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In den meisten Industrienationen war in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten ein deutliches Wachstum der Kapitalanlagen institutioneller Anleger zu verzeichnen. Das hat zum Ausbau ihrer Positionen vor allem in den großen Kapitalgesellschaften mit handelbaren Anteilen geführt. Besonders ausgeprägt ist diese Entwicklung in den USA. So besteht Übereinstimmung darüber, daß bei den größten 100 amerikanischen Publikumsgesellschaften, d.h. Gesellschaften mit breit gestreutem Aktienkapital, institutionelle Anleger bereits heute mehr als 50 % der Anteile halten . Auch in Deutschland scheint sich eine ähnliche Entwicklung zu vollziehen. Der Anteil institutioneller Anleger an inländischen Aktiengesellschaften hat in den vergangenen Jahren erheblich, und zwar zu Lasten des Anteils der Privataktionäre, zugenommen*. Dazu trägt offensichtlich nicht nur das Wachstum inländischer institutioneller Anleger, sondern auch ein verstärktes Engagement ausländischer institutioneller Anleger in Anteilen inländischer Publikumsgesellschaften bei. Zu den inländischen institutionellen Anlegern zählen Banken, Versicherungen, Investmentfonds und Pensionsfonds. Unter Pensionsfonds sind Einrichtungen zu verstehen, die Kapital zum Zweck der Altersvorsorge ansammeln und verwalten. Dazu gehören in Deutschland etwa die berufsständischen Versorgungswerke, die Zusatzversorgungseinrichtungen im öffentlichen Dienst sowie Pensionskassen und Unterstützungskassen im Sinne des Gesetzes zur Verbesserung der betrieblichen Altersversorgung (BetrAVG), Die Zunahme des Anteilsbesitzes institutioneller Anleger wirft neue Fragen hinsichtlich der Unternehmensverfassung der Aktiengesellschaft auf. Dies betrifft vor allem die Präsenz und die Ausübung von Stimmrechten in der Hauptversammlung3. Insbesondere seit Beginn der achtziger Jahre hat die Präsenz auf Hauptversammlungen von Gesellschaften mit breitgestreutem Aktienkapital deutlich abgenommen4. Eine mögliche Ursache besteht in der wachsenden Beteiligung vor allem ausländischer institutioneller Anleger. Im Hinblick darauf, aber auch im Hinblick auf die gegenwärtige Diskussion um das Vollmachtstimmrecht der Banken stellt sich die Frage, ob und wie andere institutionelle Anleger zur Ausübung des Stimmrechts angehalten werden können. Eine Bewertung der Rolle institutioneller Anleger im Rahmen der Unternehmensverfassung der großen Publikumsgesellschaften setzt zunächst eine ausreichende rechtstatsächliche Kenntnis von Beteiligungsumfang und Abstimmungsverhalten voraus. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist es, für die verschiedenen Typen von institutionellen Anlegern diese Daten zur Ausübung von Stimmrechten in der Hauptversammlung zur Verfügung zu stellen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden für 24 Unternehmen in mehrheitlichem Streubesitz die Hauptversammlungsprotokolle des Jahres 1992 ausgewertet. Um feststellen zu können, inwieweit Stimmrechte trotz bestehenden Anteilsbesitzes nicht ausgeübt werden, wird zuvor die Höhe des Anteilsbesitzes ermittelt. Nach einer Beschreibung der erfaßten Unternehmen unter II. wird daher im folgenden (Ill.) zunächst die Höhe des Anteilsbesitzes aufgeschlüsselt. Hierzu wurde auf öffentlich zugängliche Quellen zurückgegriffen. Insbesondere wurden für den Anteilsbesitz der Investmentfonds die Rechenschaftsberichte der Kapitalanlagegesellschaften nach § 24 a KAGG ausgewertet. IV. untersucht sodann die Stimmrechtsausübung durch Teilnahme oder Vertretung in der Hauptversammlung. Dabei wird auch die StimmrechtsausÜbung zu einzelnen Tagesordnungspunkten behandelt, soweit die Hauptversammlungsprotokolle hierauf Rückschlüsse zulassen. Schließlich werden unter V. die Ergebnisse zusammengefaßt.
Peter Raisch hat sich in seinen wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten immer wieder mit dem Verhältnis von Rechtsordnung und Markt, den Aufgaben des Rechts gegenüber dem Marktgeschehen, befaßt. Die folgenden Bemerkungen beziehen sich auf den Teilbereich des "Marktrechts", der in den letzten Jahren die vielleicht umfassendste Veränderung erfahren hat und für den auch weiterhin eine dynamische Entwicklung zu erwarten steht: das Kapitalmarktrecht. Der Begriff selbst hat sich erst im Verlauf dieser Entwicklung gebildet1, ist aber inzwischen fest etabliert. Die Internationalisierung der Kapitalmärkte bringt Fragen des Anwendungsbereichs, der Kollision und der Harmonisierung verschiedener Kapitalmarktrechte mit sich - Themen, die dem Kenner des Kartellrechts, des "Grundgesetzes" unserer Marktordnung, seit langem wohl vertraut sind. Der Verfasser darf daher auf das Interesse des Jubilars hoffen, wenn er im folgenden auf einige in diesem Bereich auftretende Fragen eingeht.
For the German observer the idea of a Company repurchasing its own shares seems to resemble the picture of a snake eating its own tail. It appears to be highly unnatura1 and one wonders how the tail tan possibly be eatable for the snake. Not in the United States. Although repurchases have once been subject to the most stubbornly fought conflict in US Company law only some modest disclosure requirements and safeguards against overt market manipulation exist today. Large repurchases are an almost everyday event and there is an increasing tendency. The aggregate value of shares repurchased by NYSE listed companies has increased from $ 1 .l billion in 1975 to $ 6.3 billion in 1982 to $ 37.1 billion in 1985*. Few examples may illustrate this practice further: Within three years Ford Motor Corp. repurchased 30 million shares for $ 1.2 billion. In 1985 Phillips Petroleum Corp. was faced with two hostile bids and took several defensive Steps, one of which was to tender for 20 million of its own shares at a total tost of $ 1 billion. And by the end of 1988 Exxon Corp. retired 28 percent of its shares that had once been outstanding at an aggregate tost of $ 14.5 billion. The Situation in Germany is completely different. As it will be shown under German law repurchases are severely restricted and do appreciable amount at all. not take place at an In contrast to German law the United Kingdom does not prohibit repurchases but requires companies to comply with such complex rules that US companies would regard simply as limiting their economic freedom. Therefore UK companies very seldom repurchase their own shares, too. This Paper deals with repurchases by quoted companies, in particular the UK public Company and the more or less German equivalent, the Aktiengesellschaft (AG). It seeks to ascertain the reasons why companies might want to engage in those activities. Moreover, it tries to analyse the Problems which may arise from repurchases and the safeguards which the UK and German legal Systems provide for these Problems.This Paper deals with repurchases by quoted companies, in particular the UK public Company and the more or less German equivalent, the Aktiengesellschaft (AG). It seeks to ascertain the reasons why companies might want to engage in those activities. Moreover, it tries to analyse the Problems which may arise from repurchases and the safeguards which the UK and German legal Systems provide for these Problems.
Until the late 1980s, asset securitisation was an US-American finance technique. Meanwhile this technique has been used also in some European countries, although to a much lesser extent. While some of them have adopted or developed their legal and regulatory framework, others remain on earlier stages. That may be because of the lack of economic incentives, but also because of remaining regulatory or legal impediments. The following overview deals with the legal and regulatory environment in five selected European countries. It is structured as follows: First, this finance technique will be described in outline to the benefit of the reader who might not be familiar with it. A further part will report the recent development and the underlying economic reasons that drive this development. The main part will then deal with international aspects and give an overview of some legal and regulatory issues in five European legislations. Tax and accounting questions are, however, excluded. Concluding remarks follow.
The following descriptive overview of the German corporate governance system and the current debate is structured as follows. Part II will give some information on the empirical background. Part III will describe the formal legal setting as well as actual practices in some key areas. Part IV will then deal with some issues of the current debate.
"Earn-outs" sind Unternehmens- oder Anteilskaufverträge, in denen ein Teil der Kaufpreiszahlung abhängig gemacht wird von den Ergebnissen, die während einer im Vertrag festgelegten Bemessungsperiode nach dem "closing" erzielt werden. Diese Gestaltung ist in den U.S.A. entwickelt worden, findet aber auch in Deutschland Verwendung. Mit der Beteiligung des Verkäufers an den (vom Vertragsschluß her gesehen) künftigen Ergebnissen unterscheidet sich diese "Beteiligungslösung" von einer "Versicherungslösung", in der der Verkäufer dem Käufer gegen Zahlung eines Kaufpreisaufschlages bestimmte Ergebnisse garantiert. In der Praxis sind earn-outs sowohl in der Form anzutreffen, daß der Käufer selbst während der Bemessungsperiode das Unternehmen führt, als auch in der Form, daß der Verkäufer während dieser Periode weiterhin im Unternehmen, in der Regel als Geschäftsführer, tätig ist. Beide Gestaltungen bieten - je verschiedene - Anreize zu strategischem, den Vertragspartner schädigendem Verhalten und erfordern besonders wohldurchdachte, eingehende Regelungen im Kaufvertrag sowie in der Regel einen erheblichen Abwicklungsaufwand. Die damit verbundenen Risiken und Kosten lassen ein earn-out nur in Ausnahmefällen als ein geeignetes Gestaltungsinstrument erscheinen.
Bekanntlich hat der Handel von Anteilen deutscher Gesellschaften an US-amerikanischen Börsen in der Vergangenheit bisher ein Schattendasein geführt. An den beiden US-Börsen mit den meisten Notierungen ausländischer Gesellschaften, der New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") und der American Stock Exchange ("AMEX") waren deutsche Aktiengesellschaften nicht vertreten. Im computergestützten Handelssystem National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations System ("NASDAQ") waren gerade einmal die "ADRs" einer einzigen Gesellschaft zum Handel zugelassen. Daneben wurden Ende 1992 noch im Freiverkehr ("OTC") die "ADRs" von 12 weiteren Gesellschaften gehandelt. Die Notierung der Daimler Benz AG an der NYSE seit dem 5. Oktober 1993 sowie die bislang eher verhaltene Reaktion hierauf geben Anlaß, sich mit den Voraussetzungen und daraus erwachsenden Konsequenzen des Ganges an eine US-Börse zu befassen (11. - VI.). Insbesondere sollen aus dem Bezugsrecht der Aktionäre bei zukünftigen Kapitalerhöhungen entstehende Probleme erörtert werden (VII.).
In my following remarks I will focus on a differente which we find in German law as well as in other legislations, the differente b e t w e e n entrepreneurial investments among firms and merely financial investments. Whereas OUT law of groups of companies o f Konzernrecht contains quite an elaborated set of rules, the rules governing financial investments, especially Cross-border financial investments, seems to be somewhat underdeveloped.