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Restructuration des répertoires langagiers de migrant·e·s de la République du Congo en Lorraine
(2023)
Cette thèse étudie la complexité du plurilinguisme des migrant·e·s d’origine de la République du Congo en Lorraine à travers le prisme de la restructuration des répertoires langagiers. En affûtant la conceptualisation de la restructuration des répertoires langagiers par l’étude du plurilinguisme des migrant·e·s d’origine congolaise, cette recherche ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour les recherches portant sur le plurilinguisme, notamment concernant les mobilités transgénérationnelles et la diversité des processus de restructuration façonnant les répertoires langagiers. En se focalisant sur les biographies langagières et migratoires de 15 individus migrants, sur leurs réseaux sociaux et sur leurs ressources langagières, cette étude révèle la diversité des processus et des facteurs au cœur des restructurations des répertoires langagiers à travers une étude ethnographique multi-située en Lorraine et au Congo. La compréhension de la diversité des dynamiques restructurant les connaissances langagières des enquêté·e·s passe par l’étude des situations de socialisation langagière au Congo dans leur historicité, des itinéraires de migration et des restructurations des réseaux sociaux ainsi que des répertoires langagiers dans l’installation en Lorraine. Les participations à la société lorraine et ses groupes sociaux imprègnent les identifications, les orientations sociales et les positionnements dans les réseaux sociaux et vice-versa.
Les répertoires langagiers apparaissent comme des enregistrements de la mobilité des individus et de celle des générations antérieures ainsi que de leur entourage. Les restructurations concernent entre autres les ressources associées au français, aux langues congolaises et à d’autres langues appropriées par la migration. Les ressources du français sont restructurées par les migrant·e·s en s’appropriant les ressources courantes dans différentes situations sociales en Lorraine, en marquant et/ou en dissimulant les ressources appropriées ailleurs et inappropriées dans ces situations. En même temps, un savoir de différenciation des ressources, dont font aussi partie les schémas de catégorisation et les stratégies communicatives, est développé et une (in)sécurité langagière se manifeste. Les ressources associées aux langues congolaises, leurs fonctions sociales et leurs représentations sont restructurées dans des processus d’attrition, d’actualisation, de transformation et d’élaboration langagière. Les ressources associées à d’autres langues européennes appropriées par la migration sont reléguées au second plan et se perdent lentement par manque d’usage. Enfin, les connaissances liées à la gestion du plurilinguisme, de la diversité culturelle et de l’altérité, appropriées dans les mêmes situations de diversité, aident au traitement interne des expériences des mobilités spatiales et sociales ainsi que des restructurations des répertoires langagiers.
In the human brain, the incoming light to the retina is transformed into meaningful representations that allow us to interact with the world. In a similar vein, the RGB pixel values are transformed by a deep neural network (DNN) into meaningful representations relevant to solving a computer vision task it was trained for. Therefore, in my research, I aim to reveal insights into the visual representations in the human visual cortex and DNNs solving vision tasks.
In the previous decade, DNNs have emerged as the state-of-the-art models for predicting neural responses in the human and monkey visual cortex. Research has shown that training on a task related to a brain region’s function leads to better predictivity than a randomly initialized network. Based on this observation, we proposed that we can use DNNs trained on different computer vision tasks to identify functional mapping of the human visual cortex.
To validate our proposed idea, we first investigate a brain region occipital place area (OPA) using DNNs trained on scene parsing task and scene classification task. From the previous investigations about OPA’s functions, we knew that it encodes navigational affordances that require spatial information about the scene. Therefore, we hypothesized that OPA’s representation should be closer to a scene parsing model than a scene classification model as the scene parsing task explicitly requires spatial information about the scene. Our results showed that scene parsing models had representation closer to OPA than scene classification models thus validating our approach.
We then selected multiple DNNs performing a wide range of computer vision tasks ranging from low-level tasks such as edge detection, 3D tasks such as surface normals, and semantic tasks such as semantic segmentation. We compared the representations of these DNNs with all the regions in the visual cortex, thus revealing the functional representations of different regions of the visual cortex. Our results highly converged with previous investigations of these brain regions validating the feasibility of the proposed approach in finding functional representations of the human brain. Our results also provided new insights into underinvestigated brain regions that can serve as starting hypotheses and promote further investigation into those brain regions.
We applied the same approach to find representational insights about the DNNs. A DNN usually consists of multiple layers with each layer performing a computation leading to the final layer that performs prediction for a given task. Training on different tasks could lead to very different representations. Therefore, we first investigate at which stage does the representation in DNNs trained on different tasks starts to differ. We further investigate if the DNNs trained on similar tasks lead to similar representations and on dissimilar tasks lead to more dissimilar representations. We selected the same set of DNNs used in the previous work that were trained on the Taskonomy dataset on a diverse range of 2D, 3D and semantic tasks. Then, given a DNN trained on a particular task, we compared the representation of multiple layers to corresponding layers in other DNNs. From this analysis, we aimed to reveal where in the network architecture task-specific representation is prominent. We found that task specificity increases as we go deeper into the DNN architecture and similar tasks start to cluster in groups. We found that the grouping we found using representational similarity was highly correlated with grouping based on transfer learning thus creating an interesting application of the approach to model selection in transfer learning.
During previous works, several new measures were introduced to compare DNN representations. So, we identified the commonalities in different measures and unified different measures into a single framework referred to as duality diagram similarity. This work opens up new possibilities for similarity measures to understand DNN representations. While demonstrating a much higher correlation with transfer learning than previous state-of-the-art measures we extend it to understanding layer-wise representations of models trained on the Imagenet and Places dataset using different tasks and demonstrate its applicability to layer selection for transfer learning.
In all the previous works, we used the task-specific DNN representations to understand the representations in the human visual cortex and other DNNs. We were able to interpret our findings in terms of computer vision tasks such as edge detection, semantic segmentation, depth estimation, etc. however we were not able to map the representations to human interpretable concepts. Therefore in our most recent work, we developed a new method that associates individual artificial neurons with human interpretable concepts.
Overall, the works in this thesis revealed new insights into the representation of the visual cortex and DNNs...
Bei Vorliegen eines metastasierten kastrationsresistenten Prostatakarzinoms ist die Radioligandentherapie mit 177Lu-PSMA-617 bzw. 177Lu-PSMA-I&T (hier abgekürzt 177Lu-PSMA) eine mögliche Therapieoption. Sie setzt eine ausreichende Expression von prostataspezifischem Membranantigen (PSMA) auf dem Tumorgewebe des Prostatakarzinoms voraus. Da PSMA auch auf physiologischem Gewebe exprimiert wird, sind bestimmte Organe einer erhöhten Dosis ausgesetzt. Die Niere ist aufgrund der PSMA-Expression und der renalen Eliminierung des Radionuklids eines dieser Risikoorgane.
Eine generelle Leitlinie zur Überwachung der Nierendosis unter Therapie mit 177Lu-PSMA existiert noch nicht, jedoch wird empfohlen, bei Durchführung mehrerer Therapiezyklen eine Dosimetrie der Risikoorgane durchzuführen. Meist erfolgt die Nierendosimetrie mittels SPECT/CT. Dieses Verfahren wird als Goldstandard angesehen, da es eine Korrektur der Schwächung, Streuung und des Hintergrundes zulässt.
Die Dosimetrie durch eine SPECT/CT-Bildgebung ist jedoch nicht immer möglich. Dementsprechend gibt es in Studien mehrere Ansätze der Nierendosimetrie ohne SPECT/CT.
In dieser Arbeit werden zwei unterschiedliche Verfahren zur Nierendosimetrie vorgestellt, die einzig mit konventionellen nuklearmedizinischen Modalitäten durchgeführt werden. Diese werden an einem großen Patientenkollektiv angewendet und anhand bereits in der Literatur bestehenden Studien und Ergebnissen evaluiert und mit diesen verglichen. Die Nierendosis in der Literatur bewegt sich dabei meist zwischen 0,4 und 0,8 Gy pro GBq applizierter Aktivität (Gy/GBq).
Die hier vorgestellte Methode 1 arbeitet mit Messwerten aus der Gammasonde, Ganzkörperszintigraphie und abdominalem SPECT. Messwerte werden an der Gammasonde 0 und 48 Stunden nach Applikation von 177Lu-PSMA erhoben, die Szintigraphie wird 48 Stunden und die SPECT 24, 48 und 72 Stunden post iniectionem angefertigt.
Methode 2 der Nierendosimetrie dagegen benötigt nur die 24, 48 und 72 Stunden nach Applikation durchgeführte SPECT sowie die durch eine CT-Bildgebung messbaren Abstände der Nieren zur Körperoberfläche. Durch zuvor durchgeführte Messungen mit einem Torso-Phantom ist die Bestimmung einer patientenindividuellen Effektivität möglich, die die Bestimmung der Nierendosis in Abhängigkeit zur Lage der Nieren möglich macht.
Die gemittelte Nierendosis von 196 Patienten, die eine Therapie mit 177Lu-PSMA erhielten, betrugt 0,29 ± 0,14 Gy/GBq bei Methode 1 und 0,54 ± 0,2g Gy/GBq bei Methode 2. Im Schnitt wurden 3,54 ± 2,63 Therapiezyklen je Patient durchgeführt.
Da bisher nur Studien mit einer kleinen Patientenkohorte vorliegen, besteht die Notwendigkeit zur Durchführung von Arbeiten mit mehr Patienten. Die vorliegende Arbeit schließt 196 Patienten mit 926 durchgeführten Therapiezyklen ein, wodurch Ergebnisse erzielt wurden, die valide Aussagen treffen lassen.
Nach Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit bereits vorliegenden Studien sollte Methode 1 der Nierendosimetrie angesichts der fehlenden Möglichkeit zur Schwächungskorrektur verworfen werden, da dies die Gefahr der Unterschätzung der Nierendosis mit sich bringt. Stattdessen sollte Methode 2 präferiert werden, deren Ergebnisse sich mit den anderen zum Vergleich herangezogenen Studien decken.
Eine Durchführung mit Methode 2 ist dementsprechend sicher und ist in Betracht zu ziehen, sollte die Nierendosimetrie mit einem SPECT/CT nicht möglich sein.
Oceanic islands only comprise a small amount of the Earth’s land area but harbour a disproportionate amount of global biodiversity. This vast diversity is not only reflected in the taxonomic uniqueness of island biota but also in the remarkable evolution of functional traits. Functional traits, i.e. measurable characteristics that strongly influence the fitness of species, determine how a species responds to its environment and can help to gain more insights into the biogeographical, ecological and evolutionary processes that have shaped island biodiversity. However, research in island biogeography has primarily focused on species richness, and knowledge of functional trait patterns on oceanic islands is scarce. Hence, in this dissertation, I have explored how trait-based approaches can increase our understanding of how biodiversity on oceanic islands assembles and how it is driven by the environment. The Canary Islands (Spain) are a particularly suitable model system to investigate patterns and drivers of biodiversity. The archipelago is characterised by a high variation in environmental heterogeneity and inhabits a unique and well-described native flora. Therefore, I have investigated five principal research questions using the flora (Spermatophytes) of the Canary Islands as a study object. First, I have analysed how climate and biogeography shape the assembly of the Canary Islands flora using a novel trait-based approach. Second, the question of whether rare climates link to functional trait distinctiveness in the native Canary Islands flora was addressed. Third, I have examined how intraspecific trait variation is represented in the native flora of oceanic islands focusing on the succulent scrub of La Palma (Canary Islands). Fourth, this dissertation investigated whether scientific floras can be reliable sources for trait data of plants native to oceanic islands. Finally, I have explored how climate change may impact the native Canary Islands flora by analysing possible climate change-induced shifts in plant species distribution and plant traits.
The results of my dissertation expand the understanding of the importance of biogeography and the environment in determining the functional composition of island floras. I have assessed that traits of endemic plant species did not expand the functional trait space of the Canary Islands but were packed with the ones of non-endemic species. This result hints at a trait convergence in endemic species, possibly driven by non-adaptive speciation processes. Moreover, I have evidenced that humidity is a critical driver of functional diversity in native plant assemblages and particularly leads to a high trait convergence in arid environments via environmental filtering. In contrast, alien species have expanded the Canary Islands flora’s functional trait space. I further have shown that in contrast to native species assemblages, alien species assemblages are characterised by an increasing functional diversity with increasing aridity. This contrasting pattern of functional diversity could pose a potential risk to the native flora of the Canary Islands as a low functional diversity is expected to reduce the resilience of species assemblages to the establishment of more functionally diverse alien plant species. However, in this dissertation, I also have revealed that endemic plant species on the Canary Islands show a high intraspecific variation in arid environments, possibly as an adaptation to environmental stress. Intraspecific variation could help endemic plant species have a competitive advantage over alien species and be more resilient to environmental changes. Furthermore, in this dissertation, I have shown that scientific floras and taxonomic monographs could be used to gain information on quantitative functional traits of plants native to oceanic islands. This finding is particularly relevant for advances in trait-based research, as coverage of trait data for oceanic island floras is extremely poor in global trait databases. Hence, for some of the studies included in this dissertation, trait data were retrieved from scientific floras and taxonomic monographs and used to answer novel scientific research questions. Thus, I have used trait data from the literature to analyse the effect of climate change on the range size of plants native to the Canary Islands. Identifying plant species of particular conservation concern is critical on oceanic islands as many island species have limited distributions and small population sizes, and their niche tracking is impeded by insularity. I have revealed that single-island endemic plants gain less and lose more climatically suitable areas than archipelago endemic and non-endemic native plants due to a climate change-induced decrease in precipitation until 2100...
A promising strategy to reduce the dependency from fossil fuels is to use the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to bioconvert renewable non-food feedstocks or waste streams, like lignocellulosic biomass, into bioethanol and other valuable molecule blocks. Lignocellulosic feedstocks contain glucose and significant fractions of the pentoses xylose and arabinose in varying proportions depending on the biomass type. S. cerevisiae is an efficient glucose consumer, but it cannot metabolize xylose and arabinose naturally. Therefore, extensive research using recombinant DNA techniques has been conducted to introduce and improve the biochemical pathways necessary to utilize these non-physiological substrates. However, any functional pathway capable of metabolizing D xylose and L arabinose in S. cerevisiae requires the transport of these sugars across the plasma membrane. The endogenous sugar transport system of S. cerevisiae can conduct a limited uptake of D-xylose and L-arabinose; this uptake enables only basal growth when the enzymatic pathways are provided. For this reason, the uptake of D xylose and L-arabinose has been recognized as a limiting step for the efficient utilization of these non-physiological substrates.
Gal2, a member of the major facilitator superfamily, is one of the most studied hexose transporters in S. cerevisiae. Although its expression is repressed in the presence of glucose, it also transports this sugar with high affinity when constitutively expressed. Recent efforts to engineer yeast strains for the utilization of plant biomass have unraveled the ability of Gal2 to transport non-physiological substrates like xylose and arabinose, among others. Improving Gal2 kinetic and substrate specificity, particularly for pentoses, has become a crucial target in strain engineering. The main goal of this study is to improve the utilization of xylose and arabinose by increasing the cell permeability of these non physiological substrates through the engineering of the galactose permease Gal2.
GAL2 gene expression depends on galactose, which acts as an inducer; nevertheless, even in the presence of galactose, glucose act as a strict repressor; consequently, GAL2 gene is usually placed under the control of a constitutive promoter. However, the presence of glucose additionally triggers the Gal2 degradation, which is mediated by the covalent attachment of the small 76 amino acid protein ubiquitin (Ub) to the targeted transporter; in a multi-step process called ubiquitination.
Ubiquitination of hexose permeases involves the activation of the Ub molecule by the E1 Ub-activating enzyme using ATP; then, the activated Ub is transferred to a specific Ub-conjugating enzyme E2, which donates the Ub indirectly through a specific HECT E3 enzyme (Rsp5) to a lysine residue of the substrate, with the aid of an adaptor protein which recognizes the target (Rsp5-adaptor). Ubiquitinated permeases are sent by membrane invagination to early endosomes, where they encounter ESCRTs (endosomal sorting complex required for transport). The targeted permeases are sorted in intralumenal vesicles (ILV) inside of the endosome, which after several cycles, turns into a multivesicular body (MVB) that subsequently fuses with the vacuole to expose the protein content of the ILVs to lumenal hydrolases for degradation.
Gal2 contains 30 lysine residues that may accept the ubiquitin molecule, which targets its degradation. It is known that mono-ubiquitination by Rsp5 on multiple lysine residues is necessary to internalize Gal2 (Horak & Wolf, 2001). However, the authors did not identify the specific lysine residues involved in the ubiquitination processes. This study screened several Gal2 variants where lysine residues were mutated or removed from the protein sequence to discover which lysine residues are likely involved in ubiquitination and consequent turnover of the transporter. The results of the screening showed that mutation of the N terminal lysine residues 27, 37, and 44 to arginine (Gal23KR) produced a functional transporter that, when fused with GFP (Gal23KR_GFP), showed an exclusive localization at the plasma membrane in cells growing in galactose or glucose as a sole carbon source (Tamayo Rojas et al., 2021b).
This study furthermore evaluated upstream signals caused by phosphorylation which triggers ubiquitination and consequent turnover of the targeted protein; using similar screening approaches to assess the stabilization of Gal2 by lysine residue modifications, it was possible to identify that N terminal serine residues 32, 35, 39, 48, 53, and 55 are likely involved in the internalization of Gal2, since a Gal2 construct where all these serines were mutated to alanine residues and tagged with GFP (Gal26SA_GFP) exhibited practically complete localization at the plasma membrane in cells growing in galactose or glucose as a sole carbon source (Tamayo Rojas et al., 2021b)...
Terahertz (THz) radiation lies between the micro and far-infrared range in the electromagnetic spectrum. Compared with microwave and millimeter waves, it has a larger signal bandwidth and extremely narrow antenna beam. Thus, it is easier to achieve high-resolution for imaging and detection applications. The unique properties, such as penetration for majority non-polar materials, non-ionizing characteristic and the spectral fingerprint of materials, makes THz imaging an appealing artifice in the military, biomedical, astronomical communications, and other areas. However, THz radiation’s current low power level and detection sensitivity block THz imaging system from including fewer optical elements than the visible or infrared range. This leads to imaging resolution, contrast, and imaging field of view degenerate and makes the aberration more serious. THz imaging based on the space Fourier spectrum detection is developed in this thesis to achieve high-quality imaging. The main concept of Fourier imaging is by recording the field distribution in the Fourier plane (focal plane) of the imaging system; the information of the target is obtained. The numerical processing method is needed to extract the amplitude and phase information of the imaged target. With additional process, three-dimensional (3D) information can be obtained based on the phase information. The novel recording and reconstructing ways of the Fourier imaging system enables it to have a higher resolution, better contrast, and broader field of view than conventional imaging systems such as microscopy and plane to plane telescopic imaging system.
The work presented in this thesis consists of two imaging systems, one is working at 300 GHz based on the fundamental heterodyne detection of the THz radiation, the other is operated at 600 GHz by utilizing the sub harmonic heterodyne detection technique. The realization and test of the heterodyne detection are based on the THz antenna-coupled field-effect transistor (TeraFET) detector developed by Dr. Alvydas Lisauskas. Both systems use two synchronized electronic multiplier chains to radiate the THz waves. One radiation works as the local oscillator (LO), the other works as illumination with a slight frequency shift, the radiations are mixed on the detector scanning in the Fourier plane to record the complex Fourier spectrum of the imaged target. The LO has the same frequency range as the illuminating radiation for fundamental heterodyne detection but half the frequency range for the sub-harmonic heterodyne detection. The 2-mm resolution, 60-dB contrast, and 5.5-cm diameter imaging area at 300 GHz and the of 500-μm resolution, 40-dB contrast, and 3.5-cm diameter imaging area at 600 GHz are achieved (the 300-GHz illuminating radiation has the approximate power of 600 μW , the 600-GHz illuminating radiation has the approximate power of 60 μW ).
The thesis consists of 6 parts. After the introduction, the second chapter expands on the topic of Fourier optics from a theoretical point of view and the simulations of the Fourier imaging system. First, the theory of the electromagnetic field propagation in free space and through an optical system are investigated to elicit the Fourier transform function of the imaging system. The simulation is used for theoretical considerations and the implementation of a Fourier optic script that allows for numerical investigations on reconstruction. The preliminary imaging field of view and resolution are also demonstrated. The third chapter describes the Fourier imaging system at 300 GHz based on the fundamental heterodyne detection, including the experimental setup, the 2D, and 3D imaging results. The following fourth chapter reports the integration of the TeraFET detector with two substrate lenses (one is a Si lens on the back-side Si substrate, the other is a wax/PTFE lens on the front side containing the bonding wires) for sub-harmonic heterodyne detection at 600 GHz. The characteristic of the wax/PTFE lens at THz range is presented. After that, the compared imaging results between the detector with and without the wax/PTFE lens are shown. The fifth chapter extends the demonstration on the lateral and depth resolution of the Fourier imaging system in detail and uses the experimental results at 600 GHz to validate the analytical predictions. The comparison of the resolution between the Fourier imaging system and the conventional microscopy system proves that the Fourier imaging system has better imaging quality under the same system configuration. The last chapter in this thesis concludes on the findings of the THz Fourier imaging and gives an outlook for the enhancement of the Fourier imaging system at THz range.
Einführung: In den letzten Jahren wurden mobile Endgeräte in zunehmenden Maße zur Messung biometrischer Daten wie z.B. Herzfrequenz, Blutdruck, Sauerstoffsättigung und EKG Messungen wie z.B. Rhythmusstörungen verwendet. In den meisten Fällen kann bezüglich eines EKG hierbei nur eine einzige Ableitung gemessen werden. Mit Ausnahme von EKG-Brustgürteln sind Messungen nur in Ruhe möglich. Letztere sind häufig nicht als Medizinprodukte zugelassen. Veränderungen in einem vektoriell, aus einer reduzierten Elektrodenzahl, errechneten EKG unter Belastung, welche mit einem mobilen Endgerät gemessen wurden, sind bisher nicht evaluiert worden. Einige Pathologien werden nur unter Stressbedingungen demaskiert, so dass mit den aktuellen Systemen eine diagnostische Lücke im häuslichen Umfeld existiert. Es wurde ein mit einem mobilen Endgerät (Smartphone/Tablet) vektoriell abgeleitetes 4 Elektroden EKG System mit dem aktuellen Goldstandard 12-Kanal EKG sowohl in Ruhe als auch unter Belastung verglichen.
Methoden und Ergebnisse: 428 Patienten wurden während einer fahrradergometrischen Untersuchung simultan mit beiden EKG Systemen untersucht. Das vektorielle EKG wurde als errechnetes 12-Kanal EKG dargestellt und bezüglich EKG-Qualität und diagnostischer Genauigkeit mit dem Standard EKG verglichen. Alle EKGs wurden unabhängig durch 2 verblindete und in der EKG Interpretation versierten Ärzte untersucht. Die EKG Qualität in beiden Verfahren war gut. In Ruhe gab es eine ausgezeichnete Übereinstimmung zwischen beiden EKG Technologien in Hinsicht auf Rhythmus (98%), AV-Überleitung (97%), Wellendauer (90%) und elektrischer Achse (88-97%). Während der Belastung gab es eine Übereinstimmung in 90% der Fälle. Der positiv prädiktive Wert lag bei 48.5% und der negativ prädiktive Wert bei 94%. ST-Deviationen >0.2 mV zeigten eine 97% Übereinstimmung während des Stresstests. Rhythmusstörungen und intraventrikuläre Leitungsstörungen (Links- und Rechtsschenkelblock) konnten in jeweils >90% der Fälle übereinstimmend identifiziert werden.
Schlussfolgerung: Ein mobiles Endgerät kann benutzt werden, um vektoriell errechnete 12-Kanal EKGs unter Alltagsbedingungen zuverlässig darzustellen. Die diagnostische Aussagekraft dieser EKGs in Ruhe und unter Belastung ist gut.
Mechanistic and structural insights into the quality control of the MHC I antigen processing pathway
(2022)
The human body is permanently exposed to its environment and thus to viruses and other pathogens, which require a flexible response and defense. Alongside to the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system provides highly specialized protection against these threats. The major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) antigen presentation system is a cornerstone of the adaptive immune system and a major constituent of cellular immunity. Pathogens such as viruses that invade a cell will leave traces in the form of proteins and peptides which are degraded and loaded onto MHC I molecules. MHC I peptide loading is performed by peptide loading complex (PLC) in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum as part of a multifaceted and comprehensive quality control machinery. Monitored by multiple layers of quality assurance, the MHC I molecules consequently display the immune status of the cell on its surface. In this context, the captured fragment of the virus serves as a call for help issued by the cell, alerting the adaptive immune system to the infection to mount an appropriate immune response.
The three-dimensional structure as well as the mechanistic details of parts of this complex machinery were characterized in the context of this dissertation. Among other tools, light-modulable nanotools were developed in this thesis, which permit external regulation of cellular processes in temporal and spatial resolution. Furthermore, methods and model systems for the biochemical characterization of cellular signaling cascades, proteins, as well as entire cell organelles were developed, which are likely to influence the field of cellular immunity and protein biochemistry in the future.
This cumulative work comprises a total of six publications whose scientific key advances will be briefly outlined in this abstract. In the introduction, the scientific background as well as the current state of research and methodological background knowledge are conveyed. The results section condenses the main aspects of the publications and links them to each other. Further details can be retrieved from the attached original publications.
In “Semisynthetic viral inhibitor for light control of the MHC I peptide loading complex, Winter, Domnick et al., Angew Chem Int Ed 2022” a photocleavable viral inhibitor of the peptide loading complex was produced by semi-synthesis. This nanotool was shown to be suitable for both purifying the PLC from human Raji cells as well as reactivating it in a light-controlled manner. Thus, this tool establishes the isolation of a fully intact and functional peptide loading complex for biochemical characterization. In addition, a novel flow cytometric analysis pipeline for microsomes was developed, allowing cellular vesicles to be characterized with single organelle resolution, similar to cells.
In “Molecular basis of MHC I quality control in the peptide loading complex, Domnick, Winter et al., Nat Commun 2022” the peptide loading complex was reconstituted into large nanodiscs, and a cryo-EM structural model of the editing module at 3.7 Å resolution was generated. By combining the structural model with in vitro glycan editing assays, an allosteric coupling between peptide-MHC I assembly and glycan processing was revealed, extending the known model of MHC I loading and dissociation from the PLC. These mechanisms provide a prototypical example for endoplasmic reticulum quality control.
In a related context, in “Structure of an MHC I–tapasin–ERp57 editing complex defines chaperone promiscuity, Müller, Winter et al., Nat Commun 2022” a recombinantly assembled editing module comprised of MHC I-tapasin-ERp57 was crystallized for X-ray structural biology. The resulting crystal structure at a resolution of 2.7 Å permitted the precise identification of characteristic features of the editing module and particularly of the peptide proofreading mechanism of tapasin. This study provided pivotal insights into the tapasin-mediated peptide editing of different MHC I allomorphs as well as similarities to TAPBPR-based MHC I peptide proofreading.
In “TAPBPR is necessary and sufficient for UGGT1-mediated quality control of MHC I, Sagert, Winter et al. (in preparation)” novel insights concerning the peptide proofreader TAPBPR and its close interplay with the folding sensor and glucosyltransferase UGGT1 were obtained. It was shown that TAPBPR is an integral part of the second level of endoplasmic quality control and is indispensable for effective MHC I coordination by UGGT1.
In “Light-guided intrabodies for on-demand in situ target recognition in human cells, Joest, Winter et al., Chem Sci 2021” intracellular nanobodies were equipped with a photocaged target recognition domain by genetic code expansion via amber suppression. These intrabodies, acting as high-affinity binding partners endowed with a fluorophore, could be used in a light-triggered approach to instantaneously visualize their target molecule...
This work investigated the influence of the CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knockout of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) on different adherent tumour cell lines derived from solid tumours. For this, the 5-LO expressing tumour cell lines HCT-116, HT-29, and U-2 OS were transiently transfected using a plasmid carrying the CRISPR/Cas9 complex sequence to the ALOX5 gene. Subsequently, cells were selected using Puromycin and analysed via Western blotting and DNA Sanger sequencing. Cells that were transfected with a control plasmid missing the guide RNA sequence, were used as a control for all experiments.
Differential gene expression analysis, performed after next-generation RNA sequencing, revealed that the expression of various genes was altered after the knockout of 5-LO. In HCT-116 cells, 28 genes were expressed differentially in all 5-LO knockout single-cell clones, while in HT-29 cells the expression of 18 genes and in U-2 OS cells of 234 genes was influenced by the knockout of 5-LO. These findings were validated by real-time qPCR. A lot of the genes that were influenced by the 5-LO knockout are known to be connected to epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), a process necessary for tumour metastasis. The results from RNA sequencing were the starting point for further investigations. In the following, different aspects of the tumour cell lines were examined. In HT-29, as
well as in U-2 OS cells, it was shown that knockout of the 5-LO resulted in impaired cell proliferation. Also, the formation of three-dimensional tumour spheroids was altered. In HT-29 cells, the knockout of 5-LO increased the number of cells in spheroids. In contrast, in U-2 OS cells, the number of cells per spheroid was decreased, even though the diameter of the spheroids was increased, due to more loosely packed spheroids. The difference between 5-LO positive and negative U-2 OS cells became even more obvious after embedding the spheroids in an artificial extracellular matrix. In that scenario, cells lacking the 5-LO formed smaller spheroids that did not have the same ability to grow into the extracellular matrix as 5-LO positive cells did. Also, directed cell migration was strongly influenced by the knockout of 5-LO. In both, HCT-116 and U-2 OS cells, directed cell migration towards a serum gradient was increased in 5-LO knockout single-cell clones. Pharmacological inhibition of the enzyme was used to investigate, whether canonical or non-canonical functions were responsible for the previously mentioned effects.
Therefore, vector control cells were treated with the 5-LO inhibitors Zileuton and CJ-13610 in different concentrations. Interestingly, only some of the effects mediated by the complete knockout of 5-LO could be reproduced by inhibiting the enzyme, leading to the suggestion, that canonical, as well as non-canonical functions of 5-LO, play a role in these tumour cells.
To conclude, it was shown in this study, that 5-LO affects various cellular functions when expressed in adherent tumour cell lines. These cell line-dependent effects result in altered gene expression, enhanced proliferation, and spheroid formation, as well as impaired cell motility, and can be mediated by enzymatic activity as well as other non-canonical functions.
Der Zusammenhang zwischen kognitiver Emotionsregulation, positivem Aufmerksamkeitsbias und Resilienz
(2022)
Das Verständnis von Faktoren, die die Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen Stress fördern, ist entscheidend für die Entwicklung von Stresspräventionsprogrammen und für die Verbesserung der Behandlung stressbedingter Störungen. Zum einen war es Ziel der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit, den Einfluss der kognitiven Emotionsregulation (ER) auf die psychische Gesundheit zu untersuchen und bereits vorhandene Ergebnisse zum Einfluss der Emotionsregulation auf die Resilienz zu replizieren. Es wird zunehmend anerkannt, dass die meisten psychiatrischen Erkrankungen mit Emotionsdysregulation einhergehen und dass klinische Interventionen davon profitieren, wenn sie auf einem empirischen Verständnis der Emotionsprozesse beruhen.
Der Hauptfokus lag zudem darauf, zu untersuchen, ob es einen Zusammenhang zwischen Resilienz und einem Aufmerksamkeitsbias auf positive Informationen, einen Positivitätsbias, gibt.
In der vorliegenden Studie wurde eine Stichprobe psychisch gesunder Teilnehmer (n=229) im Alter von 18 bis 55 Jahren herangezogen, denen Bilder aus dem „International Affective Picture System“ präsentiert wurden. Dabei bekamen sie die Anweisung, negative Emotionen zu Fotos durch kognitives Umbewerten oder Distanzieren herunterzuregulieren. Die Reaktionszeiten sowie die Erregungsbewertungen wurden für die Bedingungen Neubewertung, Distanzieren, negatives passives Betrachten sowie neutrales passives Betrachten erhoben. Zudem wurde die Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrung gegenüber positiven und negativen Reizen mithilfe einer Visual Dot-Probe Aufgabe untersucht. Gemessen wurden die Reaktionszeiten der Studienteilnehmer bei Reaktionen auf einen Stimulus, der auf die Präsentation emotionaler Gesichter folgt, im Vergleich zu Reaktionen auf einen Stimulus, der an die Stelle von neutralen Gesichtern rückt. Hieraus wurden Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrungen abgeleitet.
Die anschließende Datenanalyse und statistische Auswertung konnten zeigen, dass die Neubewertung im Vergleich zum passiven Betrachten der negativen Bilder eine längere Reaktionszeit aufweist, was darauf hinweist, dass die kognitive Emotionsregulation möglicherweise anstrengendere kognitive Kontrollprozesse aktiviert. Hinsichtlich des Zusammenhangs mit der Resilienz konnte eine signifikante positive Korrelation der Reaktionszeitdifferenzen der Emotionsregulationsstrategien Distanzieren und Neubewerten mit dem Resilienz-Score beobachtet werden.
Bei den Erregungsbewertungen der Emotionsregulation zeigte sich weder ein signifikanter Effekt der Bedingung noch ein Zusammenhang mit dem Resilienz-Score.
Die Ergebnisse der Visual Dot-Probe zeigten, dass es keine Unterschiede in den Reaktionszeiten nach der Präsentation des neutralen sowie des emotionalen Stimulus gab. Auch zeigten sich keine Zusammenhänge mit der Resilienz.
Der erwartete Zusammenhang zwischen Resilienz und einem Aufmerksamkeitsbias auf positive Informationen konnte in den Ergebnissen nicht gefunden werden. In den vorliegenden Daten zeigte sich hingegen eine signifikante negative Korrelation der Fähigkeit der kognitiven Neubewertung mit der Höhe des negativen Aufmerksamkeits Bias-Scores.
Somit liefert die vorliegende Arbeit einen Hinweis darauf, dass Personen mit einem hohen Maß an Emotionsregulationskapazitäten eine höhere Aufmerksamkeitslenkung weg von emotional negativen Stimuli aufweisen.
Bezüglich der Anwendung auf klinische Stichproben besteht noch Raum zu
analysieren, ob es sich um ein stabiles Phänomen handelt, das auf diese übertragen werden kann.