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In this thesis, the emission of protons as well as the production of Λ hyperons, Κ0S mesons and 3ΛH hypernuclei are analyzed multi-differentially as a function of transverse momentum, rapidity and centrality. Therefore, the 3.03 billion 30 % most central Ag(1.58A GeV)+Ag events recorded by HADES are used. Furthermore, the lifetimes of Λ hyperons, Κ0S mesons and 3ΛH hypernuclei are measured. The obtained 3ΛH lifetime of (253 ± 24 ± 42) ps is compatible with the lifetime of free Λ hyperons, as predicted by theoretic calculations due to its low binding energy. Finally, also the double strange Ξ– hyperons are reconstructed. Unfortunately, the fully optimized signals lie below the confidence threshold of 5σ, which is why both an production rate and an upper production limit are estimated using averaged acceptance and efficiency corrections. Never before, 3ΛH or Ξ– were successfully reconstructed and analyzed in heavy-ion collisions at such low energies. The obtained results are compared to previous measurements and put in context with world data form different energies and collision systems.
Since Vietnamese is an isolating language, word order plays an important role in identifying the function of a particular word. Yet in some contexts word order may be flexible especially in the case of special information-structural settings. Discontinuous noun phrases constitute a specific case of non-canonical word order in Vietnamese.
I have conducted two read-speech experiments in order to find out whether there are prosodic or intonational effects in a comparison between continuous and discontinuous noun phrases in Vietnamese. In the first experiment, speakers from the Northern dialect were recorded and in the second experiment speakers from the Southern dialect. The results showed prosodic differences in the two word order conditions in both dialects. The duration of the classifier is significantly longer (p<0.001, ANOVA calculation) in the case of discontinuous noun phrases and the rising tone (sắc) is clearly articulated as rising. In the case of continuous noun phrases, the duration of the classifier is significantly shorter (p<0.001, ANOVA calculation) and a classifier with rising tone may lose its rising property. These prosodic effects are related to prosodic boundaries. In the case of discontinuous noun phrases, the classifier constitutes the prosodic boundary, whereas with continuous noun phrases, the (right) prosodic boundary occurs further to the right.
I assume that in Vietnamese there is generally a correspondence between syntactic and prosodic structure as in Selkirk (2011) and Féry (2017).
This means that for example the DP hai trái cam ‘two oranges’ (two CLF orange) is matched by a prosodic phrase, thus (hai trái cam)Φ. However, when the noun cam ‘orange’ is separated from the numeral-classifier complex, the noun and the classifier form a prosodic phrase on their own: (hai trái)Φ. It can thus be concluded that intonation effects in Vietnamese are not only present when expressing sentence modality and when changing the role of function words (Đỗ et al. 1998 and Hạ & Grice 2010), but they also play a role in word order change, as in discontinuous nominal phrases.
When it comes to syntactic aspects of discontinuous noun phrases, I discuss whether split constructions in Vietnamese involve movement as proposed by Trịnh (2011) or base-generation as put forward by Fanselow & Féry (2006). I argue for base-generation analysis since the second part of a discontinuous NP (remnant) may also occur outside of discontinuous noun phrases without its head noun and some discontinuous noun phrases do not have a continuous counterpart. My study confirms the connection between syntax and prosody.
The two parts of the discontinuous noun phrase form their own phrases syntactically as well as prosodically.
The increasing demand of the high value ω-3 fatty acids due to its beneficial role for human health, explains the huge need for alternative production ways of ω-3 fatty acids. The oleaginous alga Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a prominent candidate and has been investigated as biofactory for ω-3 fatty acids, e.g. the synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). In general, the growth and the lipid content of diatoms can be enhanced by genetic engineering or are influenced by environmental factors, e.g. nutrients, light or temperature.
In this study, the potential of P. tricornutum as biofactory was improved by heterologously expressing the hexose uptake protein 1 (HUP1) from the Chlorophyte Chlorella kessleri.
An in situ localization study revealed that only the full length HUP1 protein fused to eGFP was correctly targeted to the plasma membrane, whereas the N-terminal sequence of the protein is only sufficient to enter the ER. Protein and gene expression data displayed that the gene-promoter combination was relevant for the expression level of HUP1, while only cells expressing the protein under the light-inducible fcpA promoter showed a significant expression. In these mutants an efficient glucose uptake was detectable under mixotrophic growth condition, low light intensities and low glucose concentrations leading to an increased cell dry weight.
In a second approach, the growth and lipid content of wildtype cells were analyzed in a small 1l photobioreactor. Here, a commercial F/2 medium and a common culture medium, ASP and modified versions were compared. There was neither a significant impact on the growth and lipid content in P. tricornutum cells due to the supplemention of trace elements nor due to elevated salt concentrations in the media. In a modified version of ASP medium, with adapted nitrate and phosphate concentration a constantly high biomass productivity was achieved, yielding the highest value of 82 mg l-1 d-1 during the first three days. This was achieved even though light intensity was reduced by 40%. The differences in biomass productivity as well as the lipid content and the lipid composition underlined the importance of the choice of culture medium and the harvest time for enhanced growth and EPA yields in P. tricornutum.
Standard cancer therapy research targets tumor cells while not considering the damage on the tumor microenvironment (TME) and its associated implications in impairing therapy response. Employing patients-derived organoids (PDOs) and matched stroma cells or a novel murine preclinical rectal cancer model of local radiotherapy, it was demonstrated that tumor cells-derived IL-1α polarizes cancer-associated fibroblasts towards an inflammatory (iCAFs) phenotype. While numerous studies in different tumor entities highlighted the molecular heterogeneity of CAFs, so far there are no clear findings on their functional heterogeneity and relevance in therapy resistance and response. The present study molecularly characterized iCAFs subpopulation among RCA patients as well as the preclinical mouse model and importantly unraveled the detailed molecular mechanism underlying their contribution to impair therapy response. Mechanistically, iCAFs were demonstrated to be characterized by an upregulation of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) which triggered accumulation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and subsequently an oxidative DNA damage response (DDR). Such a baseline IL-1α-driven DNA damage further sensitized iCAFs to a p53-mediated therapy induced senescence (TIS) causing extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) changes and induction of senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that favored tumor progression and hindered tumor cell death. Moreover, iCAFs reversibility and repolarization into more quiescent like phenotype was demonstrated upon IL-1 signaling inhibition by anakinra, a recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RA). Accordingly, treating mice with anakinra or specific deletion of Il1r1 in CAFs sensitized stroma-rich resistant tumors to chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Similarly, targeting CAFs senescence by senotherapy (venetoclax chemical) or employing Trp53 deficient mice reverted therapy resistance among non-responsive tumors in vivo by reducing ECM deposition and consequently favoring CD8+ T cells intratumoral infiltration posttherapy. Importantly, rectal cancer patients that do not completely respond to neoadjuvant therapy displayed an iCAFs senescence program post-CRT. Moreover, these patients presented a baseline increased CAFs content, a dominant iCAFs signature that correlated with poorer disease-free survival (DFS) and a significantly reduced circulating IL1RA serum levels. While reduced pretherapeutic IL1RN gene expression predicted poor prognosis among RCA patients, IL1RA serum levels were associated with rs4251961 (T/C) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the IL1RN gene. Finally, functional validation assays revealed that conditioned media of PDOs drove inflammatory polarization of fibroblasts and consequently rendered them sensitive to RNS-mediated DNA damage and TIS. Collectively, the study highlighted a crucial and novel role of a CAFs subset, iCAFs, in therapy resistance among RCA patients, shedding light on their functional relevance by identifying IL-1 signaling as an appealing target for their repolarization and successful targeting. Therefore, it makes sense to combine the newly demonstrated and thoroughly proven therapeutic approach of targeting IL-1 signaling in combination with conventional CRT and possibly immunotherapy. This might have a major impact on RCA therapy and be of immense relevance for other stroma-rich tumors.
Kurz zusammengefasst waren die Ziele dieser Arbeit, die in vivo Untersuchung einer Hyperhomocysteinämie und spezifischer diätetischer Mikronährstoffe im Kontext der Alzheimer-Erkrankung. Zu diesem Zweck wurden zwei Krankheitsmodelle in den Mäusen induziert. Zum einen wurde eine Alzheimer-ähnliche Pathologie genetisch simuliert durch den Einsatz des neuen AppNL-G-F knock-in Modells, das im Zuge dieser Arbeit auch weiter charakterisiert wurde. Zum anderen wurde eine chronische Hyperhomocysteinämie in den Tieren induziert via Langzeit-Fütterung einer Spezialdiät, die defizient an den Vitaminen B6, B12 und Folat war, was sich durch erhöhte Werte der Aminosäuren Homocystein und Homocysteinsäure in verschiedenen biologischen Matrices der Mäuse wie Serum, Urin und Hirngewebe, bemerkbar machte. Durch die Kombination der Krankheitsmodelle wurden sowohl Aspekte einer familiären Alzheimer-Erkrankung (verstärkter Amyloid-β-Anabolismus im knock-in Modell) als auch ein potentielles Charakteristikum der sporadischen Form der Krankheit (erhöhte Homocystein-Spiegel) simuliert. Auswirkungen des AppNL-G-F Genotyps, einer zusätzlichen Hyperhomocysteinämie und potentiell vorteilhafter, oder gar präventiv wirksamer Mikronährstoffe wurden dabei mit Hilfe von diversen Verhaltensversuchen und ergänzenden ex vivo Analysen bewertet.
Trotz massiver cerebraler Amyloidose war lediglich ein milder Einfluss auf die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit der AppNL-G-F Tiere im Vergleich zur gleichaltrigen Wildtyp-Kontrolle detektierbar. Dies weist zum einen auf die Subtilität des Mausmodells hin und zum anderen befeuert es die kontroverse, häufig geführte Diskussion um die zentrale Bedeutung der „Amyloid-Hypothese“ im Rahmen der komplexen Alzheimer-Pathologie. Die kognitiven Fähigkeiten der entsprechenden Mäuse verschlechterten sich auch nicht bei gleichzeitig signifikant erhöhten Homocystein- und Homocysteinsäurespiegeln, d.h. die Hyperhomocysteinämie hat in diesem Modell für familiären Alzheimer nicht kausal zur Verschlimmerung der induzierten Pathologie beigetragen sowohl hinsichtlich der kognitiven Leistung in diversen Verhaltensversuchen als auch hinsichtlich dem Schweregrad der cerebralen Amyloidose.
Zur Hyperhomocysteinämie, vor allem aber auch zur Rolle bestimmter diätetischer Interventionen in dem Kontext, findet man eine heterogene, teilweise konträre Literatur vor, insbesondere im klinischen Kontext. Die untersuchten diätetischen Ansätze in dieser Arbeit, bestehend aus hochdosierten B-Vitaminen, mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren, Betain und einer komplexeren Mikronährstoffkombination, zeigten ebenfalls keinen konsistenten Effekt auf Phänotyp und Amyloid-β-Menge in den Hirnen der Tiere. Die Ergebnisse der durchgeführten Studien legen daher, zumindest in diesem Krankheitsmodell, keinen Wert als potentiell präventiven Ansatz der kognitiven Verschlechterung bei Alzheimer nahe.
Da die dieser Arbeit zugrundeliegenden in vivo Studien keine per se erhöhten, AppNL-G-F-assoziierten Homocysteinspiegel offenbarten, zeigte sich Homocystein nicht als Biomarker, zumindest für die in diesem Mausmodell simulierten Aspekte der komplexen Alzheimer-Pathologie. Neben den zuvor beschriebenen fehlenden Effekten der Hyperhomocysteinämie, konnten in dieser Arbeit jedoch auch statistisch signifikante Einflüsse sichtbar gemacht werden. Wie in der durchgeführten Kinetikstudie gezeigt, resultierte die Alzheimer-ähnliche Pathologie in einem signifikant höheren Schweregrad der ausgebildeten Hyperhomocysteinämie in den AppNL-G-F Tieren im Vergleich zur gleichaltrigen Wildtyp-Kontrolle. Folglich übte der gestörte Amyloid-β-Metabolismus, neben der B-vitamindefizienten Diät, einen zusätzlich verstärkenden Effekt auf den hyperhomocysteinämischen Status aus. Sowohl für knock-in-, als auch Wildtyp-Tiere konnte gezeigt werden, dass bei Beendigung der Karenz an Vitamin B6, B12 und Folat, die erhöhten Homocystein- und Homocysteinsäurespiegel innerhalb kurzer Zeit wieder auf Baseline-Niveau normalisiert werden können.
Weitere signifikante Effekte wurden detektiert bezüglich Erythrozyten-bezogener Parameter wie den Hämoglobingehalt im Blut der hyperhomocysteinämischen Tiere. Ein reduzierter Sauerstofftransport und die damit einhergehende verringerte Versorgung der Neuronen mit Sauerstoff in den entsprechenden experimentellen Gruppen deuten auf eine vornehmlich vaskuläre Wirkung hin im Hinblick auf Homocystein-bezogene Pathomechanismen, die potentiell zu einer Demenz beitragen. Solche Effekte können zusätzlich verstärkt worden sein durch die, in der durchgeführten Proteomanalyse gezeigte, Herunterregulierung angiogener Marker im Serum und in der Cerebrospinalflüssigkeit dieser Tiere. Eine Verringerung der kapillären Dichte im Hirn und ein verringerter cerebraler Blutfluss haben ein zusätzlich reduziertes Angebot an Sauerstoff und Glucose zur Folge und stellen einen Link zu eingeschränkter kognitiver Leistungsfähigkeit in Älteren und Alzheimer-Patienten dar. Translational relevant ist eine vaskuläre Wirkung von Homocystein auch dadurch, dass vaskuläre Demenz und Alzheimer in etwa 40% der Fälle koinzident sind und Homocystein in früheren Humanuntersuchungen eine größere Bedeutung bei der vaskulären Demenz im Vergleich zur Alzheimer-Erkrankung nahelegte.
Auch wenn in Summe die beschriebenen Effekte der Hyperhomocysteinämie nicht groß genug waren, um sich in phänotypischen Einschränkungen in den Tieren auszudrücken, so konnten in der hier vorliegenden Arbeit dennoch Details zur Rolle erhöhter Homocysteinspiegel für verschiedene biologische Prozesse aufgeklärt werden. Insbesondere die Funde der explorativen Proteomanalyse in Serum und CSF könnten Ansatzpunkte für weitergehende Untersuchungen darstellen und sollten in anderen präklinischen Krankheitsmodellen und/oder einer Humanstudie validiert werden.
With 5-10 newly diagnosed patients per 100,000 people every year, glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor. Despite extensive research activity in the last decades, clinical effectiveness of the currently available therapy standard of surgery, radiochemotherapy and tumor-treating fields is still limited and mean survival rates in unselected collectives are only about one year. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to explore new therapeutic options. The current standard of care includes surgery followed by radiation therapy in combination with the alkylating chemotherapeutic agent Temozolomide. Even with successful initial therapy, tumor recurrence is still inevitable. Currently, there are no defined recommendations for clinical management of the disease in the event of tumor recurrence. Only 20-30% of patients qualify for a second surgical resection, while other options include retreatment with Temozolomide, CCNU (Lomustine) or Regorafenib and enrollment in a clinical trial.
The development of immunotherapies for glioblastoma, in particular, has been the focus of intense preclinical and clinical efforts. However, low numbers of mutations and a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment result in glioblastoma being considered an immunologically “cold” tumor. Strategies successfully established in mutagen-induced tumors with antibodies directed against the PD-1, PD-L1 or CTLA-A4 immune checkpoints have therefore failed in glioblastoma.
Cellular immunotherapies based on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-technology have emerged as an alternative powerful option to tackle immunologically “cold” tumors. Several CAR-T cell products targeting glioma antigens have been developed and some evidence of clinical activity has been demonstrated. Natural killer (NK) cells as carriers of CAR constructs have several advantages over T cells, including a much lower risk of neurotoxicity and better interaction with immune cells in the microenvironment. Based on the human NK cell line NK-92, a clinical-grade product, suitable as an off-the-shelf therapeutic, has been developed. The NK-92/5.28.z clone (CAR-NK) expresses a CAR based on the HER2-specific antibody FRP5 in addition to signal-enhancing CD28 and CD3ζ domains. Similar to several other tumor entities, overexpression of the growth factor receptor HER2 is often found in glioblastoma patients. Because of its substantial role in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, angiogenesis and invasion, this receptor is classified as an oncogene. HER2 overexpression plays a major role in the malignant transformation of cells and its oncogenic potential has been studied in detail in breast cancer. However, HER2 expression was also found in up to 80% of glioblastomas, which correlates with an impaired probability of survival. Under physiological conditions, HER2 is not expressed in the adult central nervous system, making it a promising target antigen for glioblastoma immunotherapy.
In previous projects, it has already been shown that these CAR-NK cells exhibit a high and specific lytic activity towards HER2+ glioblastoma cells. While repetitive intratumoral injections of CAR-NK cells already significantly extended symptom-free survival in murine orthotopic xenograft models, CAR-NK cell therapy in immunocompetent mice promotes an endogenous anti-tumor immune response which improves tumor control and provides persisting anti-tumor immunity after therapy of early-stage tumors. However, in more advanced tumor models, efficacy is limited and induction of the checkpoint-molecule PD-L1 in response to CAR-NK-cell therapy was identified as a key mechanism of therapy resistance.
Immunotherapy employing the intravenous administration of checkpoint inhibitors has already revolutionized the treatment of various malignant diseases such as melanoma or lung cancer. In particular, the approach of cancer immunotherapy has focused on the systemic administration of antibodies directed against immune checkpoints such as PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4. In glioblastoma, both tumor cells and microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, express PD-L1, which hinders the activation of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Therefore, immunotherapy directed against the PD-1/PD-L1 axis represents a promising approach for the treatment of glioblastoma. One problem, however, is the severe toxicity caused by the systemic effects of checkpoint inhibitors, since the immune response is stimulated not only in tumor tissue but also in healthy organs. Serious side effects such as colitis, hepatitis, pancreatitis or hypophysitis, including numerous deaths, have been reported.
This study aimed to improve the efficacy of CAR-NK cell therapy by combining it with adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated transfer of anti-PD-1 antibodies as a strategy to enable local combination therapy to control intracranial tumors.
AAVs carrying a payload coding for an anti-PD-1 immunoadhesin (aPD-1) retargeted to HER2-expressing cells by fusion of so-called Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins) with a viral capsid protein were employed for this to focus checkpoint inhibitor therapy to the tumor area, resulting in high intratumoral and low systemic drug concentrations. ...
The thesis is composed of four Chapters.
In the first Chapter, the boundary expression of the one-sided shape derivative of nonlocal Sobolev best constants is derived. As a simple consequence, we obtain the fractional version of the so-called Hadamard formula for the torsional rigidity and the first Dirichlet eigenvalue. An application to the optimal obstacle placement problem for the torsional rigidity and the first eigenvalue of the fractional Laplacian is given.
In the second Chapter, we introduce and prove a new maximum principle for doubly antisymmetric functions. The latter can be seen as the first step towards studying the optimal obstacle placement problem for the second fractional eigenvalue. Using the new maximum principle we derive new symmetry results for odd solutions to semilinear Dirichlet boundary value problems with Lipschitz nonlinearity.
In the third Chapter, we derive new integration by parts formula for the fractional Laplace operator with a general globally Lipschitz vector field and in particular, we obtain a new Pohozaev type identity generalizing the one obtained by X. Ros-Oton and J. Serra. As an application we obtain nonexistence results for semilinear Dirichlet boundary problems in bounded domains that are not necessarly starshaped.
In the last Chapter, we study symmetry properties of second eigenfunctions of annuli. Using results from the first Chapter and the maximum principle in Chpater 2, we extend the result on the optimal obstacle placement problem from the first eigenvalue to the second eigenvalue.
Sterben, Tod und Jenseits werden in der Medienlandschaft täglich behandelt. Bilderbücher und Graphic Novels werden mit diesen Themen häufig nicht in Verbindung gebracht, jedoch steigt die Anzahl an Veröffentlichungen. Dabei stellt sich die Frage, welche Bilder dargestellt werden. Wie wird die teils junge Zielgruppe berücksichtigt?
Anhand von Fallbeispielen aus Bilderbüchern und Graphic Novels zeigt Birte Svea Philippi auf, welche gemeinsame Bildideen die Autor*innen aufgreifen
We present new results on nonlocal Dirichlet problems established by means of suitable spectral theoretic and variational methods, taking care of the nonlocal feature of the operators. We mainly address: First, we estimate the Morse index of radially symmetric sign changing bounded weak solutions to a semilinear Dirichlet problem involving the fractional Laplacian. In particular, we derive a conjecture due to Bañuelos and Kulczycki on the geometric structure of the second Dirichlet eigenfunctions. Secondly, we study a small order asymptotics with respect to the parameter s of the Dirichlet eigenvalues problem for the fractional Laplacian. Thirdly, we deal with the logarithmic Schrödinger operator. In particular, we provide an alternative to derive the singular integral representation corresponding to the associated Fourier symbol and introduce tools and functional analytic framework for variational studies. Finaly, we study nonlocal operators of order strictly below one. In particular, we investigate interior regularity properties of weak solutions to the associated Poisson problem depending on the regularity of the right-hand side.