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On the early development of aspect in greek and russian child language, a comparative analysis
(2003)
The category of aspect is grammaticized in both Greek and Russian opposing perfective and imperfective verb forms in all inflectional categories except the nonpast (‘present’). Despite these similarities there are important differences in the way the aspectual systems function in the two languages. While in Greek nearly all verbs oppose a perfective to a given imperfective grammatical form, Russian aspect is more strongly lexicalized with pairs of imperfective and perfective lexemes not only differing aspectually, but also as far as their lexical meanings are concerned. This is especially true of perfective verbs formed by prefixes as compared to their imperfective bases. Thus, in pairs of prefixed and unprefixed dynamic verbs, the derived prefixed (perfective) member has a telic meaning while its unprefixed (imperfective) counterpart is atelic (e.g. sjest’ (PFV) ‘to eat up’ vs. jest’ (IPF) ‘to eat’). Such derived perfective verbs may in turn be “secondarily” imperfectivized by suffixation furnishing the only “true” perfective/imperfective pairs of verbs (e.g. sjest’ (PFV) ‘to eat up’ vs. sjedat’ (IPF) ‘to eat up’ (iterative)). “Secondary” imperfectives do not occur in our child data.
In this pilot study, we will analyze the tense-aspect-mood forms of the 20 most frequent verbs with equivalent meanings occurring in the longitudinal audiotaped data of a Greek and a Russian boy between 2;1 and 2;3 (their entire lexical inventories comprise approx. 100 verbs each).
We adopt a constructivist perspective on the development of aspect in Greek and Russian child language and will show that in spite of a broad inventory of imperfective and perfective verb forms to be found in the speech of both children aspect has not yet developed into a generalized grammatical category, but is strongly dependent on aktionsart (stative/dynamic, telic/atelic) in both languages. While this results in a strong preference for perfective verb forms of telic verbs and of imperfective forms of atelic ones in the speech of the Greek boy, the Russian child tends to use the unmarked members.
This paper takes a close look at the properties of Hungarian relative clauses that occur in the left periphery of the main clause, preceding a (pro)nominal associate. It will be shown that these left-peripheral relative clauses differ in many ways from relative clauses dislocated on the right periphery, as well as from relative clauses embedded under a (pro)nominal head. To capture the precise syntax of these left-peripheral clauses, these will be compared to ordinary left-dislocated items, with which they have some properties in common. Despite the surface similarities between the two, however, there are a few decisive aspects of behaviour, most notably, distributional properties and connectivity effects, which argue against taking left-peripheral relatives as cases of clausal left-dislocates in Hungarian. Instead, one is led to consider these as correlative clauses, on the basis of the properties they share with well-established correlatives in languages like Hindi.
In what follows, I first briefly review Perlmutter (1968, 1970), in which it is argued that aspectual verbs are ambiguous between control and raising. I suggest that while the argument for the raising analysis is solid, the arguments supporting the control analysis of aspectual verbs are less so. As an alternative hypothesis to consider, I introduce the structural ambiguity hypothesis. In Section 3, I review three recent analyses of control and raising. Although there are important differences among them, they all share the basic assumption that the control/raising distinction is due to differences in selectional restrictions that the lexical items impose. Under such an assumption, the lexical ambiguity hypothesis is the only available option. In Section 4, I present evidence for the structural ambiguity hypothesis from studies concerning aspectual verbs in languages from four distinct families, German (Wurmbrand 2001), Japanese (Fukuda 2006), Romance languages (Cinque 2003), and Basque (Arregi Molina-Azaola 2004). These data strongly suggest that across languages aspectual verbs can appear in two different syntactic positions, either below or above vP, or the projection with which an external argument is introduced (Kratzer 1994, 1996, Chomsky 1995). Given these findings, I argue that it is the aspectual verbs' position with respect to vP which creates the control/raising ambiguity. When an aspectual verb appears in a position that is lower than vP, an external argument takes scope over the aspectual verb. Thus, it is interpreted as control. When an aspectual verb appears in a position that is higher than vP, on the other hand, it is the aspectual verb that takes scope over an entire vP, including the external argument. Thus, it is interpreted as raising. In section 5, I extend the scope of this study to include a discussion of want-type verbs in Indonesian, as analyzed in Polinsky & Potsdam (2006). Polinsky & Potsdam argue that the Indonesian want-type verbs must be raising in at least certain cases where they allow a rather peculiar interpretation. Although they assume that there are also control counterparts of the want-type verbs, I argue that applying the proposed analysis to the want-type verbs does away with the need for stipulating two distinct lexical entries for these verbs. Section 6 concludes the paper.
Studying kinematic behavior in speech production is an indispensable and fruitful methodology in order to describe for instance phonemic contrasts, allophonic variations, prosodic effects in articulatory movements. More intriguingly, it is also interpreted with respect to its underlying control mechanisms. Several interpretations have been borrowed from motor control studies of arm, eye, and limb movements. They do either explain kinematics with respect to a fine tuned control by the Central Nervous System (CNS) or they take into account a combination of influences arising from motor control strategies at the CNS level and from the complex physical properties of the peripheral speech apparatus. We assume that the latter is more realistic and ecological. The aims of this article are: first, to show, via a literature review related to the so called '1/3 power law' in human arm motor control, that this debate is of first importance in human motor control research in general. Second, to study a number of speech specific examples offering a fruitful framework to address this issue. However, it is also suggested that speech motor control differs from general motor control principles in the sense that it uses specific physical properties such as vocal tract limitations, aerodynamics and biomechanics in order to produce the relevant sounds. Third, experimental and modelling results are described supporting the idea that the three properties are crucial in shaping speech kinematics for selected speech phenomena. Hence, caution should be taken when interpreting kinematic results based on experimental data alone.
Attributing the large-scale, but tactically suspect, south Levantine Bronze Age fortification systems a ‘social’ role has become an archaeological commonplace, yet it begs the crucial question of form – if a polity, a social class, or a collective wish to advertise their cohesion, power, or wealth, why choose fortifications, rather than burial monuments, temples or palaces? In other words, what social end was served by conspicuous, inefficient, military consumption? This paper aims to offer a preliminary answer to this question through three interlocking arguments: The first, that societies like that of the Levantine Bronze Age are characterized by the existence of cooperative labor obligations; the second, that this collective labor investment was, in the ancient Levant, primarily dedicated to defense; the third, that tactically imperfect fortifications were nonetheless strategically successful as defensive installations, even while promoting social cohesion and projecting elite power.
In this paper it is argued that several typologically unrelated languages share the tendency to avoid voiced sibilant affricates. This tendency is explained by appealing to the phonetic properties of the sounds, and in particular to their aerodynamic characteristics. On the basis of experimental evidence it is shown that conflicting air pressure requirements for maintaining voicing and frication are responsible for the avoidance of voiced affricates. In particular, the air pressure released from the stop phase of the affricate is too high to maintain voicing which in consequence leads to a devoicing of the frication part.
In the following, we will discuss the acquisition of plural forms in German from the unified perspective of the two, in our opinion compatible, approaches, on the basis of a longitudinal data sample of eight children. There are at least six recordings of each child, all of whom are girls. Together, the data cover the acquisition period from 1;11 to 2;10. One may thus anticipate that the data sample under investigation reflects the transition from purely lexical memorization to the acquisition of regularities or patterns.
It has been previously reported that in languages demonstrating the Root Infinitive (RI) Stage the use of RIs is characterized by two properties: these forms are overwhelmingly eventive and have, in the majority of instances, a modal interpretation. Hoekstra and Hyams (1998, 1999) have proposed a theory stating that these two properties of RIs are co-dependent in that the application of the modal reference restriction limits the use of the aspectual verbal classes to eventive predicates. Furthermore, this theory assumed that the described mutual dependency of these constraints was valid cross-linguistically.
In this paper, we investigate the application of this theory to the case of RIs in Russian, one of the languages exhibiting the RI Stage. Using new longitudinal data from two monolingual Russian-speaking children, we demonstrate that the predictions of Hoekstra and Hyams’ approach are not realized for Russian child speech. While the constraint requiring that Ris have a modal reference does not seem to apply in Russian since the infinitival forms do receive past and present tense interpretation, these predicates are still overwhelmingly eventive and stative predicates appear mostly as finite verbs. Having shown that a theory connecting the application of the two restrictions on RIs does not account for the Russian data, we examine several alternative analyses of Russian RIs. We arrive at a conclusion that an explanation based on the lack of the event variable in stative predicates (Kratzer 1989) necessary for the interpretation of RIs in discourse (Avrutin 1997) succeeds in handling the Russian data presented in this article.
This paper focuses on different subtypes of constructions involving temporally bounded quantification, e.g. sequences like David visited Rome three times followed by temporal phrases as different as (i) last year, which defines a time interval; (ii) in less that two months, which defines an amount of time; and (iii) per month, which refers to a time unit. As for the first two types of temporal phrases, data will be presented which shows that they have specific linguistic properties in these quantifying contexts, and do not behave exactly as the locating or duration adverbials they are superficially identical with. The third type of phrases will receive special attention. Structures with frequency adverbials like n times per month will be analysed compositionally, separating the quantified component n times from the temporally binding phrase per month (whose role is comparable to that of adverbials (i) and (ii) in the relevant constructions). The data presented is mainly from Portuguese, although the issues at stake – the linguistic properties of temporally bounded quantification – are obviously relevant to parallel constructions in other languages.
This contribution is concerned with prefixed forms in western Austronesian languages which have been called a wide variety of names including 'stative', 'accidental', 'involuntary', 'potential', 'coincidence', 'momentary', and so on. Although widely neglected in the literature, these formations are of major import to the grammar of many western Austronesian languages, where for all event expressions there is an obligatory choice between a neutral form and a form marked for 'involuntariness', 'potentiality', 'coincidence', or the like. Furthermore, this distinction has implications for a wide range of theoretical issues, including the nature of unaccusativity and causativity, split-intransitivity, and the grammar of control and complementation.
The main goal of this contribution is to bring some basic order to the fairly broad and, on first sight at least, somewhat heterogeneous range of uses and meanings associated with these forms. I will argue that the different uses can be grouped into two semantically and morphosyntactically quite different construction types, which I will call STATIVE (proper) and POTENTIVE, respectively.
Section 2 presents the major uses of the 'stative' prefix ma- in Tagalog. In section 3, it is shown that despite superficial similarities the various examples with ma-marked predicates presented in section 2 involve two different constructions and that the prefix ma- belongs to two different morphological paradigms. Section 4, finally, provides a systematization of stative and potentive uses and discusses similarities and differences between the Tagalog system and superficially similar systems in so-called split-S languages.
This paper discusses critically a number of developments at the heart of current syntactic theory. These include the postulation of a rich sequence of projections at the left periphery of the sentence; the idea that movement is tied to the need to eliminate uninterpretable features; and the conception put forward by Chomsky and others that advances in the past decade have made it reasonable to raise the question about whether language might be in some sense ‘perfect’. However, I will argue that there is little motivation for a highly-articulated left-periphery, that there is no connection between movement and uninterpretable features, and that there is no support for the idea that language might be perfect.
This article conceptualizes tension as a relation between elements in which at least two forces with different directions are involved. How can this concept of tension be applied to the analysis of the peculiar logic of life in common? The article offers a reading, inspired by the method of conceptual history, of the use of the concept of 'force' in three models of society: Hobbes's political model, the economic model proposed by the thinkers of commercial society, and Durkheim's social theory. The analysis sheds some light on the ways in which the presence of contradictory forces can be taken to be constitutive of the social itself. This observation is then used to suggest that the puzzling fascination exerted by the notion of tension can be better understood if we see it pointing to some fundamental features of our way of collectively inhabiting the world.
The paper shows that shared indefinite expressions in coordinative constructions may differ with respect to their referential properties. This is due to their being either in a focused or in a nonfocused shared constituent. Their different information-structural status follows from Rooth's theory on focus interpretation. Thus it follows that focused shared constitutents must be beyond the actual coordination and that coordinative constructions with unfocused shared constituents can be represented as ellipsis. In a focused shared constituent indefinite expressions may have a specific and an non specific unique reading as well as an non specific distributive one. For the latter we outline the idea that subjects and objects in the actual coordination form a pair of sets to which a distributing operator is attached. The set formation is further supported by plural pronouns referring to the respective set and by plural verb agreement in subsequent expressions.
The interaction between Syntax and Phonology has been one area of interesting empirical research and theoretical debate in recent years, particularly the question of the extent to which syntactic structure influences phonological phrasing. It has generally been observed that the edges of the major syntactic constituents (XPs) tend to coincide with prosodic phrase boundaries thus resulting in XPs like subject NPs, object NPs, Topic NPs, VPs etc. forming separate phonological phrases. Within Optimality Theoretic (OT) accounts, this fact has been attributed to a number of well-motivated general alignment constraints. Studies on relative clauses in Bantu and other languages have significantly contributed to this area of research inquiry where a number of parametric variations have been observed with regard to prosodic phrasing. In some languages, XPs which are heads of relatives form separate phonological phrases while in others they phrase with the relative clauses. This paper makes a contribution to this topic by discussing the phrasing of relatives in Ciwandya (a Bantu language spoken in Malawi and Tanzania). It shows that XPs which are heads of restrictive relative clauses phrase with their relative verbs, regardless of whether they are subjects, objects or other adjuncts. A variety of syntactic constructions are used to illustrate this fact. The discussion also confirms what has been generally observed in other Bantu languages concerning restrictive relatives with clefts and non-restrictive relative clauses. In both cases, the heads of the relatives phrase separately. The paper adopts an OT analysis which has been well articulated and defended in Cheng & Downing (2007, 2010, to appear) Downing & Mtenje (2010, 2011) to account for these phenomena in Ciwandya.
This paper pursues the question what the implications of the Anti-Locality Hypothesis could be for the syntax of secondary predication. Focus of the discussion will be an investigation of what their internal structure of small clause complements must look like, how these small clause complements connect to their matrix environments, and what the relevance could be for the formulation of anti-locality presented here. Anti-locality is defined over a tripartite clause structure (split into three Prolific Domains) and a PF-condition on the computation (the Condition on Domain-Exclusivity). The investigation revolves around two leading questions: (i) does the syntax of small clauses involve more structure than simply [SC DP XP] and (ii) do small clauses constitute their own Prolific Domain (or maybe even more)? The results, affirmative answers to both questions, are also relevant for other types of secondary predication.
On object specificity
(2001)
[W]e have demonstrated that the object specificity follows from the same principle as the subject specificity under the EMH. Furthermore, the semantic discrepancy between the realis and irrealis object shift constructions turns out to be a subcase of the more general indicative-modal asymmetry. Although our analysis presented here is nothing but conclusive, it does suggest that the EMH is a potent candidate for explaining the indicative-modal asymmetry, as well as for building a general theory of the specificity effects in question.
This paper argues for non-primary c- and s-selectional restrictions of verbs in computing nonprimary predicatives such as resultatives, depictives, and manners. Our discussion is based both on the selection violations in the presence of nonprimary predicates and on the cross-linguistic and language-internal variations of categorial and semantic constraints on nonprimary predicates. We claim that all types of thematic predication are represented by an extended projection, and that the merger of lexical heads with another element, regardless of the type of the element, consistently has c- and s-selectional restrictions.
For this paper, 170 Tibeto-Burman languages were surveyed for nominal ease marking (adpositions), in an attempt to determine ifit would be possible to reeonstruet any ease markers to Proto· Tibeto-Burman, and in so doing leam more about the nature of the grammatieal organization of Proto-Tibeto-Burman. The data were also eross-cheeked for patterns of isomorphy/polysemy, to see ifwe can leam anything about the development ofthe forms we da find in the languages. The results of the survey indicate that although a11 Tibeto-Bunnan languages have developed some sort of relation marking, none of the markers ean be reconstrueted to the oldest stage of the family. Looking at the patterns of isomorphy or polysemy, we find there are regularities to the patterns we find, and on the basis of these regularities we can make assurne that the path of development most probably followed the markedness/prototypicality clines: the locative and ablative use would have arose first and then were extended to the more abstract cases.
Based on a Relevance Theory-informed view of language development, this paper argues that grammatical relations are construction-specific conventionalizations (grammaticalizations) of implicatures which arise out of repeated patterns of reference to particular types of referents. Once conventionalized, these structures function to constrain the hearer's identification of referents in discourse. As they are construction-specific, and hence language-specific, there is no category "subject" across languages; different languages will either show this type of grammaticalization or not, and if they do, may show it or not in different constructions. Any cross-linguistic use of terms such as "subject" (and "S", as in "SOV") should then be avoided.
The study examines the hypotheses that the acquisition of the finite verb is an indispensable and linking constituent of the development of SVO utterances. Four apparently separate or at least separable processes are analysed over 6 months in one Russian and one German child: a) the emergence of verbs in the child’s utterances, b) the occurrence of correctly inflected (finite) verb forms, c) the development of multi-component utterances containing a verb, and c) the emergence of (potential) subjects and objects. Russian and German exhibit rich verb morphology, and in both languages finiteness is strongly correlated with inflectional categories like person, number and tense. With both children we find a correlation in the temporal order of these four processes and – what is more relevant for our study – a dependency of a certain development on the utterance level on the emergence of finite verbs. Further, our investigation shows that language-specific development comes in to play already when children start to acquire verb inflection and becomes more contrastive when we observe the onset of the production of the SVO utterances.
In this paper, I address verbal predicates of change in Southern Aymara, an understudied Andean language. I concentrate on verbs that are derived with the suffix -cha. This suffix derives degree achievements and creation predicates. I propose that they should be analyzed uniformly as degree achievements. The main empirical point of this paper is that there are two degree morphemes that combine with verbs with -cha, namely, a covert positive morpheme v.POS and an overt suffix -su. The latter is a degree morpheme that restricts the standard of comparison to lexical or contextual maximal degrees. I propose an analysis in terms of Maximize Presupposition: v.POS and -su constitute lexical alternatives where the latter is preferred over the former when maximal values are reached. v.POS is thus felicitous when no maximum is reached. The discussion bears on how telicity is achieved cross-linguistically when degree achievements are considered, thus enriching our typologies on the topic.
This essay restages Arendt's 'Auseinandersetzung' with Heidegger regarding 'political beginnings'. Sketching Heidegger's exceptionalist account of 'new beginnings' and Arendt's dispute with him in relation to the tension between the spheres of 'philosophy' and 'politics', I trace her position about 'political founding'. I claim that Arendt invites us to recognize the 'principle of an-archy' innate to 'political beginnings', which cannot be absorbed by exceptionalist invocations of the 'history of Being'.
Reference of pronouns may be constrained via lexical presuppositions, including marked F-features, implicated presuppositions, and deictic center shifting in certain languages.
This paper explores the acquisition of personal reference terms in Thai, a language that has a highly complex personal reference system. The participants of the study were 67 typicallydeveloping children (TD) and 29 children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), a population which has long been observed to have difficulties with pronouns. The children were asked to complete simple production and comprehension tasks on personal reference terms. Overall, ASD children performed on par in production but significantly poorer in comprehension than TD children. Given the freedom of choice in the production task, ASD children preferred using fixed referential terms for self-reference, whereas TD children opted for personal pronouns. In terms of comprehension, ASD children were shown to generally be able to detect the person features but they seemed to struggle the most with the pragmatic aspects of personal reference terms. Our results support previous literature that lexical presuppositions are acquired earlier than implicated presuppositions. We add to the literature that the types or the amount of implicated presuppositions matter in acquisition
This article presents an analysis of German nicht...sondern... (contrastive not...but...) which departs from the commonly held view that this construction should be explained by appeal to its alleged corrective function. It will be demonstrated that in nicht A sondern B (not A but B), A and B just behave like stand-alone unmarked answers to a common question Q, and that this property of sondern is presuppositional in character. It is shown that from this general observation many interesting properties of nicht...sondern... follow, among them distributional differences between German "sondern" and German "aber" (contrastive but, concessive but), intonational requirements and exhaustivity effect sondern presupposition is furthermore argued to be the result of the conventionalization of conversational implicatures.
Tra le parole che si sono prestate agli usi più difformi e ambigui c'è sicuramente il concetto di progresso. Il motivo del "Fortschritt", che si è affermato nel XVIII secolo in contrapposizione alla visione ciclica propria dell'antichità, era associato all'idea di un incremento della produttività e alla prospettiva di uno sviluppo della storia umana. Questa deinizione positiva del progresso, per la quale al "dopo" corrisponde automaticamente il "meglio", sottende una concezione lineare della storia e rimanda a un modello tipicamente costruttivo. Ma il concetto di Fortschritt ha avuto una vita tutt'altro che pacifica: infatti ben presto si è affacciata prepotentemente sulla scena una visione ben diversa del progresso, che ha messo in crisi l'alone di gloria che sembrava accompagnarlo in dai suoi natali. In pochi luoghi è possibile misurare la crisi di questa gloriosa tradizione come nel capitalismo, dove l'ideologia dell'incremento quantitativo non ha portato ad alcun passo in avanti dal punto di vista qualitativo e in senso umano, ma piuttosto si è risolta in problemi globali e in dinamiche distruttive. Di fronte all'attestarsi di un progresso che è manifestazione di negatività, occorre mettere in guardia da un uso acritico della categoria del Fortschritt. È quanto sostiene Bloch in una conferenza tenuta nel 1955 e pubblicata l'anno successive con il titolo "Differenzierungen im Begriff Fortschritt". Come se non bastasse, sul fronte opposto c'è un'altra deriva da scongiurare: il problema che insorge sull'altro versante è quello di un totale rinnegamento del progresso. Si tratta di un errore teorico in cui molti sono caduti, e che segnala la necessità di una rilessione approfondita su questo tema. L'urgenza di interrogarsi sul "Was ist Fortschritt?" non deriva, per Bloch, dal fatto che il termine progresso sia di per sé poco chiaro e manifesto, ma semmai dal cattivo uso che ne è stato fatto Il primo passo da fare, secondo il programma blochiano di un recupero critico del "progresso", è quello di arginare gli intralci. Sono quei percorsi che sembrano condurre al Tiefenweg dell’Umano, e che invece si rivelano "vicoli ciechi" che non portano a nulla, o che sono costellati da botole che fanno ripiombare il viandante al punto di partenza. Da evitare sono inoltre quelle false piste che conducono in direzione contraria, nel senso opposto rispetto alla dimensione della Selbstbegegnung. Ciò che interessa a Bloch è denunciare le aporie contenute nel concetto stesso di "progresso", facendo afiorare quelle differenziazioni che lo rendono al contempo estremamente fragile ed ambiguo.
Die Wälder des Verbandes Quercion robori-sessiliflorae sind im ozeanisch-subozeanischen Europa verbreitet; nach Osten werden sie von Nadelwäldern, namentlich von Kiefern-Wäldern des Verbandes Dicrano-Pinion Matuszkiewicz 1962 mit kontinentalborealem Areal abgelöst (Matuszkiewicz 1962, 1984). Die Quercion-Wälder besiedeln in Hessen nur kleine Flächen und sind im wesentlichen auf Sonderstandorte beschränkt.
Diese Klasse umfaßt die von Seggen und Binsen beherrschte Vegetation nährstoffarmer Niedermoore, Sümpfe und Rieselfluren. Die Standorte weisen einen bis meist an die Bodenoberfläche reichenden Grundwasserstand sowie oligo- bis mesotrophe Bedingungen auf. In Hessen kommen von dieser Klasse vermutlich nur noch Gesellschaften der Verbände Caricion fuscae Koch 1926 em. Vanden Berghen in Lebrun & al. 1949 (Caricetum fuscae) und Caricion davallianae Klika 1934 (Caricetum davallianae, Carex-panicea-Gesellschaft) vor; wahrscheinlich ausgestorben sind die Gesellschaften des Caricion lasiocarpae Vanden Berghen in Lebrun & al. 1949.
Aramaic is not among the oldest Semitic languages in a strictly chronological sense, but among those languages which are still spoken today, it has the longest continuous written tradition. The existing written documents span a period of three millennia and thus enable us to study language history in a long-term perspective. It is very important, in this respect, that the latest stage of development of Aramaic, Neo-Aramaic, still exists in a multitude of spoken varieties which can be studied in vivo. We can thus describe the phonetics and phonology of the modern varieties with more precision than is possible for the older language stages, which in turn enables us to draw conclusions on diachronic sound change. Likewise, we can study morphology and syntax not only from recorded texts, but we also have recourse to native speakers in order to clarify doubtful points. Thus the latest stage of Aramaic casts a strong light back into the past. It is therefore most unfortunate that many Aramaicists and Syrologists show so little interest in this living heritage.
This paper addresses an event which started to be perceived and conceived of a long time ago. A change emerged in the 18th century which resulted in the focus of attention being directed onto the interrelationship of past, present and future within the history of European thinking. From this point on, the sciences were also provided with a past characterized by its inaccessibility, and a future characterized by its openness for things to come. From this time on, it was the present that served as a reference point for everything retrieved from the past and everything anticipated from the future - things in the present were thought to have originated in the past and were expected to point forward to the future. My presentation visits this experience as a dilemma in the decades that preceded and then witnessed its emergence, within the context of contemporary natural history and anthropology. In particular the paper will focus on those writings by Johann Gottfried Herder in which specific narratives mediate the problem of a creation which has fust come to its closure while at the same time still being in process; of a progress which is not developmental; of an event which is still suspended in its temporality. The anamnesis ofthe history of science is not for its own sake: the movements preceding the birth of the modern sciences provide important lessons for the process of their present day revision.
Goats remain the most viable livestock in the warzone of South Lebanon because of their compatibility with wartime environments and ordnance. They can survive periods of scarcity during active war, occupations, or invasions by foraging for food and eating almost anything. Most crucially, goats are small and light and can graze in the borderland's many minefields without setting off the hidden explosives designed to kill humans, who are not as light-footed. In this essay, Munira Khayyat explores how an enduring, explosive military technology is both domesticated and resisted by a homegrown, anti-mine survival assemblage.
In her contribution, "Of Birds and Men: Lessons from Mark Cocker's 'Crow Country,'" Michaela Keck discusses strategies for teaching Mark Cocker's encounters with the often-ignored members of the corvid family in "Crow Country" (2007). Part natural history, part pastoral, and part personal memoir, "Crow Country" raises and explores questions central to HAS regarding both dichotomies such as self / other, human / animal, and subject / object, as well as the potential and limitations of anthropocentrism and the narratives humans construct about other animals. As Cocker's twenty-first-century account of the rooks in East Anglia demonstrates, these corvids are neither domesticated nor companion animals. Since students will be familiar with crows and might even consider them a nuisance at times, Cocker's text offers new perspectives for thinking about so-called "trash animals." However, crows are also famous for their cognitive skills and cooperative capacities, and are therefore particularly suitable agents for challenging human-animal distinctions and simple notions of species boundaries. Keck's paper engages with "Crow Country" as an entry point to teaching core questions of HAS, exploring the ways in which Cocker's narrative draws students' attention to the de-/constructions of the birds' natural and cultural history and, conversely, of human animality and/or difference. Focusing on rooks as social constructs and agents, as well as rooks anthropomorphized and reconfigured, Michaela Keck illuminates the role of human-bird relationships in current Anthropocene contexts.
The article compares the aesthetic notions of the "je ne sais quoi" (as it emerges in the Renaissance and is widely debated in the eighteenth century) and of the 'uncanny' as theorized by Ernst Jentsch and Sigmund Freud in the early twentieth century. Its hypothesis is that both notions, in situating aesthetic experience in a liminal space between pleasure and trouble, can be considered after-images of non-aesthetical notions - notions that belong to the domain of the sacred and have metamorphosed as forms of aesthetic undecidability through the paradigmatic fracture of early modernity. The article focuses on depictions of female figures directing their gaze upward - in the iconography of Sade's Justine, in popular imagery connected with Lourdes apparitions (1858), in medium photography, and in the images taken by Charcot of his hysterical patients at the Salpêtrière - and argues that they become a Warburgian Pathosformel indicating a space of undecidability and 'nonsense' between the subject and otherness.
Man wird die Bilder aus "2001 – A Space Odyssey" von Stanley Kubrick erinnern. Dieser Film, 1968 gedreht, also vor der ersten bemannten Mondlandung und vor dem takeoff des Computerzeitalters – dieser Film ist nicht nur eine Inkunabel eines ganzen Filmgenres, sondern er hat unsere Bilder von Weltraum und Computer maßgeblich geprägt. Er vermochte dies auch deswegen, weil Kubrick hier technische Phantasien und religiöse Motive, psychodelische Zeitreisen und metaphysische Sinnsuche, Urgeschichte und Endgeschichte, Angst vor der Technik und Sehnsüchte nach metaphysischer Entgrenzung jenseits von Zeit und Raum in maßstabsetzende Bilder brachte, verbunden mit einem niemals zuvor derart ungeheuren Einsatz von Musik und einer so noch niemals zuvor gesehenen Herabsetzung des Mediums, das seit alters her als die Sphäre des Menschlichen überhaupt angesehen wurde, nämlich die Sprache. Von 141 Minuten Film sind nur 40 Minuten von Dialogen begleitet. Kubrick erweist den Film als dasjenige Medium, in welchem die visuellen Mythen unserer Zeit kreiert werden. ...
Objektrelativsätze mit haben
(2006)
Objektrelativsätze mit dem Vollverb haben sind im gesprochenen Deutsch vergleichsweise häufig. Sie treten als einfache Objekt-Subjekt-Verb-Strukturen auf, z.B. die ich habe, und auch erweitert durch Modalisierungen und/oder Adverbialphrasen etc., z.B. wie in die ick uff de GRUNDschule schon hatte. Um die Differenzen, die sich zwischen den Verwendungen erkennen lassen, zu erfassen, kann eine standardgrammatische Beschreibung allenfalls als Ausgangsbasis dienen. Ein konstruktionsgrammatisches Vorgehen hingegen, bei dem alle linguistischen Ebenen der Sprachbeschreibung berücksichtigt werden, zeigt die Bandbreite von haben-Relativkonstruktionen auf. In Zusammenhang mit den Matrixstrukturen und unter Berücksichtigung der Diskurspragmatik (informationsstrukturelle und konversationelle Dimensionen) lassen sich vier verschiedene Konstruktionen mit haben-Relativsätzen konturieren: eine Präsentativkonstruktion, eine Topikkonstruktion, eine cleftartige Konstruktion und eine Konstruktion mit identifizierenden haben-Relativsätzen.
Objektiviertes Begehren : zur Funktion und Bedeutung von Gegenständen in mittelhochdeutschen Mären
(2018)
Die in Mären dargestellten Handlungen konzentrieren sich auf einen spezifischen, außerordentlichen und in sich geschlossenen Fall, der sowohl Vorfall wie auch Zufall oder Rechtsfall sein kann. Didaktisches Substrat, schwankhaftes Erzählen und Exempelliteratur verschmelzen in dieser paargereimten Erzählform.
Der Artikel diskutiert die Arbeit von Paläopathologen, die diverse Krankheiten von Menschen der Vormoderne mittels mikroskopischer Untersuchungen an ihren Skeletten nachweisen können. Anhand der Befunde eines 4300 Jahre alten Skelettes erzählt die SZ-Autorin eine überraschend detaillierte, wenn auch knappe Lebensgeschichte eines Menschen - sie bettet die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse in ein Narrativ ein.
Michael Bachmann untersucht die spezifische Situation von Theater und Performancekunst als "privilegierte Orte der (künstlerischen) Zeugenschaft". Nachdem er die grundsätzliche Ambivalenz der Beziehung zwischen dem Theatralen und der Rechtspraxis, zwischen Theater und Prozess, herausgestellt hat, analysiert Bachmann das südafrikanische Stück "Ubu and the Truth Commission" (1997), in dem eine Puppe das bezeugende Opfer verkörpert. Die Übertragung des Zeugenstatus auf eine explizit künstliche Figur erlaubt eine Reflexion, die auf "die ethische Frage der Stellvertretung zwischen verschiedenen Akteuren der Zeugenschaft und deren jeweilige Handlungsmacht sowie auf die Frage der Autorisierung" hinausläuft: "Wer gewinnt in welchem Rahmen auf welche Weise die Autorität, als Zeuge zu fungieren?" Bachmann zeigt, wie die Puppe als ästhetisches Objekt eine testimoniale Überzeugungskraft gewinnt und das Verhältnis von Handlungsmacht ('agency') und testimonialer Autorität veranschaulicht. Die ethisch-epistemische Frage der Autorität und Autorisierung des Zeugen wird letztlich auf das ästhetische Verfahren des Puppenspiels zurückgeführt, in dem die Differenz zwischen Bühnenfigur und Opferzeuge "einen Raum eröffnet, durch den das Zeugnis vermeintlich selbst zur Sprache kommt". Dieses "zur Sprache kommen" ereignet sich allerdings unterschiedlich, wenn es tatsächlich durch Sprache geschieht (wie etwa in Peter Weiss' "Ermittlung") oder eher durch einen körperlich-performativen Ausdruck (wie in William Kentridges Inszenierung von "Ubu").
In folk theories of art reception, readers and cinema audiences are said to experience fictional worlds vicariously 'through' characters, i.e. they 'identify' themselves with them, they partake in their experiences 'empathetically'. In the first section of my essay, I will argue that it is not character but focalization (point of view) which, on a fundamental level, guides our fictional experience, and I will exemplify several ways that characters (or similar ideas) can then in addition come into play. In the next two sections, I will discuss possible cognitive correlates of both the textual device of focalization and textual clues indicating ›persons‹. The aim is to show that what I call ›psycho-poetic effects‹ (that is, the mental representation of anthropomorphic instances) are best described as byproducts of various cognitive programs involved in the reception of narrative fiction. 'Empathy', as it is understood in the above mentioned folk theory of art reception, can then be analysed into individual algorithms of social cognition. And it can be differentiated, as is done in the last section, from other phenomena often confused with it, like emotional experience proper and emotional contagion. Also, I refer to the idea that mirror neurons provide the means to empathize with others, literary characters included. My general proposition is to revise and refine those concepts with the help of evolutionary theory and, thus, to hypothesize as cognitive correlates for textual features only programs specific enough to be correlated with a specific adaptive function which they may have performed in the process of human evolution.
In this paper, I examine two object control constructions in Korean which differ only in the surface word order: in one of the constructions, the control complement follows the controller, but in the other, precedes it. I argue that the contrast between these constructions cannot be attributed to scrambling. The difference between these constructions can only be captured if one of them is analyzed as OC, and the other as instantiating NOC. Section 2 presents the relevant constructions and their earlier analyses available in the literature; section 3 presents a detailed discussion of differences between the two object control constructions. My proposal for analyzing these constructions is presented in section 4. Section 5 introduces two outstanding questions related to the proposed structures: the status of scrambling in Korean and the analysis of the inverse control construction. Conclusions and general discussion follow in section 6.
Starting from the editorial committee's proposal concerning strategies for the recognition of Global South researches, in this letter I indicate a number of broader impasses related to neoliberal academia in a context in which ecological crisis emerges as a major crisis of capital. To do so, I resort to concepts drawn from feminist, decolonial, and post-structuralist literature and bring them into dialogue with a Marxist framework of analysis.
Historische Adelsbibliotheken sind unschätzbare Geschichtsquellen. Überliefern die erhaltenen Adelsarchive überwiegend Dokumente, die sich einerseits auf Herrschaftsverhältnisse und Grundbesitz und andererseits auf "Familiensachen" beziehen, aus denen die verwandtschaftliche Verflechtung der adligen Häuser hervorgeht, so werfen die Adelsbibliotheken in ganz besonderer Weise Licht auf die Kultur-, Bildungs- und Sozialgeschichte des Adels seit dem ausgehenden Mittelalter.
Nutri(epi)genomik
(2012)
Ich arbeite zur Nutrigenomik, und zwar insbesondere zur Wirkung von Milch auf den Humanorganismus. Als ich diese Einladung erhielt, war das von daher für mich auch Gelegenheit, die Literatur zu Epigenetik und Ernährung zu sichten. Mein Beitrag hat drei Teile: Zunächst werde ich eine kurze, allgemeine Einführung in die Nutrigenomik geben. Da das Thema des Workshops ja die transgenerationale Übertragung epigenetischer Effekte ist, werde ich im zweiten Teil den Schwerpunkt auf Beispiele hierzu aus der Ernährungsforschung legen - zuerst in Tieren, meistens in Mäusen, und dann in Menschen. Abschließend werde ich für die Diskussion ein paar allgemeine Gedanken zur Relevanz dieser Forschung formulieren.
Das Thema der Tagung soll die Frage nach dem Subjekt, seiner Konstitution, seinem Handlungsraum, seiner Fähigkeit zu handeln und dem traditionell und aktuell gegebenen Fundus von Verantwortlichkeit sein. Die Frage ist angesichts einer so ausgebauten Diktatur wie der nationalsozialistischen von großer Relevanz, ist jedoch ebenso peinlich wie unerläßlich. Sie war peinigend für alle, die in jenem Reich nicht ganz so funktionieren konnten oder wollten wie von den Führern erwartet, und sie bleibt peinlich bei jedem Rückblick auf das, was damals überhaupt möglich war und was getan und unterlassen wurde. Vielleicht ist die Frage aber auch zu heroisch gestellt. Vielleicht enthält sie schon eine Vorannahme über das Verhältnis des einzelnen zu dem Geschehen in seiner Gegenwart, die historisch überholt oder zu modifizieren ist. Gerade in diesem Arbeitskreis geht es nicht an, nach einer irgendwoher abgeleiteten festen Größe "handlungsfähiges Subjekt" zu suchen, sondern muß die Kategorie selbst analysiert, auf ihre Tauglichkeit hin befragt werden. Die Frage wird sich bestenfalls annäherungsweise beantworten lassen. Es gibt weder statistisches noch analytisches Material, aus dem sich irgend etwas über die Verfassung der handelnden und duldenden Subjekte direkt ablesen ließe. Die Beteiligten mit Ausnahme der striktesten Mitläufer hatten, solange das "Dritte Reich" währte, allen Grund, ihre Einstellungen, Motivationen, ihre Willensbekundungen und Handlungen im Dunkeln zu lassen. Je weniger darüber geredet werden durfte, um so weniger machten sie auch sich selbst klar, wie es um ihre Verantwortung oder Mitverantwortung stand. Die nachträgliche Reflexion darüber ist voll von Zuschreibungen und Hypothesen. Die ehrlichsten autobiographischen Zeugnisse aus dem Abstand von Jahren oder Jahrzehnten enthalten meist ein Eingeständnis, daß man sich das damals Miterlebte gerade in seinem subjektiven Faktor von später aus nicht mehr authentisch vorstellen konnte. Als Notbehelf wähle ich hier ein Verfahren, weitgehend Zitate von damals aus vielen Bereichen zusammenzutragen: einzelne Beobachtungen, Selbst- und Fremdeinschätzungen aus einer ganzen Skala zwischen NS-Loyalen und strikt oppositionellen. Die Projektion und Weiterdeutung suche ich dadurch wenigstens durchsichtig zu machen, daß ich den verschiedenen Ebenen der Selbststilisierung und Fiktionalisierung nachgehe. Um der unvermeidlichen Unsauberkeit der Kontamination von eigentlich weit getrennten Positionen wenigstens tendenziell entgegenzuwirken, möchte ich einzelne von ihnen in ihrem Umfeld genauer betrachten.
High grade gliomas, including anaplastic glioma WHO grade III and glioblastoma WHO IV (GBM), carry a dismal prognosis. Taking all nowadays-available therapeutics options, including radiation, chemotherapy and surgery, for GBM into consideration the prognosis after initial diagnosis is about 12 month. Despite this bad prognosis, researchers gained a tremendous insight into the molecular and genetic signatures of low and high grade gliomas. Several different subtypes of GBM were demonstrated with respect to their genetic background. These genetic alterations include p53 mutation in secondary GBMs and EGFR amplification in primary GBMs, respectively. Very recently, great excitement was raised after the discovery of IDH1 mutation in low-grade gliomas and secondary GBMs. This discovery is of great significance since it allows further categorizing of GBMs and is helpful in distinguishing low-grade gliomas from non-neoplastic adjacent brain tissue. Despite all this progress there is an urgent need for fresh additional therapeutic strategies. In addition to the identification of novel therapeutic regimens it is of utmost importance to gain an understanding about the molecular mechanisms on how GBMs manage to evade from almost any anti-cancer treatment regimen. In experimental models of glioblastoma there are a number of novel therapeutic regimens that exhibited promising results. These novel therapeutics include, but are not limited to: Apoptosis-based therapeutics (Tumor necrosis factor alpha related apoptosis inducing ligand, TRAIL), tyrosinkinase-inhibitors, Heat-shock-protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitors, polyphenols, novel drug combinations and intracranial application based strategies. This chapter will primarily review and focus on molecular mechanisms of resistance in GBM and rising new therapeutic venues for high-grade gliomas. High-grade gliomas are a group of primary heterogenous tumors of which glioblastoma World Health Organisation, WHO IV (GBM), is the most common one. Once the diagnosis of GBM is made, the average survival time is approximately 12-15 month (Hegi, Diserens et al., 2005). Treatment usually consists of temozolomide (commonly used chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of GBM, TMZ), radiation (either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutics) and surgery (Hegi, Diserens et al., 2005)...
This paper deals with the development of discourse competence in German-, Russian- and Bulgarian-speaking children. In particular, it examines the use of anaphoric pronominal reference in elicited narrations of children between the ages of 2;6 and 6;0. As the pronominal (and nominal) systems of target German, Russian and Bulgarian differ in the repertoire and functions of anaphoric elements we will examine which kind of noun phrases children use to make reference to story participants. In a second step of the analysis, we will investigate how pronominal expressions relate to antecedents. In this respect the pronominal form of the anaphor, the syntactic function of the antecedent and the distance between antecedent and anaphor will be analyzed. The findings will be discussed with regard to predictions made by proposals such as the Complementary Hypothesis (Bosch, Rozario, and Zhao 2003) which assumes an asymmetry between the use of personal pro-nouns and demonstrative pronouns when referring back to subject or object antecedents.
Notstand
(1984)
Three dimensions can be distinguished in a cross-linguistic account of information structure. First, there is the definition of the focus constituent, the part of the linguistic expression which is subject to some focus meaning. Second and third, there are the focus meanings and the array of structural devices that encode them. In a given language, the expression of focus is facilitated as well as constrained by the grammar within which the focus devices operate. The prevalence of focus ambiguity, the structural inability to make focus distinctions, will thus vary across languages, and within a language, across focus meanings.
Nothing beyond the name : towards an eclipse of listening in the psychotherapeutic enterprise
(2022)
What are the different kinds of reduction that take place in a psychotherapeutic discipline? This article looks at the agonistic relations between the two types of reduction that fundamentally constitute a psychotherapeutic paradigm: naming and listening. At any given moment in the history of psychological theory, various schools and theories are in contention with each other over an institutional and state legitimation that will only be granted to one or some of them. It is argued that these disciplinary contentions for a dominant status subordinate the names and concepts that populate a particular psychotherapeutic paradigm to a property regime, thereby obscuring or compromising the attention paid to forms of listening that occur on the edge of naming and meaning.
Explizite Notenzitate in der Schönen Literatur sind selten, weisen sie doch auf die grundsätzliche Fremdheit zwischen den beiden Medien hin. Diese wurde schon in der romantischen Musikliteratur ebenso oft beschworen wie zu widerlegen versucht. Musik sei die bessere Sprache, meinten zahlreiche romantische Autoren, niemals würde die verbale Sprache sie zu erreichen vermögen. Gleichwohl kämpften Wackenroder und Tieck, Heine und Grillparzer um jene poetische Sprache, die so viel mehr sein soll als die Prosa. So überrascht es nicht, wenn nur wenige Autoren sich der Herausforderung stellen, mit dem Notentext selbst auch die Grenzen ihres eigenen Mediums zu bezeichnen - und noch weniger nutzen sie das Notenzitat als Indiz ihrer poetologischen Grundüberzeugungen. Nicht zufällig sind Hans Henny Jahnn, Arthur Schnitzler und Ingeborg Bachmann die wichtigsten nach wie vor seltenen Zeugen einschlägiger medienkomparatistischer Betrachtungen.
A series of creative non-fiction short stories based on ethnographic interviews and participant observation in Iraq from 2014–2022, Kali Rubaii's reflection asks: what is a toxic affect? In these stories, war-torn ecologies are packed with living and non-living beings that emerge in the floor of a mosque, in a graveyard, from a pillow, a toilet, and construction sites in Iraq.
Mafrouza is a twelve-hour-long documentary by French director Emanuelle Demoris, shot in a now-demolished neighbourhood in Alexandria, Egypt. Demoris is one of a long chain of western filmmakers who appeal to some form of 'taking one's time' as an instrument for - morally, politically, epistemologically - adequate representation. Based on the work of Trinh T. Minh-ha, Eduard Glissant, and Poor Theory, this chapter evaluates what happens when a film adopts a strategy of deferral in cases in which it is not clear how questions of 'doing justice' could be resolved. Using long duration and an insistence on the quotidian, Demoris's film forces us to think about the conditions that make pronouncements about character, situation, and narrative possible, continuously postponing the moment when it will become possible to say: 'this film is about …'. By setting itself up for failure, the film proposes one possible approach to the ethics and politics of visibility.
Nominalreferenz, Zeitkonstitution, Aspekt, Aktionsart : eine semantische Erklärung ihrer Interaktion
(1989)
In der vorliegenden Arbeit berichte ich über den Erklärungsansatz, den ich im Rahmen einer modelltheoretischen Semantik zur Beschreibung dieses Phänomens entwickelt habe. Ich konzentriere mich hierbei auf die zugrundeliegende Motivation und die intuitive Charakterisierung dieser Theorie. Leser, die an den Einzelheiten der Durchführung und an weiteren Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Theorie interessiert sind, seien auf Krifka (1987, 1989) verwiesen: ein forschungshistorischer Abriß zu alternativen Theorien findet sich in Krifka (1986).
In this paper, we deal with the semantic interaction between ung-nominalizations of different event types and temporal prepositions like wiihrend 'during', vor 'before', nach 'after', bis 'until' and seit 'since'. According to the two-level-approach to selnantics (Bierwisch 1983, Bierwisch / Lang 1989), we will argue that the meaning of ten~poral prepositions is determined on the level of semantic form (SF). When combined with an event nominal, the period in time required by the preposition has to be inferred on the level of conceptual structure (CS). Very often, the exact nature of the period in time is determined by pragmatic factors. There are, however, some important restrictions to this inference procedure which rely on the event noun's Aktionsart. In Ehrich/Rapp (2000), it was claimed that eventive ungnominals inherit the Aktionsart of their base verb. This assumption receives strong support by the data presented in this paper.
The main tenet of the present paper is the thesis that nominalization – like other cases of derivational morphology – is an essentially lexical phenomenon with well defined syntactic (and semantic) conditions and consequences. More specifically, it will be argued that the relation between a verb and the noun derived from it is subject to both systematic and idiosyncratic conditions with respect to lexical as well as syntactic aspects.
It is well-known that in many if not most Sino-Tibetan languages relative clause and attribute/genitive markers are identical with nominalization devices and that sentences bearing such markers can also function as independent utterances (cf. Matisoff 1972, Kölver 1977, DeLancey 1989, Genetti 1992, Ebert 1994, Bickel 1995, Noonan 1997, etc.). This morphological convergence of syntactic functions, which we may dub the ‘Standard Sino-Tibetan Nominalization’ (SSTN) pattern, is particularly prominent in some languages spoken in the eastern and southeastern part of the Kirant because these languages not only feature prenominal relative clauses, but also allow, albeit as a minor type, internally headed constructions.
Recent work on argument selection couched in a lexical decomposition approach (Ehrich & Rapp 2000) postulates different linking properties for verbs and nouns, challenging current views on argument inheritance. In this paper, I show that the different behavior with respect to verbal and nominal linking observed for Present-Day German does not carry over to ung-nominals in Early New High German. Deverbal nouns and corresponding verbs rather behave alike with respect to argument linking. I shall argue that this change is motivated by the growing rift between ung-nominals and their verbal bases both focussing on different parts oftheir lexicosemantic structure in Present-Day German. Evidence for the verb-like behavior of ung-nominals in Early New High German comes from the regular meaning relation between verbs and corresponding derived nouns, the actional properties of event-denoting nouns, and the patterning of ung-nominals with nominalized infinitives. Even their syntactic behavior reflects the verbal character of ung-nominals during that period of the German language. The diachronic facts can be accounted for in a straightforward way once we adopt a lexical decomposition approach to argument selection.
It is by now a weIl-known topic in semantics that there are striking similarities between the meanings of nominal and verbal expressions, insofar as the mass:count distinction in the nominal domain is reflected in the atelic:telic distinction in the verbal domain (cf. Leisi 1953, Taylor 1977, Bach 1986, to cite just a few authors). However, these supposed similarities have not be made explicit in formal representations.
It will be shown that verbs can be missing in predicative sentences by using the data from Chinese. Copula-less sentences in Chinese are subject to 'Generalized Anchoring Principle' (GAP), which requires that every clause be anchored at the interface for LF convergence. To satisfy GAP, clauses may be either tensed or focused. It is shown that copula-less sentences in Chinese are subject to focus anchoring. It will be further argued that whether a verb is needed in predication depends on the syntax of predicate nominals.
Adornos Kritik an Benjamin gilt heute als geläufig und weitgehend abgearbeitet; was Benjamin zu Adorno notiert hat, ist dagegen weitgehend unbekannt, jedenfalls unbeachtet. Im einen Fall mag das Objekt, die Skizzen zum Singspiel Der Schatz des Indianer-Joe, zu weit ab vom Schuss liegen, um unter mehr als rein historischen Gesichtspunkten in actu noch ergiebig zu sein. Im Falle des Kommentars zur Wagnerschrift liegen die Dinge deutlich anders. Liefert er doch beinahe eine konzeptionelle Alternative zu dem, wie Adorno mit Wagner umgeht, überdies avant la lettre Einwände gegen jenen Theoriegestus, den Adorno kurz darauf gegenüber Benjamins erstem Essay über Baudelaire an den Tag legen zu müssen meint.
Discourses in the historical (or narrative) use of the simple present in English prohibit backshifting, though they allow forward sequencing. Unlike both reference time theories and discourse coherence theories of these temporal inferences, we propose that backshifting has a different source from narrative progression. In particular, we argue that backshifting arises through anaphora to a salient event in the preceding discourse.
Dass Geschlechter-Dramen nicht zwingend in einer Eskalation der Verhältnisse münden müssen, beweist der Beitrag von Stephanie Polek, die sich dem Thema "No Drama in Drama. Poetische Dekonstruktionen geschlechtsspezifischer Räume in der Romanverfilmung "Carol" von Todd Haynes" widmet. Im Vordergrund der Betrachtungen steht die Inszenierung einer homosexuellen Beziehung zweier Frauen in den 1950er Jahren, die bereits in der literarischen Vorlage, die 1952 unter dem Titel "The Price of Salt" erschien, in den Termini der aristotelisch geprägten Tragödientradition gesprochen, nicht in einer Katastrophe mündet, sondern ein (stilles) Happy End für die Protagonistinnen vorsieht. Polek stellt heraus, dass der im Jahr 2015 erschienene Film nicht nur die Thematisierung von Homosexualität vornimmt, sondern diese vor allem mit den damit kollidierenden Lebensentwürfen verbindet, die in den gesellschaftlichen Verhältnissen im nordamerikanischen Raum der 1950er Jahre vorherrschten. Dies gelingt dem Regisseur Todd Haynes im Medium des Films durch formale Gestaltungsmittel in Form der Montage sowie der visuellen Darstellung geschlechtsspezifischer Räume, die eine entscheidende Bedeutung für die Veränderung und Dekonstruktion scheinbar stabiler Entwürfe der Geschlechterrollen einnehmen.
The thought of using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and algorithmic decisionmaking (ADM) processes in our daily lives makes many of us feel insecure. Most consumers see more risks than opportunities, an attitude brought about by the black-box nature of algorithms and AI. When an organisation or public authority makes a decision supported by an algorithm, one can feel that one is at the algorithm’s mercy, finding it incomprehensible. Widespread consumer distrust of AI and ADM processes will make it difficult to improve their societal acceptance and therefore make it challenging to apply them in the business sector and in policy-making. Without trust on the consumer side, there can be no progress.
In his magnificent book on the language relations across Bering Strait (1998), Michael Fortescue does not consider Nivkh (Gilyak) to be a Uralo-Siberian language. Elsewhere I have argued that the Indo-European verbal system can be understood in terms of its Indo-Uralic origins (2001). All of these languages belong to Joseph Greenberg’s Eurasiatic macro-family (2000). In the following I intend to reconsider the grammatical evidence for including Nivkh into the Uralo-Siberian language family. The Indo-Uralic evidence is of particular importance because it guarantees a time depth which cannot otherwise be attained.
Das Spiel erscheint bei Wiemer als jenes Element in der Geschichte des Wissens, das die Birfurkation des Wissens in Kulturwissenschaften auf der einen und Naturwissenschaften auf der anderen Seite unablässig befragt. Der beste Beweis dafür ist die Irritation und Faszination, welche spielende Maschinen, wie etwa im Fall des Computerschachs oder lebendige Automaten wie das Computerspiel "Game of Life", in beiden Wissenskulturen auslösen. Zugleich jedoch weist Wiemer auch darauf hin, dass der Begriff des Spiels mit der Spaltung des Wissens in Kultur- und Naturwissenschaften selbst eine Spaltung erfuhr, ja, dass er, wie er am Beispiel der Spieletheorie von Johan Huizinga verdeutlicht, selbst zur Begründung des Begriffs der Kultur herangezogen wurde, wodurch das "kulturalistische Spielverständnis" doppelt untermauert wurde. In einem Durchgang durch die Philosophiegeschichte des Spiels stellt Wiemer dar, dass im 20. Jahrhundert eine Traditionslinie wiederauflebte, die dem kulturalistischen, auf das Bewusstsein und den Menschen bezogenen Spielverständnis unter Bezugnahme auf Heraklit und vermittelt über Heidegger einen kosmologischen Begriff des Spiels gegenüberstellte. So sieht Eugen Fink das Spiel als kosmisches Gleichnis, wenn es ohne Spieler gedacht wird. Diesen kosmologischen Spielbegriff sucht Wiemer in der Folge für die mögliche Beantwortung der Frage nach der Schwierigkeit fruchtbar zu machen, spielende Maschinen zu denken.
Ausgangspunkt der hier vorgenommenen Zusammenstellung einer ästhetischen Theorie, einer kunstgeschichtlichen Analyse und einer poetischen Darstellung des niederländischen Genres war eine Faszination. Annette von Droste-Hülshoff hatte in einem Prosafragment ein ästhetisches Experiment mit einer Gattung durchgeführt, deren ästhetische Besonderheiten theoretisch erst in jüngster Zeit und durch eine neuartige kulturgenetische Vorgehensweise von Hegel und Schnaase exponiert worden waren. Staunenswert dabei ist nicht nur, dass und wie Droste-Hülshoff die verschiedenen Bestimmungsstücke des Genres, die Ästhetik des Flüchtigen, die Ästhetik des Zweideutigen und die ästhetische Theorie des Interieurs, im sprachlichen Medium erprobt; verblüffend ist mehr noch, dass sie die implizit zwischen Hegel und Schnaase sich abzeichnende Differenz in der Einschätzung der ästhetisch lizenzierten Darstellung des Bösen narratologisch zu nutzen weiß und folgerichtig das niederländische Gesellschaftsbild in eine "Kriminalgeschichte" überführt.
This article adresses one function of dialects showing their importance of controlling everyday language. On the example of Low German, a vernacular spoken in Northern Germany, the function of identity is shown and explained. Firstly the understanding of biography is given, followed by an overview about the research undertaking about biographical studies in linguistics, especially in dialectology and Low German philology. The main part concerns the exemplary analysis of an interview of a dialect speaker. The aim of the article is to show in detail the identity function of dialects and the chances qualitive methods can contribute to linguistic researches.
Didier Debaise entwickelt ausgehend von der Philosophie von Alfred North Whitehead eine spekulative, nicht anthropozentrische Theorie des Subjektbegriffs. In der Tradition der Kritik an einem phänomenologisch gedachten Begriff des Subjekts stellt Debaise einen kosmologischen Begriff des Subjekts vor, der einer Bindung an Kategorien wie Intentionalität, Bewusstsein und Repräsentation vorgängig ist und der anstatt vom Bewusstsein von einem universalen Begriff des Empfindens ausgeht. Das Subjekt ist in diesem kosmologischen Ansatz nicht mehr der Ursprung der Empfindungen, sondern der Effekt eines Prozesses, es ist ein Subjekt, das als Superjekt sich selbst voraus ist.
Carlotta J. Hübener diskutiert in ihrem Beitrag "Nicht/keinen/kein Fußball spielen? - Inkorporationsprozesse in Substantiv-Verb-Verbindungen" Inkorporationprozesse bei Substantiv-Verb-Verbindungen wie bspw. Fußball spielen. Hierbei fokussiert sie auf die Negation: Während kein(en) Fußball spielen einen Hinweis darauf gibt, dass Fußball noch als eigenständiges Substantiv interpretiert wird, ist nicht Fußball spielen ein Indiz dafür, dass Fußball und spielen als eine konzeptionelle Einheit wahrgenommen werden. Kein negiert nämlich Nomen (Ich mag keinen Spinat), während nicht Verben negiert (Ich hab‘ noch nicht gegessen). Hübener überprüft in ihrem Beitrag anhand des Deutschen Referenzkorpus, inwiefern Frequenz, Idiomatik und Individuiertheit Einfluss auf die Negation von Substativ-Verb-Verbindungen nehmen können.
Ausgehend von Benjamins Texten erörtert die Wissenschaftsphilosophin Christine Blättler das in den Science Studies diskutierte Verhältnis von Genesis und Geltung und die damit verbundene Frage hinsichtlich der angemessenen Darstellungsweise von Erfahrung unter epistemologischen und sozialphilosophischen Gesichtspunkten. Sie geht dabei vom New Experimentalism aus, welcher sich gegen den in der Wissenschaftstheorie lange Zeit vorherrschenden Primat der Theorie wendet. Dem Experiment wird dabei eine autonome und objektive Funktion in der Wissensgenerierung zugesprochen. Diese Hinwendung zum Experiment steht zugleich für eine Abwendung vom Subjekt und für eine verstärkte Zuwendung zu dem, was sich als eine aperspektivische Objektivität bezeichnen ließe. Blättler setzt an diesem Punkt an, um mithilfe von Benjamins Begriff der Konstellation und seinen Überlegungen zum Erfahrungs- und Wahrnehmungswandel zu einer flexibleren Auffassung bezüglich des Verhältnisses von Objekt, Technik und Subjekt zu gelangen, die es erlaubt, den Gegensatz von Genesis und Geltung zu überwinden.
With this volume, the editors Katharina Edtstadler, Sandra Folie, and Gianna Zocco propose an extension of the traditional conception of imagology as a theory and method for studying the cultural construction and literary representation of national, usually European characters. Consisting of an instructive introduction and 21 articles, the book relates this sub-field of comparative literature to contemporary political developments and enriches it with new interdisciplinary, transnational, intersectional, and intermedial perspectives. The contributions offer [1] a reconsideration and update of the field's methods, genres, and theoretical frames; [2] trans-/post-national, migratory, and marginalized perspectives beyond the European nation-state; [3] insights into geopolitical dichotomies such as Orient/Occident; [4] intersectional approaches considering the entanglements of national images with notions of age, class, gender, sexuality, and ethnicity/race; [5] investigations of the role of national images in visual narratives and music.
An interior delta in the lower course of the Ntem River near the sub-prefecture Ma’an was identified after interpretation of satellite images, topographical maps of SW Cameroon and geological as well as hydrological references and a reconnaissance fieldtrip to the study area. Here neotectonic processes have initiated the establishment of a ‘sediment trap’ (step fault), which in combination with environmental changes strongly generated the fluvial morphology. It transitionally led to temporary lacustrine and palustrine conditions in parts of this river section. Inside the interior delta an anastomosing multi-branched river system has developed, which contains ‘stillwater locations', periodically inundated sections, islands and rapids. Following geomorphological, physiogeographical and sedimentological research approaches, the alluvial plain has been prospected and studied extensively. 91 hand-corings, including three NE–SW transects, were carried out on river benches, levees, cut-off and periodical branches, islands as well as terraces throughout the entire alluvial plain and have unveiled multi-layered, sandy to clayey alluvia reaching up to 440 cm depth. At many locations, fossil organic horizons and palaeosurfaces were discovered, containing valuable palaeoenvironmental proxy data. At these sites, through additional detailed stratigraphical analysis (close-meshed hand-coring and exposure digging) a comprehensive insight into the stratification (lamination) of the alluvia could be gained, clarifying processes and conditions that prevailed in the catchment area during the period of their deposition. 32 Radiocarbon data of macro-rests (leafs, wood), charcoal and organic sediment sampled from these horizons provided ages between 48.230 ± 6.411 and 217 ± 46 years BP (not calibrated). This constitutes the importance of the alluvia as an additional, innovative palaeoarchive for proxy data contributing to the reconstruction of palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate in western Equatorial Africa. The further examination of the alluvia will not only provide additional information on the dynamics of vegetation, climate and hydrology (esp. fluvial morphology) in SW Cameroon since the ‘First Millennium BC Crisis’ (around 3.000 years BP), the main focus of the DFG-research project, but also on conditions prevailing since the Late Pleistocene, during the Last Glacial Maximum (~18.000 years BP), the Younger Dryas impact (~11.000 years BP) and the ‘Humid African Period’ (~9.000–6.000 years BP). Delta13C-values (–31,4 to –26,4‰) evidence that at the particular drilling sites rain forest has prevailed during the corresponding time period (rain forest refuge theory). The sampled macrorests all indicate rain forest dominated ecosystems, which were able to persist in fluvial habitats, even during arid periods.
The article presents an interdisciplinary project that is focussed on an important cultural monument, namely a fortified hilltop settlement in the cadastre of Hradiště near Pilsen. This fortification is attested by five phases, which correspond to the main epochs of the erection of west Bohemian ramparts during the time span from the turn of the early to the Middle Bronze Age until the early medieval period. Geophysical prospection and trial excavations conducted there in 2012 and 2013 revealed important and new information on the stratigraphy and natural environment of the site. The project is particularly directed towards collaboration between archaeology and scientific studies. Geophysical and geochemical aspects of archaeological contexts, archaeobotanical and archaeozoological finds as well as geological composition of the materials from the fortification were analysed. Special attention was given to the problematic of the so-called vitrified walls (Schlackenwälle) associated with this site.
Ever since the discovery of neural networks, there has been a controversy between two modes of information processing. On the one hand, symbolic systems have proven indispensable for our understanding of higher intelligence, especially when cognitive domains like language and reasoning are examined. On the other hand, it is a matter of fact that intelligence resides in the brain, where computation appears to be organized by numerical and statistical principles and where a parallel distributed architecture is appropriate. The present claim is in line with researchers like Paul Smolensky and Peter Gärdenfors and suggests that this controversy can be resolved by a unified theory of cognition – one that integrates both aspects of cognition and assigns the proper roles to symbolic computation and numerical neural computation.
The overall goal in this contribution is to discuss formal systems that are suitable for grounding the formal basis for such a unified theory. It is suggested that the instruments of modern logic and model theoretic semantics are appropriate for analyzing certain aspects of dynamical systems like inferring and learning in neural networks. Hence, I suggest that an active dialogue between the traditional symbolic approaches to logic, information and language and the connectionist paradigm is possible and fruitful. An essential component of this dialogue refers to Optimality Theory (OT) – taken as a theory that likewise aims to overcome the gap between symbolic and neuronal systems. In the light of the proposed logical analysis notions like recoverability and bidirection are explained, and likewise the problem of founding a strict constraint hierarchy is discussed. Moreover, a claim is made for developing an "embodied" OT closing the gap between symbolic representation and embodied cognition.
Neue Vorschläge in der Valenzlexikographie am Beispiel des spanisch-deutschen Verbvalenzwörterbuchs
(2011)
After giving an overview of the implementation of Business German in the curricula of German Departments outside of Germany and showing which place Business German has taken within these departments today, this article focuses on the teaching goals and contents as well as on the competences that ought to be achieved by the students in the German Department at Istanbul University in order to explain which chances and opportunities this study field opens up to students of German language and literature.
Will Literarur "Wirklichkeit" darstellen, so sind die "Neuen Medien" ein Aspekt dieser Wirklichkeit, an dem sich die Gegenwartsliteratur abzuarbeiten hat. Die "Gegenwärtigkeit" der Gegenwartsliteratur beweist sich jedoch nicht nur daran, dass sie das Gegenwartsphänomen "Neue Medien" in ihren Darstellungsanspruch integriert, sondern, wie sie die "Neuen Medien" als Rahmenbedingung des Schreibens mit dem Akt literarischen Schreibens zu einer "Schreib-Szene" koppelt.
Toni Pierenkemper widmet sich der Geschichte des RWI seit Kriegsende. Hierzu gehört die Wiederbegründung und Neuorientierung des RWI (1945 bis 1952) ebenso wie die Rolle des Instituts im wirtschaftlichen Strukturwandel und in der neuen Wirtschafts- und Währungsordnung (1952 bis 1974), in den Krisen der folgenden Jahre (1974 bis 2000) und schließlich die Neuausrichtung im neuen Jahrtausend (2000 bis 2018). Die komplexen Beziehungen zwischen Wirtschaft, Politik und wirtschaftspolitischer Beratung werden dabei offenbar.
In den Text-, Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaften gewinnt in jüngster Zeit ein Thema an Resonanz, das von den Medien selbst längst schon vorgegeben wurde: Sprachwandel im Zeichen des Medienwandels. Den damit einhergehenden und teilweise wohl auch dadurch bedingten Veränderungen in den Gepflogenheiten unseres kommunikativen Gebarens im Alltag gilt daher, beispielsweise, das Interesse der Beiträge zu dem Sammelband Medien, Texte und Maschinen, der die ersten Umrisse einer zu entwickelnden Angewandten Mediensemiotik zu zeichnen strebt. Zu ihren Aufgaben gehören freilich nicht nur die Sichtung der dort vorgestellten theoretischen Ansätze, terminologischen Vereinbarungen, methodischen Instrumentarien, nicht nur die Beobachtung der Konsequenzen technischer Innovationen für den Umgang mit den gewohnten Ressourcen täglicher Information, nicht nur die Analyse der neuartigen Gestalt polycodierter Texte und ihrer Funktionen in Bildung und Wissenschaft, nicht nur die Rekonstruktion von Entwicklungslinien traditioneller Medien etwa der Presse oder der Werbung im Übergang vom Industrie- zum Informationszeitalter, nicht nur die Veranschaulichung versprachlichter Gehalte in anderen Codes, nicht nur die Entfaltung von Perspektiven des Wissenstransfers durch Computervisualistik oder der Sinnkonstruktion an den modernen Maschinen der Kommunikation. Im Folgenden sollen einige Anregungen zusammengefasst und weitergeführt werden, den sog. neuen Genres germanistische Neugier zu widmen: Netzliteratur, Hyperfiction, Computeranimation im Film, Bildschirmästhetik im Fernsehen, Interface- und Textdesign und E-Book-Roman, denn all dies erfordert neue Lektüre- Modelle, zu deren Entwurf und theoretischer Grundlegung es einer textwissenschaftlich systematischen Erforschung bedarf der vielfältigen und sich wechselseitig befruchtenden Formen künstlerischen Ausdrucks in allen Medien und über die kulturellen Grenzen hinweg.
Ausgehend von Benjamins Analogie von Nervenbahn und elektrischer Leitung konzentriert sich der Beitrag auf eine der wichtigen Fragen, die im "Passagen-Werk" behandelt werden, nämlich ob mit der modernen Technik eine Verbindung von organischer und technischer Sphäre vorliegt oder ob die Technik vielmehr als eine denaturierte Natur anzusehen ist. Um diesem Aspekt nachzugehen und die Besonderheit von Benjamins technikphilosophischen Reflexionen herauszustellen, vergleicht Wolfsteiner sie mit Hannah Arendts Handlungstheorie und Max Benses Entwurf einer informationstheoretischen Ästhetik. Die Aktualität von Benjamins Techniktheorie wird abschließend anhand der Science and Technology Studies (STS) in der Nachfolge Bruno Latours und der technikphilosophischen Schriften Gilbert Simondons erörtert.
Interessiert man sich im Hinblick auf den Primitivismus für das Wechselverhältnis von Ethnologie, Kunstgeschichte und den Künsten, versprechen Carl Einsteins kunstwissenschaftliche Schrift 'Negerplastik' und sein kubistisch inspirierter Text 'Bebuquin oder die Dilettanten des Wunders' aufschlussreich für eine Untersuchung zu sein. 'Negerplastik' erörtert kunstgeschichtliche Fragestellungen zur Raumdarstellung am Verhältnis von kubistischer und primitiver Kunst und diskutiert letztere unter einem mit der Ethnologie geteilten Interesse an Kult und Ritual. 'Bebuquin oder die Dilettanten des Wunders' wiederum macht kubistische Formprinzipien und die zirzensischen Künste als Importe des Primitiven in die moderne europäische Großstadt lesbar und betreibt dadurch eine literarische Variante innerkultureller Ethnographie. Die Hypothese teilend, Intermedialität stelle für den modernen Primitivismus ein konstitutives Moment dar, möchte ich ein Medium des Primitivismus in den Fokus rücken, das kulturelle Transfers bei der Konzeptualisierung und Repräsentation des Primitiven besonders greifbar und transparent macht: die Puppe.
High impact events, political changes and new technologies are reflected in our language and lead to constant evolution of terms, expressions and names. Not knowing about names used in the past for referring to a named entity can severely decrease the performance of many computational linguistic algorithms. We propose NEER, an unsupervised method for named entity evolution recognition independent of external knowledge sources. We find time periods with high likelihood of evolution. By analyzing only these time periods using a sliding window co-occurrence method we capture evolving terms in the same context. We thus avoid comparing terms from widely different periods in time and overcome a severe limitation of existing methods for named entity evolution, as shown by the high recall of 90% on the New York Times corpus. We compare several relatedness measures for filtering to improve precision. Furthermore, using machine learning with minimal supervision improves precision to 94%.
Nazım Hikmet’s fairy tale “Cloud in Love” (Sevdalı Bulut) enjoys a world-wide popularity: It has been already translated into many languages, has been filmed and staged several times. This even confirms the thesis of the poet that the fairy tale would appeal to every nation, every age and every cultural level. This article aims to examine Hikmet’s fairy tales under the aspect of the interculturality in his intersemiotic and interlingual translations. First, Hikmet’s perception of fairy tales will be studied, from which some clues are to be gained about the translations of his work. Afterwards, examples from intersemiotic translations of this fairy tale will be indicated. Finally, the German translation of this work will be analyzed, taking into account the transmission of cultural and stylistic elements.
Im Frühaltrussischen koexistierten die drei miteinander konkurrierenden aspektuellen Oppositionen, namlich die alten indoeuropäischen Aspekte (der imperfektive, der perfektive und der perfektische), die alte slavische Opposition Nicht-Iterativität/lterativität und die neuen slavischen Aspekte (=Opposition Imperfektivität/Perfektivitat). Im Laufe der Sprachentwicklung wurden die ersten zwei Oppositionen durch die dritte Opposition verdrängt. Der Verlauf und die Mechanismen dieser Entwicklung werden dargestellt und auf der Grundlage des Konzepts des natürlichen grammatischen Wandels erklärt. Es werden Markiertheitsprinzipien betrachtet, die den natürlichen grammatischen Wandel determinieren. Diese Prinzipien werden als generelle Faktoren typologischen Wandels angesehen, mit deren Hilfe die grammatischen Veränderungen im Sprachsystem erklärt werden können. Die Ausprägung der neuen slavischen Aspekte und die immer starker werdende Einbeziehung der Aspekte in das gesamte Verbalsystem haben entscheidend zur Herausbildung des neuen reduzierten aspektsensitiven Tempussystems beigetragen.
Besteht ein substantieller Zusammenhang zwischen dem akustischen Material der Musik und ihrer ästhetischen Realität? Sind die Möglichkeiten der Musik als Medium emotioneller Kommunikation aus der Schwingungsnatur des Klangs begründbar? Lassen sich Relationen zwischen der inneren Organisation des akustischen Materials und musikalischer Form nachweisen?
Der vorliegende Artikel stellt zwei punktuell aus der Geschichte der Musikästhetik herausgegriffene Positionen nebeneinander, mit denen sich diese Fragen positiv beantworten lassen. Ein erster Zugang gilt den Ideen einer besonderen Affinität zwischen dem 'bewegten Innern' einerseits und dem Klangmaterial der Musik andererseits, dem die deutsche Musiktheorie des späten 18. Jahrhunderts Ausdruck verleiht. Der andere bezieht sich auf den philosophierenden dänischen Physiker Hans Christian Ørsted und seine Vorstellungen eines Zusammenhangs zwischen musikalischer Form und der inneren Beschaffenheit des musikalischen Tons, die er zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts aus Betrachtungen über Chladnis Klangfiguren entwickelte.
Der Beitrag sucht Georg Christoph Lichtenbergs Position im Sprachdenken der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts zu bestimmen. Diese ist durch eine Kombination von anthropologischen und technisch-pragmatischen, sprachhandwerklichen Überlegungen zur "Wörterfertigung" geprägt, bei der Fragen von Lexik und Nomenklatur im Vordergrund stehen. Zu den Leitkriterien des guten Stils gehören Lichtenberg zufolge Wahrheit und Genauigkeit sowie Natürlichkeit und Individualisierung.
Hufeland beginnt seinen Text über die Zeichen des Todes beim Menschen nicht mit dem Hinweis auf die Erfolge der sich konstituierenden Reanimationsmedizin, sondern mit einem Bericht über Felice Fontanas Experimente an ausgetrockneten Haarwürmern und Rädertierchen. Man könnte diesen Einstieg leicht als etwas kuriose Analogie überlesen und sich auf die vitalistischen Lebenskrafttheoreme konzentrieren, die diese Analogie rahmen, aber es lässt sich argumentieren, dass die Rede über die Unsicherheit der Zeichen des Todes und die Möglichkeit der Wiederbelebung, die seit der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts zu vernehmen ist, mit der Erforschung des Lebens mikroskopisch kleiner Organismen wie dem Rädertierchen nicht nur akzidentiell zu tun hat.
Der bedeutendste Vertreter einer theologischen Rezeption der Synergetik ist heute der katholische Th¬eologe Alexandre Ganoczy. Ganoczy empfing seine intellektuelle Prägung im Kontext der französischen 'Nouvelle Th¬éologie', die insbesondere nach 1945 erfolgreich eine Öffnung der katholischen Glaubenslehre in Auseinandersetzung mit zeitgenössischen Herausforderungen reklamierte. Die Pluralität von Weltbildern, die Etablierung einer säkularen Option als Alternative zu religiösen Überzeugungen sowie die Dominanz einer naturwissenschaftlichen Wirklichkeitsdeutung führten die Th¬eologie als Wissenschaft damals in eine Krise, deren Nötigung zur Grundlagenreflexion der Disziplin bis heute fortwirkt.
Nationality traditionally is one of imagology's key terms. In this article, I propose an intersectional understanding of this category, conceiving nationality as an interdependent dynamic. I thus conclude it to be always internally constructed by notions of gender, sexuality, race, class, religion, age, ability, and other identity categories. This complex and multi-layered construct, I argue, is formed narratively. To exemplify this, I analyse practices of stereotyping in Honoré de Balzac's "Illusions perdues" (1843) and Henry James's "The American" (1877) which construct the so-called 'Parisienne' as a synecdoche for nineteenth-century France.
Gegen meine Gewohnheit beginne ich mit einer Art von Vorbemerkung, wie ich sie sonst zu vemeiden suche: Ich muß zunächst sagen, was ich "nicht" leisten kann, was "nicht" von mir zu erwarten ist: Es wäre vemessen, wollte ich in einem kurzen Vortrag generell die Rolle nachzuzeichnen versuchen, die die NFG (also die Nationalen Forschungs- und Gedenkstätten der klassischen deutschen Literatur in Weimar) in der Erbepflege der DDR spielen sollten und gespielt haben.[...] Es ist nicht meine Absicht, hierzu einen substantiellen Beitrag zu leisten. Was ich anbieten kann, sind einige unsystematische, bewußt subjektiv bestimmte Überlegungen, sind Gedanken und Erinnerungen eines Dabeigewesenen zum Thema "Gewinn und Verlust" dieser Epoche in der Archäologie unserer Stadt. [...] Jedem, der hier [in Ostdeutschland] vor und nach der Wende von 1989 gelebt hat und tätig war, ist selbstverständlich bewußt, daß es dabei Gewinn "und" Verlust zu registrieren gibt und daß beides vielfach in der gleichen Erscheinung zutage tritt. Das gilt natürlich auch im Falle der NFG, und es dürfte sich lohnen, hier einmal genauer und differenzierter über diese Bilanz nachzudenken. Ich bin weit davon entfernt, sofort den Saldo ziehen zu wollen. Als Vorarbeit dazu möchte ich lediglich den Blick auf einzelne Rechnungsposten legen, die mir besonders wichtig und interessant erscheinen. Ich erwarte dabei keine ungeteilte Zustimmung: für andere, ebenso Dabeigewesene wird sich in manchem Punkt ein anderes Bild ergeben. Ich nehme aber das Recht in Anspruch, die Maßstäbe zur Beurteilung aus den gegebenen Bedingungen des Lebens in der DDR zu nehmen.
In visual narratives such as comics, national images are actually depicted. While Franco-Belgian comics have been the subject of detailed studies regarding the national stereotypes they convey, Flemish comics have been largely ignored. This article focuses on three albums of the Flemish comic series "Suske en Wiske", in which the heroes travel to a fictitious Eastern Bloc country, Japan, and China. It will examine how both heteroimages and auto-image are presented (visually, textually, and as part of the plot), and how comic characters may combine contradictory ethnotypes. As it will turn out, in the early album (1945) ethnotypes are perpetuated, whereas in later ones (1984, 2008) they are rather undermined.