorgegebenen, drei Jahrhunderte umfassenden Zeitspanne herausgegriffen und diskutiert werden. Einige hauptsächliche Prämissen der Darstellung seien gleichwohl benannt: Erstens wird im Sinne einer integralen Theatergeschichtsschreibung die dem Miteinander und Gegeneinander der Disziplinen (Sprech-)Theaterwissenschaft und Musikwissenschaft nach wie vor zugrunde liegende, vom historischen Theateralltag aber nicht gedeckte Trennung von Sprechtheater und musikalischem Theater aufgegeben, fallweise auch die Trennung von institutionalisiertem Theater und semitheatralen Formen. Zweitens werden - entsprechend der im vorliegenden Kontext erforderlichen Entprivilegierung (hoch-)kultureller Erscheinungen - populäre, auf ein breites Publikum zielende Genres besondere Berücksichtigung finden, Genres, die übrigens fast durchwegs dem musikalischen Theater angehören. Drittens wird es im Hinblick auf die Berührung zwischen der Gesellschaft bzw. ihren Teilen und dem Theater vorrangig um Zugänge und um Zugänglichkeiten gehen: das Stichwort "Zugänge" bezieht sich auf Räume für Theater, und zwar auf Räume der Stadt, die dem Theater erschlossen werden, und auf die eigentlichen Theatergebäude / Institutionen als Orte des Aufeinandertreffens von Theaterspiel und Zuschauer; mit "Zugänglichkeiten" sind jene Bereiche der Theatergesetzgebung (inklusive herrschaftlicher Einzelentscheidungen) gemeint, die gleichsam die Rezeption von Theater steuern, wie etwa das Konzessions- und Privilegienwesen und die Zensur.
Johann Josef La Roche wirkte von 1781–1806 als Kasperl-Darsteller an der von Karl Marinelli (mit)begründeten, stehenden Bühne in der Leopoldstadt. Dieser Zeitraum, der identisch ist mit dem noch in den Kinderschuhen steckenden "Zeitalter der belletristischen Lesekultur" (zu beachten ist dabei, dass der Großteil der Bevölkerung noch im Analphabetismus verhaftet war, was das Theater für die bildungsfernen Schichten besonders interessant machte, da hier die zeitgenössische Dramenkunst unabhängig von der Lesefähigkeit des Einzelnen zu konsumieren war), bedarf einer näheren Betrachtung, um die historischen und soziologischen Bedingungen der Produktion, des Konsums sowie der Rezeption der für den Kasperl-Darsteller La Roche eigens gefertigten Komödientexte besser verstehen zu können. Auf den folgenden Seiten soll nun nichts anderes als der wirkungsgeschichtliche Kontext der Literaturproduktion wie der Literaturrezeption am Leopoldstädter Theater erhoben werden - oder mit anderen Worten - sollen epochale Charakteristika des literarischen Feldes herausgestrichen werden, die ausgehend von der Feldtheorie Pierre Bourdieus eine literatursoziologische Verortung erfahren.
"We have always been living in bubbles" The opportunities and risks in the digitalisation of media
(2019)
The digitalisation of communication started as early as the 1980s. With the rise of the internet in the mid-90s the digitalisation process intensified; then it took on another dimension with the spread of social media and smartphones in the mid noughties. These new technologies are providing new possibilities that are unveiling, or rather, strengthening societal trends. What’s more, traditional forms of organisation are also being transformed at breakneck speed. This publication provides an overview of both developments: On the one hand we have societal developments such as the blurring of boundaries between real and digital worlds, constant connectivity, fake news, and social media outrage. On the other, we have the effects on traditional media, the workplace, schools, non-governmental organisations and sports. ...
This study investigates macrostructure in elicited narratives of 69 monolingual German-, Russian- and Swedish-speaking adults. Using the LITMUS-MAIN (Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives), and its Baby Goats and Baby Birds stories, story structure and story complexity, concerning episodic organization, were examined across the 3 languages. As theoretical underpinnings, a multidimensional model of macrostructure was used. This model includes analyses of story structure (SS), in which a narrative merits a maximum score of 17, based on the occurrence of five types of macrostructural components (Internal states as initiating event and as reaction, Goal, Attempt and Outcome), and of story complexity (SC), which measures combinations of Goals, Attempts and Outcomes within one episode. The highest attainable complexity is the GAO-sequence, when a Goal, Attempt and Outcome are produced within the same episode. The results for SS were similar for German, Russian and Swedish, where adults included 11-12 components per story. A more detailed analysis of the individual components revealed striking similarities across the 3 languages, both for frequently used and seldom occurring components. SC did not differ significantly across languages nor across stories, whilst for SS, a slight difference between the two stories was found. We interpret this finding as story complexity (a qualitative measure of macrostructure) being of a more universal nature. Furthermore, our results indicate that caution is warranted when conclusions about children’s narrative skills are to be drawn on the basis of the MAIN Baby Goats and Baby Birds stories.
For this study one hundred sixty-seven Russian-/Turkish-German preschool children were tested with a battery of language proficiency tests in both languages. On the basis of 1.5 SD below monolingual norm for L2 German and 1.25 SD below bilingual mean for either home language, 9 children at risk of developmental language disorders (DLD) (mean age of 4 years and 5 months) were identified and 16 age-matched TD children were selected out of the cohort. All these children were tested with the LITMUS-MAIN and –SR tests in German. The results across TD and at risk of DLD group were compared. TD clearly outperformed at risk of DLD in SR. In elicited narratives, macrostructure and microstructure were scrutinized across groups. Similar to the previous findings, our results show significant differences between at risk of DLD und TD in the microstructure, e.g. total number of word tokens and verb-based communication units and SR. For the macrostructure, TD outperformed at risk children only for story complexity. The study expands our knowledge on the cut-off criteria for the identification of bilinguals at risk of DLD, scrutinized very early narratives for bilinguals at risk of DLD features and questions the similarity of cognitive skills in TD and at risk of DLD children.
The aim of the present study was to test the influence of picture composition on the narrative complexity of preschool children, and to compare the different procedures of the Cat Story of Hickmann (2002) and the Fox Story of Gülzow & Gagarina (2007) with the Baby Birds and Baby Goats Story of MAIN, by Gagarina et al. (2012). For this purpose, 27 children between the ages of 5;01 and 6;09 were tested with both variants to check whether a macro-structurally controlled picture structure would lead to more complex stories. The results show that narratives with a Goal-Attempt-Outcome structure, i.e. the Baby Birds and Baby Goats Stories, make children with increasing age tell more complex stories by means of a rise in story complexity than the narratives of Hickmann and Gülzow & Gagarina without that structure.
This paper focuses on morphological verb errors in elicited narratives of Russian-German primary school bilinguals. The data was collected from 37 children who were separated into four groups according to the age and language acquisition type (simultaneous and successive). The Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) (Gagarina et al. 2012) was used for data collection. The narratives produced in mode telling after listening to a model story were analysed and morphological verb errors in Russian and German were classified. Therefore, the error classification of Gagarina (2008) for Russian monolingual children was expanded and for the classification of German errors an own classification was suggested. Errors in Russian typically produced by monolinguals and unique bilingual errors as well were documented. The results show that the language of the environment (German) increases with age. Older children make fewer errors than younger ones. Nevertheless, a strong heterogeneity between children within each group can be observed.
This study explores the relation between the development of narrative skills at the macrostructural level and the productive lexical abilities (verbs) of German-Russian children. The narratives are elicited using the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) and the lexical abilities are assessed using different tests. Twenty-one preschoolers (mean age: 3;9), forty-four 1st graders (mean age: 6;11) and twenty-two 3rd graders (mean age: 9;3) were included in the study. Correlation analyses were performed between verb lexicon and the following macrostructural components: Story Structure, Structural Complexity and Internal State Terms. The analysis also targets cross-language effects. In addition, the production of verbs within the elicited narratives was taken into account. Some positive correlations were found; however, no clear pattern across age groups and languages was observed. It is suggested that cognitive abilities might be a more decisive factor than lexical abilities and/or that the verbs assessed via the vocabulary tests are more specific than the ones required to achieve high scores for macrostructure.
A growing body of evidence shows a positive relation between the language skills of a child and the socio-economic status (SES) of his/her parents. These studies have mainly been conducted in an American English monolingual context. The current paper addresses the question of whether SES has a comparable impact on the simultaneous bilingual language acquisition. In this study, noun and verb test scores of German simultaneous bilingual children with Turkish and Russian as heritage languages are related to the SES of their parents – to verify the existence and the nature of a common pattern. The results do not show common patterns across the two heritage language groups, suggesting the existence of other confounding factors.
The aim of this paper is to analyse the development of narrative macrostructure and the impact of socio-economic status (SES) and home literacy environment (HLE) on the narrative macrostructure of monolingual preschoolers in Germany when retelling and telling a story. The analysis of narrative macrostructure includes three components: story structure, story complexity, and story comprehension. Oral narratives were elicited via Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS-MAIN). 198 monolingual children between age 4;6 and 5;11 participated (M=63 months, SD=5 months). The comparison of narrative macrostructure in three age groups (4;6 to 4;11 years, 5;0 to 5;5 years, 5;6 to 5;11 years) illustrate significant age effects in story structure, story complexity and story comprehension skills. There were weak significant positive correlations of some of these skills with aspects of socio-economic status and home literacy environment, for example between story comprehension skills and the educational background, the frequency and duration of the child’s exposure to books and the number of books in the household.
This article investigates the influence of tense and aspect on the choice of verb forms in texts written by Russian-speaking learners of German. Through eight written narrations, each produced by advanced learners of German with L1-Russian and German native speakers, the use of verb forms and relevant linguistic means (perfect markers, temporal adverbs and temporal clauses) was compared and analysed.
The study shows that even very advanced Russian-speaking learners of German could not meet target language preferences in German. They tended to deploy a different temporal perspective than German native speakers (simple past instead of present tense) and they also showed an overuse of the perfect tense, especially when describing completed actions. These differences compared to the preferences of German native speakers can be explained as transfer effects from the L1 of Russian-speaking learners since – unlike in German – the grammatical aspect in Russian is obligatory and its perfective form offers an effective tool to express completeness.
In this paper, data from a current study on bilingual language acquisition and language promotion of children is presented. 96 narratives from 32 Turkish-German and Russian-German bilingual children were examined with regard to the acquisition of narrative ability in three rounds of tests. The macrostructure of each narrative was evaluated based on the theories of Westby (2005), Stein and Glenn (1977) and Gagarina et al. (2012). In the quantitative analysis, the factor age of onset (AoO) was considered and therefore, two hypotheses were introduced: 1) There is an influence of AoO on the narrative ability of L2 German bilingual children. And 2) The narrative ability will converge over time and after three years there will be no difference between the groups. Neither of those hypotheses could be confirmed by the examined narrative data. Hence, other influences on narrative ability were discussed in the last chapter and prospects for further research were given. In sum, the article shows that more narrative data of these children should be collected to make a comprehensive conclusion about the influence of AoO on narrative ability.
Introduction
(2019)
"People are border-crossers who make daily transitions between two worlds – the world of work and the world of family" (Campbell Clark 2000: 748). Diese Feststellung von Campbell Clark hebt die Vereinbarkeitsproblematik von Beruf und Familie im Leben von Männern und Frauen hervor, die oft unbemerkt, aber unzählige Male im Alltag auftritt. Familie und Beruf sind die zentralen Lebensbereiche von Frauen und Männern in der heutigen europäischen Gesellschaft. Diese zwei Bereiche stehen in einer wechselseitigen, aber nicht gleichgewichtigen Beziehung. Im Folgenden wird diese Problematik detailliert aufgegriffen und mit zukunftsfähigen Handlungsempfehlungen verbunden. Wir beginnen mit einem kurzen historischen Überblick zu Familie und Beruf in Europa.
Populismus artikuliert vernachlässigte Unzufriedenheit durch die Herstellung einer antagonistischen Beziehung zwischen "der Elite" und "den Menschen" (Canovan 1984, 1999). Die populistische Politik verlässt sich dabei nicht nur auf das Versagen des bestehenden politischen Prozesses. Populisten liefern sowohl die Diagnose (die alten Eliten sind korrupt, ineffizient oder beides) als auch die Kur (Nativismus, technokratische Effizienz).
Der Ursprung des gegenwärtigen Populismus in Ostmitteleuropa ist tief in der kommunistischen Ära verwurzelt. Während des Kommunismus wurde der Populismus des "gewöhnlichen Menschen" benutzt, um das bürgerschaftliche Engagement zu demobilisieren und eine Politik der ethischen Verantwortlichkeit zu verhindern. Unsere Analyse (Bustikova, Guasti 2017, 2018) zeigt, dass diese Art von Populismus weiterhin als Methode zur Demobilisierung des bürgerschaftlichen Engagements und zur Verdrängung einer Politik der ethischen Rechenschaftspflicht verwendet wird. Die populistische Politik versucht, das politische Gemeinwesen nach ihrer technokratischen Vision neu zu gestalten.
Es geht ein Gespenst um in Europa: der Populismus. Je nach Kontext variieren seine Gestalt und gesellschaftliche Unterstützung, weshalb er eigentlich nur im Plural thematisiert werden sollte. Gleichwohl weisen die verschiedenen Populismen gemeinsame, konstitutive Merkmale auf. Eines dieser Wesensmerkmale, die ausgeprägte Elitenfeindlichkeit, steht im Zentrum dieses Kurzbeitrags. Dieser setzt sich zugleich mit den Paradoxien und gängigen Missverständnissen des Populismus auseinander.
Spätestens seit der PISA-Studie aus dem Jahre 2000 ist der im deutschen Bildungssystem bestehende hohe Zusammenhang zwischen Bildungserfolg und Bildungsherkunft nicht nur für Akteure und Institutionen im Bildungssektor, sondern auch der breiten Öffentlichkeit als Gerechtigkeitsproblem deutlich geworden. ...
In what follows, I will present a condensed and non-exclusive list of the five most important problem domains in the development and implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI), each with practical recommendations.
The first problem domain to be examined is the one which, in my view, is constituted by those issues with the smallest chances of being resolved. It should therefore be approached in a multi-layered process, beginning in the European Union (EU) itself.
"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the future. [...] Whoever leads in AI will rule the world" (Russia Today, 2018). This was the central message that President Vladimir Putin conveyed to more than one million Russian school students in September 2017. He also promised to ensure that Russian knowledge of AI would benefit the world. However, the competition in this field is already playing itself out globally. Besides Russia, the USA and China are already in the race, with China, for example, having recently published an ambitious AI strategy, namely the "New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan" (Webster et al., 2018). This document predicts China’s world leadership in the AI field as soon as 2030. The EU and several other countries – among them Germany in the autumn of 2018 - have followed suit with their own AI strategies. ...
In IT security today, the usage of AI is already established in multiple domains. SPAM detection is a well-known example where support vector machines try to distinguish wanted from unwanted emails. Author attribution combines natural language forensics and machine learning. Deep learning helps in identifying illicit images and has improved malware detection as well as network intrusion detection. ...
The thought of using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and algorithmic decisionmaking (ADM) processes in our daily lives makes many of us feel insecure. Most consumers see more risks than opportunities, an attitude brought about by the black-box nature of algorithms and AI. When an organisation or public authority makes a decision supported by an algorithm, one can feel that one is at the algorithm’s mercy, finding it incomprehensible. Widespread consumer distrust of AI and ADM processes will make it difficult to improve their societal acceptance and therefore make it challenging to apply them in the business sector and in policy-making. Without trust on the consumer side, there can be no progress.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) will be one of the key technologies driving the future competitiveness of numerous industries. However, the term "AI" is defined in a variety of ways. AI could be understood as an umbrella term for technologies and systems that carry out tasks otherwise only executable with human intelligence. This requires specific skills that fall into the broad categories of "Sense", "Comprehend", "Act" and "Learn". Through machine learning, modern AI systems can be trained to adapt to changes in their environment, self-optimise and hence achieve better results than earlier versions of AI systems that were based on clearly defined, pre-programmed rules. Based on AI methods, rational and autonomous agents can be developed that collect and analyse relevant information from their environments, come to optimal conclusions based on certain performance parameters and eventually perform physical actions (e.g. robotics) or virtual actions (e.g. chat bots). Machine learning algorithms ensure that the information base of the system is continuously updated so that performance of the system is optimised in an iterative process.
Artificial intelligence (AI)1, together with big data, is the driving force behind the ever-accelerating digital revolution. AI has what it takes to call into question our fundamental concepts and processes of political, social, economic etc. order (Macron, 2018; Zuboff, 2018), and the law will not be spared. Therefore, all societal actors (inter alia from politics, the economy, legal practice and academia) must take responsibility for the crucial twin tasks of determining the right, balanced relationship between AI and the law, and even to hybridise them. ...
According to a survey by the Institute for Management and Economic Research (manager seminars, September 2018), 41% or almost half of those respondents over 60, considered it unlikely that they would be affected by Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the workplace. On the other hand, younger respondents more realistically estimated that significant AI-related changes would occur in their workplace within the next five years, not only in production and data analysis, but also in customer service and office practices across the board. ...
Policy research deals with the policy cycle encompassing problem definition, and policy development, implementation, enforcement and evaluation for different policy domains. On the one hand, this research field empirically describes and analyses how the phases of the policy cycle are processed by relevant social actors in interaction with industry, the media and civil society. On the other hand, policy research is concerned with the issue itself, i.e. the reasons for success and failure of policies that have or will run through the process. Here, the research field offers scientific policy advice including exante evaluation and assessments of potential futures, options, developments, and scenarios for policy domains to inform political debates and decisions. It is this latter function AI already has and will further influence policy research. ...
In April 2018 the European Commission announced its holistic approach to Artificial Intelligence (AI) based on the following three pillars: first, to boost financial support and encourage uptake by the public and private sectors in order to reach investments in AI-related research and innovation by at least 20 billion Euros by the end of 2020. The second pillar aims at preparing for socio-economic changes in terms of the upcoming transformation of the labour market. Finally, the European Commission will ensure an appropriate ethical and legal framework by developing AI ethics guidelines and providing guidance on the interpretation of the Product Liability directive. ...