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The Crusade movement is one of the most important occurrences of medieval history. It took place throughout two centuries in the Levant and affected both Muslims and Crusaders and in turn changed the way in which West and East related to one another.1 When the Crusaders took control of the Holy Land and many Islamic cities in the Levant, they transferred their feudal European system there. They established four main fiefdoms or lordships, Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch and Tripoli. In addition, there were another twelve secondary fiefdoms,2 of which Tibnīn was one. Tibnīn was called “Toron” by the Crusaders. Once the Crusaders had captured Tibnīn, they began building its fortified castle, from which the fief of Tibnīn gained its importance throughout the period of the Crusades.
This paper traces the military role of Tibnīn and its rulers in the Latin East against the Muslims until 1187/ 583. Tibnīn played a key role in overcoming the Muslims in Tyre and controlled it in 1124. It also played a vital role in the conflict between Damascus and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Tibnīn participated in defending Antioch, Banyas, Hebron and Transjordan several times. Furthermore, its soldiers and Knights joined the army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem to capture Ascalon in 1153, and joined the campaigns of Amaury I, King of Jerusalem, against Egypt from 1164 to1169. The military situation of Tibnīn under the rule of the royal house until its fall to the Muslims in 1187/ 583 will be studied as well.
"Calderón als religiöser Dichter" ist einer von Krauss' interessantesten Aufsätzen der frühen Jahre, von denen "einige zur Zeit ihres Erscheinens wissenschaftlich bahnbrechend waren", wie Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht in seinem Porträt von Werner Krauss in "Das Leben und Sterben der großen Romanisten" konstatiert. [...] Erwartbar wäre gewesen, in Calderón das Ende des mittelalterlich geprägten Kosmos zu sehen, des imperialen 'Goldenen Zeitalters' Spaniens (ca. 1550 bis 1680), in dem es im barocken Schauspiel zu Exzessen der illusionistischen Überwältigung und Massenspektakeln des Glaubens kam. Doch für Krauss ist Calderón vielmehr ein Weg, der direkt in die Dialektik der Aufklärung führt. Das Rettbare, das auf die Praxis des konkreten Handelns Beziehbare muss bei Calderón das Widerständige sein, das auch Carlo Barck an Krauss' Studie faszinierte. [...] Zwei Gedanken lassen sich aus seinem Artikel filtern, die sich an aktuell stark diskutierte Probleme anschließen lassen. Zum einen geht es um Materialität, zum anderen um humanistische Anliegen, die sich in den Kulturtechniken einer Religionskultur wie der des spanischen Katholizismus des 17. Jahrhunderts auffinden und aktualisieren lassen, etwa im Bilderhandeln oder im Umgang mit Schuldempfinden. Es spricht für Krauss' weitreichendes Verständnis religiöser Phänomene, dass er an ihnen Dinge wie Präsenz, Immersion und Liminalität auf den Punkt bringen konnte.
Martin Luther und der Islam
(2011)
We report here the results from two field trips to collect Odonata in the Crocker Range National Park in western Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia. Thirtysix species were collected. Telosticta fugispinosa had not been described at the time of collection, nor had the two Devadatta species. There was no published record of Protosticta species cf kinabaluensis before the 2012 expedition, nor of Drepanosticta species cf crenitis.
During a survey of the fishes in the region of the Wonga-Wongué Presidential Reserve, 14 new populations of the subgenus Chromaphyosemion Myers, 1924 were found. These observations extend the previously known distribution range of the subgenus 120 kilometres southward. None of these populations could be related to any described species. Based on the colouration of the males and females, together with a genetic marker (mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequences), the populations studied are grouped into six new species which are described in this article, all close to Aphyosemion alpha Huber, 1998 with which they share the presence of a black alpha-shaped mark on the pre- and post-opercular region. The group composed of A. alpha and the six new species is referred to here as the A. alpha species group. All the new species, A. aurantiacum Chirio, Legros & Agnèse sp. nov., A. barakoniense Chirio, Legros & Agnèse sp. nov., A. flammulatum Chirio, Legros & Agnèse sp. nov., A. flavocyaneum Chirio, Legros & Agnèse sp. nov., A. pusillum Chirio, Legros & Agnèse sp. nov. and A. rubrogaster Chirio, Legros & Agnèse sp. nov., are further unambiguously diagnosed by unique combinations of colour patterns, making it possible to generate an identification key for the A. alpha species group. It is likely that the coastal dunes of Wonga-Wongué that form a sandy relief, could have led to the fragmentation and then isolation of the hydrographical networks that flow into the Atlantic Ocean, making possible a significant number of allopatric speciations.
A checklist and classification of the species of Elateridae reported from mainland Ecuador are given. Anchastus boulardi Chassain, Cardiorhinus apicalis Golbach, Physorhinus marginatus Candèze, and P. sexnotatus Steinheil are reported from Ecuador for the first time. The recorded elaterid fauna of Ecuador is now represented by 140 species, 38 genera, and 9 subfamilies, which are low taxon richness numbers when compared to those of neighboring countries.
Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)
(2017)
This is the first revision of Artema Walckenaer, 1837, a genus consisting of large and phylogenetically interesting species. Even though Artema is not species-rich (now eight nominal species), it has suffered from poor descriptions and synonymies. Our main goal was to gather all available material and to clarify species limits. Four species are easily distinguished from other congeners: Artema atlanta Walckenaer, 1837, the type species; A. kochi Kulczyński, 1901 (revalidated); A. bunkpurugu Huber & Kwapong, 2013; and A. nephilit sp. nov. All other species are problematic for varying reasons: species limits are unclear between A. doriae Thorell, 1881 and A. transcaspica Spassky, 1934; A. magna Roewer, 1960 and A. ziaretana (Roewer, 1960) are problematic because they are based on female and juvenile types respectively and little new material is available. The material available to us suggests the existence of a few further species; however, they are not formally described, either because of small sample sizes (Artema sp. a and A. sp. b are represented by only one specimen each) or because of unclear species limits (between Artema sp. c, A. transcaspica and A. doriae).This study is the first serious step towards understanding the genus. Intensive collecting effort is needed in order to fully clarify species limits.
This paper reports on the genus Cobbionema Filipjev, 1922 in Sweden with the description of four species and a revision of the genus. Cobbionema acrocerca Filipjev, 1922 is relatively small in size, with a tail that has a conical proximal and a digitate distal section. Cobbionema cylindrolaimoides Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1950 is similar to C. acrocerca in most characters except having a larger body size and heavily cuticularized mandibles. Cobbionema brevispicula sp. nov. is characterised by short spicules and a conoid tail. Cobbionema acuminata sp. nov. is characterised by a long two-part spicule, a conical tail and three (one mid dorsal and two ventrosublateral) sharply pointed tines in the anterior chamber of the stoma that are located more anterior than in all the other species. We also present a molecular phylogeny of the family based on the nearly full-length 18S and the D2-D3 expansion segment of the 28S rRNA genes. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian trees inferred from both genes strongly support a clade that included Cobbionema, Demonema Cobb, 1894 and Halichoanolaimus de Man, 1888 and another clade with Gammanema Cobb, 1920 and Latronema Wieser, 1954 nested together. None of the trees supported the monophyly of the subfamilies Choniolaiminae and Selachinematinae.
This paper treats the planthopper genus, Atracis Stål, 1866 (Flatidae: Flatoidinae) in China. Five new species, A. ocularia sp. nov., A. patefacta sp. nov., A. punctulata sp. nov., A. sphaerica sp. nov. and A. ungulata sp. nov., are described and a checklist of all its known species from China is provided.
The variability of the reticulum pattern, ornamentation and outline of the Urocythereis populations of the La Strea Bay is analysed. The results show that the shell features of the form U. distinguenda (Neviani, 1928) (= U. oblonga Brady, 1866) have to be included within the high variability range of U. margaritifera (G.W. Müller, 1894). Consequently, it is suggested that in the upper infralittoral waters of the inlet two (and not three, as stated in previous investigations) species of the genus Urocythereis presently live. A second form, displaying a relatively low variability, is described as a new species, U. ilariae sp. nov.
A catalogue of aphidiine parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) associated with various aphids species occurring in India was compiled. The present catalogue with 125 species under 22 genera has been further reinforced with not only all the latest taxonomic changes but also host names, host plants, distribution in India etc.
We revise the genus Attemsostreptus Verhoeff, 1941 based on type material of the type species, A. costatus Verhoeff, 1941, synonymise A. orobius (Kraus 1958) with A. costatus and describe a second species of the genus, A. reflexus sp. nov., collected from Kimboza Forest Reserve in Tanzania, and discuss the dubious tribe Trachystreptini.
In this work we present a revision of the genus Ommatoiulus Latzel, 1884 in Portugal. Based on recently collected material and older museum samples, including type specimens, we describe six new species to science, viz. Ommatoiulus alacygni sp. nov., O. camurus sp. nov., O. denticulatus sp. nov., O. litoralis sp. nov., O. staglae sp. nov. and O. stellaris sp. nov. The species O. alacygni sp. nov., O. denticulatus sp. nov. and O. staglae sp. nov. described from the Algarve are outstanding by their extremely reduced mesomerital process. The species O. porathi (Verhoeff, 1893) and O. andalusius (Attems, 1927) are recorded and redescribed for the first time after their original description. The finding of O. andalusius – originally described from Andalusia in Spain – constitutes a new record for Portugal together with two species, viz. O. fuentei (Brolemann, 1920) and O. martensi Mauriès, 1969. The taxonomic status of several species is revised. Thus Archiulus (Schistocoxitus) cingulatus Attems, 1927 is here considered as a junior synonym of Ommatoiulus lusitanus (Verhoeff, 1895) while Schizophyllum cervinum Verhoeff, 1910 is synonymized with Ommatoiulus moreleti (Lucas, 1860). An identification key to all hitherto known Portuguese species of Ommatoiulus is presented as well as a distribution map illustrating the various species occurrences in the country.
Die Interpretation der Moses-Ḫiḍr-Erzählung in Ibn ʿArabīs Werken „al-Futūḥāt al-Makkīya“und „Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam“
Die Moses-Ḫiḍr-Erzählung in den Versen 60-82 der Sura Kahf, der in der sufischen Tradition eine enorme Bedeutung zugemessen wird, wurde im Laufe der Geschichte zum Gegenstand unterschiedlicher Interpretationen. Es besteht somit kein Zweifel, dass eine der bemerkenswertesten dieser Interpretationen, die einen besonderen Platz in der Geschichte des Sufismus hat, von Ibn ʿArabī stammt. Er bewertete die Ereignisse zwischen Moses und der koranischen Figur, die er entsprechend der Tradition „Ḫiḍr” benannt hat, anders. Neben der literarischen Bedeutung der Personen und Ereignisse, die in der Erzählung vorkommen, etabliert Ibn Arabi dazu neue Zusammenhänge, indem er zu deren verborgenen Bedeutungen übergeht. Nach ihm ist nichts so, wie es scheint
This paper is part of a project of studying benthic diatom biodiversity on marine coastal regions of Sweden with focus on rare and less known species. Two new species of Cocconeis Ehrenb. are described from Vrångö, a small island in the west coast of Sweden. Both species were found as epiphytic on the green alga Ulva intestinalis L. Cocconeis magnoareolata Al-Handal, Riaux-Gob., R.Jahn & A.K.Wulff sp. nov. is a small species not exceeding 9 μm in length and characterized by having large subquadrangular areolae on the sternum valve. Cocconeis vrangoensis Al-Handal & Riaux-Gob. sp. nov. appears similar to some taxa of the 'Cocconeis scutellum complex', but differs by its stria density on both valves and variable features of the areola and valvocopula ultrastructure. Detailed descriptions based on light and electron microscopy examination, a comparison with closely related taxa, as well as a description of the habitat of both species are here presented.
The present study is a compilation of moss flora of Western Himalayas (India). This compilation listed 745 species of mosses, belonging to 19 orders; 55 families and 230 genera. Out of these 17 species have been reported endemic from Western Himalayas. 196 species have been synonymized and status of 86 species is still doubtful i.e. unresolved name. At present out of 745 only 463 species are validly known from this mountain range of India
In the present study the level of S, Cu, Cr, Cd, Zn, Pb and Cr was estimated in samples of the common thalloid liverwort Plagiochasma rupestre (G. Frost) Stephani, from Ranthambhore National park, Rajasthan (India). High metallic load was observed both in substrate as well as in plant tissue at locations adjacent to higher vehicular load, during winter the metallic content is highest, followed by summer and monsoon season. Elemental concentration in substrate for Plagiochasma rupestre was in the order of Zn> S> Pb> Cu> Cd> Cr, while in plant tissue it showed S> Zn> Pb> Cu> Cd> Cr, which is indicative of air borne trace elemental load. Quantitative analysis of these elements in vegetative thalli of Plagiochasma rupestre and the substrate showed an increase in metallic content during winter, which reveals the significance of this liverwort as a biological sink of mineral elements present in the soil and air and may provide an important tool in estimation of both aerial pollution and mineral enrichment in soil.
The present contribution is an enumerated account of mosses of Munsyari (Pithoragarh), Western Himalayas. The study revealed the presence 8 orders, 20 families, 32 genera and 44 species in the area. Moss species viz. Anoectangium walkeri Broth., Actinothuidium hookeri (Mitt.) Broth. Stereophyllum ligulatum Jaeg., Anomodon minor (Hedw.) Fŭrnr., Hageniells assamica Dixon, Schoenobryum cocavifolia (Griff.) Gang., Entodon luteonitens Ren. et Card. and Physcomitrium pulchellum (Grif.) Mitt. are reported for the first time from Munsiyari hills as well as western Himalayas as welcome additions to the bryoflora of Uttarakhand (Western Himalaya).
Similipal Biosphere Reserve is a part of biotic province of Chhotanagpur Plateau. It has a representative ecosystem under Mahanadian biogeographic region. Its biodiversity is an assemblage representation of Western Ghats and North-East India. Regarding bryophytes this area was rather unexplored and the current investigation shows the occurrence of 33 taxa of bryophytes in this biosphere reserve and its neighboring areas. Each species has been enumerated with its ecological and distributional details.
Since the existence of Nilgiri hills, bryophyte- the miniatures of plant kingdom play an important and crucial role in the stabilization of Blue Mountains ecology. Unlike Himalayas, the landslides were rare in the area, but with the time and changing global environment it had become a common sight. Significantly ever increasing population and vehicular traffic is the prime reason for them, to cater the need, roads are periodically broadened by cutting road sides destroying the habitat as also the inhabiting species. Bryophytes, are efficient soil binders that regulate the soil moisture and provide substrate for future plant succession. The habitat loss and nudeness of substratum gives impetus to rapid soil erosion that further enhances the problem of their very survival. The present communication provides significance of these avascular cryptogams in environmental assessment, ecological balance and their role in decreasing the pore pressure to check land slides.
In succession of terrestrial ecosystem, bryophytes, algae and lichens constitute the primary components. Not only phylogenetically but also physically they are related to each other, as they are also found in close association and intermixed with each other on same substratum. A chlorophycean alga Ulothrix zonata (Weber & Mohr) Kützing has been found growing as an epiphyte on moss Macromitrium sulcatum (Hook.) Brid.. The association is peculiar as the algal filaments form a close net over the surface of moss leaves and axis.
Bryoflora of Munsyari and Dharchula Tehsil of Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand, Western Himalayas, India
(2012)
Uttarakhand state of India comprises unique topographical conditions and hence is rich in bryophytes. In present work two Tehsils-Munsyari and Dharchula of Pithoragarh have been explored extensively to assess the bryophytic wealth of this district. A preliminary checklist has been prepared which revealed the occurrence of 51 taxa of bryophytes from this district.
India is among of the 12 mega biodiversity countries in the world. The huge area and the range of phyto-climatic conditions met within its eight bio-geographical zones contribute to the great diversity of the Indian flora. These bio-geographical zones have diverse topographical variations and climatic conditions. The present work deals with the bryo-diversity of western part of the country which is greatly neglected due to its comparatively harsh environmental conditions by the bryologists. It is an attempt to provide a comprehensive account of the bryophyte wealth of the region by stepwise exploration and it has initiated with Ranthambhore National Park.
The present contribution revealed the occurrence of Hypnum plumaeforme Wilson belonging to family Hypnaceae (Bryopsida) for the first time in Munsiyari region of Uttarakhand state, which is a new addition to the bryoflora of Western Himalayas. Earlier this species was known only from eastern Himalayas (Nepal).
Scanning electron microscope analyses of sporoderm of 7 species of 3 genera of Marchantiales are presented in this study. In the studied species, sporoderm exhibit a broad range of morphology and have taxonomic specificity. The structurally rigid sporoderms have specific sculpturing and characteristic patterning. Peculiar architectures are found in different taxa, which revealed that and stable architectures may be present within an order. Sporoderms usually have specific surface markings which are often one of the best parameters to identify any species.
The aqueous extract of Dumortiera hirsuta (Swaegr.) Nees, a bryophyte, was found to be effective against seven postharvest phytopathogens tested. The fungitoxicity of the extract was measured by percent spore germination inhibition and percent radial growth inhibition using poisoned food technique. The inhibition of spore germination by the Dumortiera extract was within the range of 400 to 550 ppm. In poisoned food technique, out of seven postharvest phytopathogenic fungi tested six were completely inhibited by the Dumortiera extract with concentration range of 550 to 600 ppm. The mode of action of extract (350 ppm) was examined in the case of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem. Distinct morphological changes were observed in treated hyphae in comparison to control . The treatment clearly showed anomalies in the hyphae; cell wall of became flaccid, cytoplasm started leaving the cell wall and became granulated.
Parson’s valley is an area explored for the first time in Indian Bryology; it is situated in Nilgiri hills (Western Ghats). The region is very conducive for the growth of liverworts and it is evident by the present study of recent collections from this area in which 27 taxa (under 12 genera and 5 families) of liverworts have been recorded, of which few are new to Nilgiri hills as well as south India.
Keys and diagnoses of North European aphids (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea) associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns are given, based on fresh and freeze-dried material. Numerous externally visible and thus informative characters, that are absent in cleared, slide-mounted specimens, such as body shape colours, wax coating and pattern etc., are utilized. Most of the species are illustrated by photographs of live specimens and drawings. Root-feeding species living in the moss layer or otherwise often present in moss samples are also included, even if their hosts were spermatophytes. The combination of colour images and diagnoses, utilizing easily observed characters, allows the identification of a large number of species already in the field, and many more at home with the aid of a stereo microscope. Host plant relationships and association with ants are summarised, including new records. Brief accounts on aphid life cycles, freeze-drying preparation techniques, etc. are also given to support the use of the keys.
Keys and diagnoses of North European aphids (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea) feeding on conifers are given, including species from nearby areas of Central and Western Europe, based on live and freeze-dried material. Externally visible informative characters, such as body shape, colours, wax coating, and pigmentation pattern are utilized, in addition to characters traditionally used in the literature. Rich illustrations with photographs of live colonies and freeze-dried specimens, supported by drawings where needed, are presented. The combination of colour images and diagnoses, utilizing easily observed characters, allows the identification of a large number of species already in the field, and many more at home with the aid of a stereo microscope. Host plant relationships and aphid-ant associations are presented.
Review of Neurepyris Kieffer, 1905 (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), a new synonym of Pristocera Klug, 1808
(2011)
The genus Neurepyris Kieffer, 1905 is revised. The adult male holotypes N. rufiventer Kieffer, 1913 from Eritrea and N. tagala (Ashmead, 1905) from the Philippines are redescribed and illustrated. Both species are transferred from the subfamily Epyrinae to Pristocerinae because they have the metanotum well developed medially. Neurepyris rufi venter is transferred to Pristocera Klug, 1808 because the hypopygium is deeply divided into two apical lobes, the subdiscoidal and cubital veins do not reach the border of the forewing, the pronotal disc has the anterior region slightly elevate medially, and the stigma is elongate. Neurepyris tagala is transferred to Apenesia Westwood, 1874 because the basal tooth of mandible is not curved inward, the median lobe of clypeus is not depressed near the antennal insertions, and the aedeagus consists of one lamina. The genus Neurepyris is considered a junior synonym of Pristocera because its type species is N. rufiventer.
Another survey of Odonata on the Indonesian island of Belitung is reported. This survey was the second survey conducted in the Belitung area with International Dragonfly Fund support and was focused to Belitung Regency's outer islands. Seventy two species were recorded during the survey. Significant records from the surveyed islands include Amphicnemis kuiperi, Mortonagrion arthuri, Mortonagrion appendiculatum, Teinobasis ruficollis, Platylestes heterostylus, Pornothemis serrata, Pornothemis starrei and Tramea phaeoneura. Almost all the records are new to the small islands surveyed, except for Mendanau Island for which there were already records of four species. A checklist of the odonate fauna of the outer islands is given in an appendix.
Two new species of Grandidierella Coutière, 1904 from Singapore waters are described based on specimens collected during the Comprehensive Marine Biodiversity Survey (CMBS) between 2010–2015. Grandidierella pawaiensis sp. nov. differs from the rest in the genus by a combination of characters; (1) gnathopod 1 carpus proximoventral corner with apically acute process, (2) inner face of carpus of gnathopod 1 proximoventral corner with curved process, (3) proximal margin of dactylus of gnathopod 1 male with excavation, and (4) gnathopod 2 basis anterior margin crenulate. Grandidierella sungeicina sp. nov. on the other hand, is distinguishable from other related species of Grandidierella found in the tropical region by its paired mid-dorsal projections on pereonites 2 to 5, 1 ventrodistal triangular projection on pereonite 4, and gnathopod 2 ischium with 1 large trapezoid projection.
Xylotrechus rameyi, new species, (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is described from southern Utah. Comments on its biology including habitat, host plants and larval history are provided along with photographs of the holotype, allotype, the related species X. insignis LeConte, and the larval galleries and pupal chamber.
The Middle East biting midges of the tribes Palpomyiini (20 species in three genera) and Sphaeromiini s. lat. (six species in five genera) are reviewed. Three new species are described and illustrated: Bezzia libanensis Alwin & Szadziewski sp. nov., B. sharjahi Alwin & Szadziewski sp. nov. and Palpomyia freidbergi Alwin & Szadziewski sp. nov. Bezzia aegyptia Kieffer, 1925 is recognized as a new junior synonym of B. albicornis (Meigen, 1818) (syn. nov.) and B. omanensis Boorman & van Harten, 2002, is recognized as a junior synonym of B. (Sivabezzia) pachypyga Remm, 1974 (syn. nov.). Keys to the genera and species of the tribes Palpomyiini and Sphaeromiini of the Middle East are also provided.
Die Dada-Bewegung entstand 1915 ungefähr gleichzeitig in Zürich aus der Gruppe von Literaten, Malern, Bildhauern um Hans Arp und in New York, angeführt durch Marcel Duchamp. Die Dadaisten versuchten, Anti-Kunst zu produzieren, sie stellten sich massiv gegen bürgerliche Konventionen in Gesellschaft, Geschmack und Kunst. Die Technik der Collage aus dem Kubismus wurde verbunden mit Strategien der Provokation und der Diffamierung der bürgerlich-idealistischen Kunst. Die Gruppe zerfiel anfangs der 1920er Jahre rasch, viele Dadaisten wandten sich dem Surrealismus zu. Die Bewegung lehnte sich insbesondere gegen die Konventionen der „bürgerlichen“ Kunst auf, polemisierte gegen den emotionsgeladenen Expressionismus und machte Kategorien wie Irrationalität und Kontingenz zur Programmatik einer nihilistischen Anti-Kunst. Mit ihren antireferentiellen und dekontextualisierenden Werken machten Dadaisten auf Sprach- und Gestaltungskonventionen aufmerksam, indem sie sie häufig ins Absurde führten. Beinahe sämtliche modernistischen Kunsttechniken (Collage, Assemblage, Aleatorik, Abstraktion, Integration indigener Kunst, Performance, Integration von Alltagsgegenständen und Populärkultur etc.) stammen aus der Dada-Bewegung.
Darüber können viele, die in der Bildungsarbeit der Akademien versuchen, mit allgemeinem Publikum über Themen ins Gespräch zu kommen, die tabuisiert, traumatisiert, intimisiert oder sonstwie blockiert sind, berichten: Setzt man Filme als Katalysatoren des Gesprächs ein, wird es vielen möglich, über Dinge zu sprechen, die ihnen sonst unzugänglich sind. Und sie können anders darüber sprechen, als ermögliche der Film eine Spiegelung und dadurch eine Abmilderung der eigenen Behinderungen im Umgang mit einem Thema. Dass Psychiater sich dieser eigentümlichen Fähigkeit des Films versichert haben, sie zu therapeutischen Zwecken ausnutzen, nimmt nicht wunder. Zwar ist die Film- oder Cinetherapie erst seit wenigen Jahren auch Thema theoretischer Reflexion, doch spielt Film im therapeutischen Prozeß schon lange eine gewichtige Rolle. Film and andere Künste, müßte man ergänzen, weil gewisse Spielformen der narrativen Therapie, die Bibliotherapie und die Kunsttherapie sehr viel längere Traditionen auch theoretischer Reflexion kennt, manchmal zur Grundlage ganzer Therapieformen geworden ist.
Der Rock‘n‘Roll-Film ist ein kleines Genre der Musikfilmgeschichte, das seine Blütezeit zwischen 1955 und 1965 erlebte. Es wird heute nicht nur als filmische Verarbeitung der Hochphase des jugendlichen Modetanzes Rock‘n‘Roll gewertet, sondern als allgemeinerer Ausdruck der Ablösung einer eigenständigen Jugendkultur aus einer umfassenden, alters- und generationenneutralen Gesamtkultur. Oft geht es um Probleme jugendlicher Dekultivierung, um aufkommende Gewalttätigkeit, Verdummung und gar Kriminalisierung der Jugend. Die Filme geben aber auch Zeugnis ab über eine neue, ekstatischere Unterhaltungskultur, um Tanzformen, die sich aus der formalen Organisiertheit der Gesellschaftstänze lösen und einem individuelleren, körpernahen, ja akrobatischen Ausdrucksverhalten im Tanz Raum verschaffen. Viele Erzählungen des kleinen Genres thematisieren die Krisenhaftigkeit dieser Prozesse unmittelbar, belegen, dass die rock‘n‘rolltanzenden Jugendlichen der gesellschaftlichen Verantwortung nicht entzogen sind. Deutlich ist aber fast immer der Konflikt mit der Elterngeneration, seien es die Eltern selbst, seien es Vertreter der kommunalen Kultur, die den Rock‘n‘Roll zu unterbinden suchen. Auffallend ist zudem, wie früh sich die Filme der ökonomischen und medialen Bedingungen der Rockkultur zuwenden. Da geht es um die Programme von Radio- und Fernsehsendern, um meist kleine und unabhängige Plattenlabels, um die Rolle von DJs (wie insbesondere Alan Freed in zahlreichen Filmen als Alan Freed agiert hat). Dass Rockmusik industriell für einen Massenmarkt gefertigt und darum mit dem Potential großer ökonomischer Gewinne assoziiert ist, ist ebenso thematisch gewesen wie die Rolle von Musikern als jugendkultureller Ikonen. Beides ist in den Filmen als Teil jugendlicher Lebensentwürfe thematisiert worden, als erstrebenswerte Wunsch-Phantasien.
Die folgende Filmographie ermöglicht am besonderen Fall der Geschichten, die im Musik-Business spielen, einen Einblick in die rhetorischen, argumentativen und moralischen Bezüge, die in der Zeit von 1955 bis 1963 in Filmen des Genres entfaltet wurden.
Es steht hier nicht an, über den gleichzeitig entstandenen deutschen Schlagerfilm zu berichten, auch nicht über die sich anschließenden Beach-Party-Filme, die den jugendkulturellen Diskurs jeweils eigen etwas anders fassten (das bleibt zukünftiger Forschung überlassen). Die Filme selbst haben wir mit einem Dreisterne-System zu bewerten versucht (ein Stern: von eher marginaler Bedeutung, drei Sterne: zentrale Filme).
Wir haben die Filme chronologisch geordnet, in den einzelnen Jahren alphabetisch. Die Dokumentation war oft schwierig (darum bitten wir die Leser um Hinweis auf Fehler, natürlich auch um Hinweise auf Filme, die wir übersehen haben). Die Darstellung wäre ohne die oft ausgezeichneten Inhaltsangaben in manchen Datenbanken (wie insbesondere der der Turner Classic Movies) und filmographischen Verzeichnissen (wie der Verzeichnisse des American Film Institutes) nicht möglich gewesen. Auf eine detaillierte Angabe der filmographischen Daten haben wir verzichtet, sie können meist ohne Probleme in den üblichen Datenbanken (insbesondere der International Movie Data Base) recherchiert werden.
Tarr Béla ist der international einflussreichste mitteleuropäische Filmemacher der Nach-1989er-Dekaden – was nicht heißt, dass sein Schaffen allgemein geläufig und regelmäßig zu sehen wäre, ganz im Gegenteil.
Davon abgesehen: Wenn die Leute vom Schaffen Tarrs schwärmen, der Radikalität seiner Ästhetik, dann reden sie in Wirklichkeit eigentlich immer nur von einem Film: Sátántangó (1994), ein rund siebeneinhalb Stunden langes Monument, das damals, noch während seiner ersten internationalen Vorführung bei der Berlinale 1994, zum Axiom einer ästhetischen Spätmoderne akklamiert worden war. Wobei kaum jemand Sátántangó je zu sehen bekam, was daran liegt, dass sich Kinos nur in Ausnahmefällen dazu aufschwingen, solche Normensprenger zu zeigen. Freilich gibt es DVD-Veröffentlichungen; da sieht und hört man zwar was, nur gelebt hat man Sátántangó so nicht. Wie auch, wenn weder der Film selbst atmet noch eine Menschenmasse oder zumindest -menge um einen herum, und man mit ihr? Und darum geht es bei diesem Brocken filmgewordenen Lebens, überhaupt dem Schaffen Tarrs: Die Erfahrung von Gegenwart und Gemeinschaft, Dauer und Raum angelegentlich einer Präsentation schwarzweißer Bilder und einiger weniger Klänge, die mal Worte sind und mal Töne und mal Musik. Sátántangó, dieses Antiepos vom Zerfall einer landwirtschaftlichen Produktionsgenossenschaft in spät- bis postkommunistischen Zeiten, besteht im Wesentlichen aus Plansequenzen, die auch mal zehn, zwölf Minuten lang sein können.
Die zentrale Figur des Films ist der Versicherungsvertreter Truman Burbank, der – ohne davon zu wissen – der Hauptdarsteller einer Fernsehserie ist, die sich zum Ziel gesetzt hat, das Leben eines Menschen von Geburt an zu dokumentieren und live im Fernsehen zu präsentieren. Zu diesem Zweck hat Christof, der Produzent der Serie, Truman als Baby von seiner Firma adoptieren lassen und eigens Seahaven, eine von Wasser umgebene Küstenstadt unter einer riesigen Kuppel – dem OmniCam-Ecosphere-Gebäude – bauen lassen, eine Art 1950er Jahre Spießer-Idylle mit simuliertem Wetter, Sternenhimmel, Sonne und Mond. Die Kuppel befindet sich auf den aufgeschütteten Hollywood Hills, oberhalb des Hollywood-Schriftzuges. Hier wächst Truman auf, umgeben von Schauspielern, täglich beobachtet von über 5.000 Kameras. Finanziert wird die Truman Show, die 24 Stunden täglich live übertragen wird, hauptsächlich durch Product Placement.
Die jährlichen Wahlen zur „Miss World“ finden seit 1951 statt. Die Miss World Organzation ist ein Privatunternehmen, Umsatz- und Gewinnzahlen sind nicht bekannt. Die Wahlen werden regelmäßig im US-Fernsehen ausgestrahlt. Es ist aber nicht die einzige Miss-Wahl, die im globalen Maßstab nach der schönsten Frau des Jahres sucht – die „Miss Universe“ (seit 1952), die „Miss International“ (seit 1960), die „Miss Intercontinental“ (seit 1971) oder die „Miss Earth“ (seit 2001) konkurrieren. Und die „Miss Tourism International“ (seit 2004) und die „Miss Supranational“ (seit 2009) sind im internationalen Maßstab noch dazugekommen. Im Vorlauf der internationalen Wettbewerbe finden Unzahlen von nationalen Veranstaltungen statt, die ihrerseits große nationale Publizität genießen. Nicht nur die internationalen, auch die nationalen, ja sogar die regionalen Titelträgerinnen dürfen auf nennenswerte Werbeverträge, Auftritte in den Medien und Ähnliches hoffen. Offenbar ist das FormatvMiss-Wahl auf allen Ebenen eine höchst einträgliche und publikumswirksame Angelegenheit.
We compared Chatham Island endemic species Xanthocnemis tuanuii to its congenerics from the New Zealand South Island: X. zealandica (newly collected specimens)and X. sinclairi (type specimens plus newly collected material). Two independent tests were performed –geometric morphometrics and molecular. Both analyses were consistent in supporting the status of X. tuanuiias a good species. Species differed statistically in the following morphological traits: head (dorsal view), male appendages (dorsal, lateral, posterior and ventral views), thorax (dorsal view), and penis (dorsal and lateral view). In addition to the original diagnostic features (mainly shape of the male superior appendages), a new morphological character is suggested here which reliably distinguishes the species based on the shape of the inferior appendages. There was no statistical support for the species status of X. sinclairi. The only feature re-ported as diagnostic (lower lobe of male superior appendages) was found to be variable and insufficient to warrant the previously proposed taxonomic rank for X. sinclairi. Molecular analysis of specimens showing identical appendages to the X. sinclairi holotype grouped them with X. zealandica specimens. Therefore X. sinclairi is synonymised with X. zealandica.
This paper updates the knowledge about the occurrence of armored scale insects on tropical fruit trees in Argentina, and Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) is recorded for the fi rst time from Argentina and South America. Herein we present three new associations for the world: Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) / Musa paradisiaca L.; Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret) / M. paradisiaca, and Acutaspis paulista (Hempel) / Persea americana Miller, and 10 new associations of armored scale / tropical fruit for Argentina are presented. Acutaspis paulista, Hemiberlesia palmae (Cockerell), Mycetaspis personata (Comstock) and P. cockerelli are cited for the first time on tropical fruits in this country.
Um einen besseren Überblick über die vielfältige religiöskulturelle Situation des gegenwärtigen Korea zu gewinnen, ist es nötig, zunächst einen Blick auf die wechselvolle koreanische Kulturgeschichte zu werfen. Korea war ursprünglich ein Agrikulturland. Deshalb war der Himmel für die Menschen der frühen Ackerbaukultur Koreas von grundlegender religiöser Bedeutung. Der Himmel symbolisierte die Regeln des gesellschaftlichen Zusammenlebens. Er verkörperte die Lebenskraft schlechthin. Von Anfang an gab es in Korea eine starke eigenständige Religionskultur, die vom Schamanismus und der volkstümlichen Drei-Götter-Verehrung geprägt war. Diese altkoreanische Tradition nahm später die von China her eindringen-den Religionskulturen des Konfuzianismus, Buddhismus und Taoismus in sich auf. Die besonders starke Einwirkung des Buddhismus auf Politik und Kultur Koreas wird "das erste Zeitalter des kulturellen Schocks" genannt. Der Buddhismus wurde im Jahre 392 n.Chr. zur Staatsreligion erhoben und gleichzeitig erlangte der Konfuzianismus als Staats- und Verwaltungsethik bestimmenden Einfluß auf das gesellschaftliche Leben Koreas. Die genannten fünf Religionen waren trotz ihrer Verschiedenheit stets harmonisch miteinander verbunden. Sie alle durchdringen bis heute alle Lebensbereiche, und sie alle stellen zentrale kulturbildende Elemente dar. In dieser religiösen Tradition, die durch Offenheit gegenüber fremden Kulturen gekennzeichnet ist, liegt denn auch die spezifische Situation religiöser Akkulturation in der pluralistischen Gesellschaft des heutigen Koreas begründet. ...
Reproduction in bryophytes is by asexual as well as sexual means. Asexual reproduction is a significant adaptation to special environments and occurs by a large variety of methods. During the last few decades, many of the bryophytes, particularly the dioecious ones are reported to have registered a decline in their fertile populations. There is, therefore, a need to understand the reasons for their disappearance.
On 13 July 2010, in a woodland near the village of Verin Khotanan, Armenia, five males of Cordulegaster vanbrinkae were captured. These specimens are documented, compared with the holotype from Iran and discussed in detail. The current protection situation of this species in Armenia is briefly commented. In addition, the locus typicus information of the holotype from Iran is corrected and detailed.
Jameson argues that in 'a society bereft of all historicity', 'what used to be the historical novel can no longer set out to represent the historical past'. The 'postmodern fate' of the historical novel is to be forced to come to terms with 'a new and original historical situation in which we are condemned to seek History by way of our own pop images and simulacra of that history, which itself remains forever out of reach. Salman Rushdie's "Midnight's Children" (1981) and Patrick Süskind's "Das Parfum. Die Geschichte eines Mörders" (1984) stand out as two hugely successful novels from this period that raise questions about historical representation within the space of the popular. They might therefore be used as test cases for Jameson's concerns. "Midnight's Children" is a sprawling story of Indian and British imperial and post-imperial history across the twentieth century. "Das Parfum" tells the tightly framed tale of a murderous perfumer in eighteenth-century France. Seemingly very different texts, they bear one curious similarity: both feature a protagonist with an unusually sensitive sense of smell.
In his article "The End of History?", originally published in the journal "The National Interest" in Summer 1989, Frances Fukuyama argued that 'the triumph of the West, of the Western idea, is evident first of all in the total exhaustion of viable systemic alternatives to Western liberalism.' It was in this respect that history had reached its 'end': the course of history in the sense of 'mankind's logical evolution' had arrived at 'the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government'. [...] A look at some of the historical fiction written in the 1980s might suggest ways out of this potential imaginative impasse, offering up alternative possibilities, or 'Gegenwelten', in place of the dispiriting spectacle of history-on-repeat. Fukuyama himself does not mention literature. In fact, the historical fiction of the 1980s reveals a space in which the meaning of 'history' is still very much contested and where the threat of the 'end of history' in its more obvious sense - in the form of nuclear war or climate apocalypse - emerges as a force that speaks powerfully to the anxiety of our present moment. Two evocative novels that have much to tell us in these respects are Christa Wolf's "Kassandra" and Jeanette Winterson's "Sexing the Cherry". Published in 1984 and 1989, these two texts challenged the idea of rational progress and 'mankind's logical evolution' by raising the prospect of a distinctive feminist poetics - of 'écriture féminine' and 'what it will do' as Hélène Cixous had put it in her 1975 essay "The Laugh of the Medusa". The 'Gegenwelten' they propose suggest ways out of the macho strait jacket of violence, destruction and impending nuclear war.
The Neotropical frog genus Pseudopaludicola includes 25 species distributed throughout South America. Herein we review the taxonomic status of P. parnaiba relative to P. canga and the specific identity of the population treated in previous studies as Pseudopaludicola sp. 3 from Barreirinhas in the Brazilian state of Maranhão. The lack of differentiation in advertisement call, morphology, and mitochondrial markers from topotypes and different populations rejects the status of P. parnaiba and Pseudopaludicola sp. 3 from Barreirinhas as distinct species. For these reasons, we suggest to formally consider P. parnaiba as a junior synonym of P. canga. We also found that a population previously reported as P. facureae from central Brazil (Palmeiras de Goiás, Goiás) corresponds to a cryptic species that we describe here as a new species. Lastly, we provide for the first time the phylogenetic positions of P. giarettai, P. llanera and P. pusilla.
The genus of Neotropical frogs Pseudopaludicola Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 includes 23 species, which occur throughout South America. Herein we describe a new species of Pseudopaludicola from the central region of the state of Minas Gerais (southeastern Brazil). This new species is distinguished by the adult morphology, the advertisement call, and molecular data. It is diagnosed mainly by its small size, terminal phalanges knobbed (lack of any expansion of the digital tips), proportionally short hind limbs, and its advertisement call composed of series of two-pulsed notes, emitted at a high repetition rate. In addition, we report the occurrence of the new species in the southern foothills of the Serra do Cipó National Park, at elevations lower than 800 m above sea level (a.s.l). The sister species of this new taxon is P. mineira Lobo, 1994, which occurs in rupestrian grasslands above 1200 m a.s.l. at the Serra do Cipó National Park and in Serra do Cabral, both in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We also redescribe the advertisement call of P. mineira based on recordings from topotypical males and compare it to calls of related species.
This paper describes a novel species of the genus Heterophoxus Shoemaker, 1925 from Brazil. The material examined was collected during the Mini Biological Trawl Project, off southeast and southern Brazil's coast off the states of Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul, ranging in depth from 25 to 128 meters. The new species, H. shoemakeri sp. nov., is similar to H. videns K.H. Barnard, 1930; however, the former species can be distinguished by: pereopod 7 basis posterior margin serrate with acute teeth, merus posterior margin not produced; epimeral plate 3 posteroventral corner with a longer acute projection, posterior margin almost straight; uropod 3 outer ramus article 2 clearly notable in both sexes. For Brazilian waters, this is the second record of the genus and the first species described with type material from the country. Besides that, we provide an identification key for the world species of Heterophoxus and a distribution map for the new species.
Blickte Carl Schmitt dieser Tage auf Georgien, so müsste er seinen berühmten Anfangssatz aus dem dritten Kapitel der "Politischen Theologie" ändern. Statt "Souverän ist, wer über den Ausnahmezustand entscheidet", müsste es heißen: Souverän ist, wer sich dem Ausnahmezustand nicht beugt. Denn die Georgische Orthodoxe Kirche hat erklärt, sich notfalls über alle vom Staat im Zusammenhang mit der Corona-Krise verhängten Beschränkungen hinwegzusetzen, um Liturgien und vor allem die Kommunion feiern zu können - so geschehen bei den Ostermessen am letzten Sonntag. [...] Der Konflikt ist jedoch nicht nur rechtlich, sondern auch politisch sehr bedeutsam. Politisch geht es um die freiheitliche demokratische Grundordnung Georgiens und den Versuch der Kirche, diese zu untergraben. Die Orthodoxe Kirche Georgiens, Ende der 1980er Jahre noch eine randständige gesellschaftliche Kraft, ist zu einer der reichsten und mächtigsten Institutionen in Georgien aufgestiegen, der die Mehrheit der georgischen Gesellschaft vertraut und die deshalb großen politischen Einfluss ausübt.
Merab Mamardaschwili (1930–1990) ist ein, wenn nicht der bedeutendste Philosoph aus der Sowjetunion. Der "georgische Sokrates" (Jean-Pierre Vernant) genießt in seiner georgischen Heimat und in Russland, wo er mehrere Generationen von Philosoph*innen beeinflusst hat, beinahe kultische Verehrung. Mamardaschwilis Philosophie aber wurde von seinem Kultstatus geradezu erdrückt: Er ist als philosophische Pop-Ikone in Georgien und Russland allgegenwärtig, er wird bewundert, passend oder unpassend zitiert, aber wenig gelesen. Außerhalb der ehemaligen Sowjetunion ist er weitgehend unbekannt geblieben, in deutscher Übersetzung liegen nur einzelne Vorträge und Aufsätze vor. 30 Jahre nach seinem Tod am 25. November 1990 wäre es die beste Würdigung, ihn von seinem Denkmalstatus zu befreien und als einen Philosophen wiederzuentdecken, mit dem die Fragen an die Gegenwart anders zu stellen und möglicherweise auch zu beantworten sind.
2018 ist Georgien Ehrengast der Frankfurter Buchmesse. Zum ersten Mal nach der Wende wird die georgische Literatur damit prominent in einer fremden Sprache präsentiert. Gerade die Literaturen kleiner Nationen sind auf internationale Anerkennung dieser Art besonders angewiesen. Doch gibt es einen qualitativen Unterschied zwischen Literaturen 'kleiner' und 'großer Nationen'? Diese Frage ist im Spannungsfeld zweier Konzepte zu diskutieren, die mit dem der Nationalliteratur als lange dominierendem Ordnungsprinzip literarischer Texte konkurrieren: kleine Literatur und Weltliteratur.