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Financial theory creates a puzzle. Some authors argue that high-risk entrepreneurs choose debt contracts instead of equity contracts since risky but high returns are of relatively more value for a loan-financed firm. On the contrary, authors who focus explicitly on start-up finance predict that entrepreneurs are the more likely to seek equity-like venture capital contracts, the more risky their projects are. Our paper makes a first step to resolve this puzzle empirically. We present microeconometric evidence on the determinants of debt and equity financing in young and innovative SMEs. We pay special attention to the role of risk for the choice of the financing method. Since risk is not directly observable we use different indicators for financial and project risk. It turns out that our data generally confirms the hypothesis that the probability that a young high-tech firm receives equity financing is an increasing function of the financial risk. With regard to the intrinsic project risk, our results are less conclusive, as some of our indicators of a risky project are found to have a negative effect on the likelihood to be financed by private equity.
This paper proves correctness of Nocker s method of strictness analysis, implemented for Clean, which is an e ective way for strictness analysis in lazy functional languages based on their operational semantics. We improve upon the work of Clark, Hankin and Hunt, which addresses correctness of the abstract reduction rules. Our method also addresses the cycle detection rules, which are the main strength of Nocker s strictness analysis. We reformulate Nocker s strictness analysis algorithm in a higherorder lambda-calculus with case, constructors, letrec, and a nondeterministic choice operator used as a union operator. Furthermore, the calculus is expressive enough to represent abstract constants like Top or Inf. The operational semantics is a small-step semantics and equality of expressions is defined by a contextual semantics that observes termination of expressions. The correctness of several reductions is proved using a context lemma and complete sets of forking and commuting diagrams. The proof is based mainly on an exact analysis of the lengths of normal order reductions. However, there remains a small gap: Currently, the proof for correctness of strictness analysis requires the conjecture that our behavioral preorder is contained in the contextual preorder. The proof is valid without referring to the conjecture, if no abstract constants are used in the analysis.
The paper is a follow-up to an article published in Technique Financière et Developpement in 2000 (see the appendix to the hardcopy version), which portrayed the first results of a new strategy in the field of development finance implemented in South-East Europe. This strategy consists in creating microfinance banks as greenfield investments, that is, of building up new banks which specialise in providing credit and other financial services to micro and small enterprises, instead of transforming existing credit-granting NGOs into formal banks, which had been the dominant approach in the 1990s. The present paper shows that this strategy has, in the course of the last five years, led to the emergence of a network of microfinance banks operating in several parts of the world. After discussing why financial sector development is a crucial determinant of general social and economic development and contrasting the new strategy to former approaches in the area of development finance, the paper provides information about the shareholder composition and the investment portfolio of what is at present the world's largest and most successful network of microfinance banks. This network is a good example of a well-functioning "private public partnership". The paper then provides performance figures and discusses why the creation of such a network seems to be a particularly promising approach to the creation of financially self-sustaining financial institutions with a clear developmental objective.
We investigate the connection between corporate governance system configurations and the role of intermediaries in the respective systems from a informational perspective. Building on the economics of information we show that it is meaningful to distinguish between internalisation and externalisation as two fundamentally different ways of dealing with information in corporate governance systems. This lays the groundwork for a description of two types of corporate governance systems, i.e. insider control system and outsider control system, in which we focus on the distinctive role of intermediaries in the production and use of information. It will be argued that internalisation is the prevailing mode of information processing in insider control system while externalisation dominates in outsider control system. We also discuss shortly the interrelations between the prevailing corporate governance system and types of activities or industry structures supported.
The paper explores factors that influence the design of financing contracts between venture capital investors and European venture capital funds. 122 Private Placement Memoranda and 46 Partnership Agreements are investigated in respect to the use of covenant restrictions and compensation schemes. The analysis focuses on the impact of two key factors: the reputation of VC-funds and changes in the overall demand for venture capital services. We find that established funds are more severely restricted by contractual covenants. This contradicts the conventional wisdom which assumes that established market participants care more about their reputation, have less incentive to behave opportunistically and therefore need less covenant restrictions. We also find that managers of established funds are more often obliged to invest own capital alongside with investors money. We interpret this as evidence that established funds have actually less reason to care about their reputation as compared to young funds. One reason for this surprising result could be that managers of established VC funds are older and closer to retirement and therefore put less weight on the effects of their actions on future business opportunities. We also explore the effects of venture capital supply on contract design. Gompers and Lerner (1996) show that VC-funds in the US are able to reduce the number of restrictive covenants in years with high supply of venture capital and interpret this as a result of increased bargaining power by VC-funds. We do not find similar evidence for Europe. Instead, we find that VC-funds receive less base compensation and higher performance related compensation in years with strong capital inflows into the VC industry. This may be interpreted as a signal of overconfidence: Strong investor demand seems to coincide with overoptimistic expectations by fund managers which make them willing to accept higher powered incentive schemes. JEL: G32 Keywords: Venture Capital, Contracting, Limited Partnership, Funds, Principal Agent, Compensation, Covenants, Reputation, Bargaining Power
In this article, we investigate risk return characteristics and diversification benefits when private equity is used as a portfolio component. We use a unique dataset describing 642 US-American portfolio companies with 3620 private equity investments. Information about precisely dated cash flows at the company level enables for the first time a cash flow equivalent and simultaneous investment simulation in stocks, as well as the construction of stock portfolios for benchmarking purposes. With respect to the methodology involved, we construct private equity, stock-benchmark and mixed-asset portfolios using bootstrap simulations. For the late 1990s we find a dramatic increase in the extent to which private equity outperforms stock investment. In earlier years private equity was underperforming its stock benchmarks. Within the overall class of private equity, returns on earlier private equity investment categories, like venture capital, show on average higher variations and even higher rates of failure. It is in this category in particular that high average portfolio returns are generated solely by the ability to select a few extremely well performing companies, thus compensating for lost investments. There is a high marginal diversifiable risk reduction of about 80% when the portfolio size is increased to include 15 investments. When the portfolio size is increased from 15 to 200 there are few marginal risk diversification effects on the one hand, but a large increase in managing expenditure on the other, so that an actual average portfolio size between 20 and 28 investments seems to be well balanced. We provide empirical evidence that the non-diversifiable risk that a constrained investor, who is exclusively investing in private equity, has to hold exceeds that of constrained stock investors and also the market risk. From the viewpoint of unconstrained investors with complete investment freedom, risk can be optimally reduced by constructing mixed asset portfolios. According to the various private equity subcategories analyzed, there are big differences in optimal allocations to this asset class for minimizing mixed-asset portfolio variance or maximizing performance ratios. We observe optimal portfolio weightings to be between 3% and 65%.
This paper is concerned with the tagging of spatial expressions in German newspaper articles, assigning a meaning to the expression and classifying the usages of the spatial expression and linking the derived referent to an event description. In our system, we implemented the activation of concepts in a very simple fashion, a concept is activated once (with a cost depending on the item that activated it) and is left activated thereafter. As an example, a city also activates the nodes for the region and the country it is part of, so that cities from one country are chosen over cities from different countries. A test corpus of 12 German newspaper articles was tested regarding several disambiguation strategies. Disambiguation was carried out via a beam search to find an approximately cost-optimal solution for the conflict set of potential grounding candidates for the tagged spatial expression. Test showed that the disambiguation strategies improved accuracy significantly.
As of today, estimating interest rate reaction functions for the Euro Area is hampered by the short time span since the conduct of a single monetary policy. In this paper we circumvent the common use of aggregated data before 1999 by estimating interest rate reaction functions based on a panel including actual EMU Member States. We find that exploiting the cross-section dimen- sion of a multi-country panel and accounting for cross-country heterogeneity in advance of the single monetary policy pays off with regard to the estimated reaction functions' ability to describe actual interest rate dynamics. We retrieve a panel reaction function which is demonstrated to be a valuable tool for evaluating episodes of monetary policy since 1999. JEL - Klassifikation: E43 , E58 , C33
The paper analyses the financial structure of German inward FDI. From a tax perspective, intra-company loans granted by the parent should be all the more strongly preferred over equity the lower the tax rate of the parent and the higher the tax rate of the German affiliate. From our study of a panel of more than 8,000 non-financial affiliates in Germany, we find only small effects of the tax rate of the foreign parent. However, our empirical results show that subsidiaries that on average are profitable react more strongly to changes in the German corporate tax rate than this is the case for less profitable firms. This gives support to the frequent concern that high German taxes are partly responsible for the high levels of intracompany loans. Taxation, however, does not fully explain the high levels of intra-company borrowing. Roughly 60% of the cross-border intra-company loans turn out to be held by firms that are running losses. JEL - Klassifikation H25 , F23 .
We develop an estimated model of the U.S. economy in which agents form expectations by continually updating their beliefs regarding the behavior of the economy and monetary policy. We explore the effects of policymakers' misperceptions of the natural rate of unemployment during the late 1960s and 1970s on the formation of expectations and macroeconomic outcomes. We find that the combination of monetary policy directed at tight stabilization of unemployment near its perceived natural rate and large real-time errors in estimates of the natural rate uprooted heretofore quiescent in inflation expectations and destabilized the economy. Had monetary policy reacted less aggressively to perceived unemployment gaps, in inflation expectations would have remained anchored and the stag inflation of the 1970s would have been avoided. Indeed, we find that less activist policies would have been more effective at stabilizing both in inflation and unemployment. We argue that policymakers, learning from the experience of the 1970s, eschewed activist policies in favor of policies that concentrated on the achievement of price stability, contributing to the subsequent improvements in macroeconomic performance of the U.S. economy.
Seit der Einführung des Deutschen Corporate Governance Kodex (Kodex) im Jahr 2002 sind deutsche börsennotierte Unternehmen zur Abgabe der Entsprechenserklärung gemäß § 161 AktG verpflichtet (Comply-or-Explain-Prinzip). Auf der Basis dieser Information soll durch den Druck des Kapitalmarkts die Einhaltung des Kodex überwacht und gegebenenfalls sanktioniert werden. Dabei wird regelmäßig postuliert, dass bei überdurchschnittlicher Befolgung bzw. Nichtbefolgung der Kodex-Empfehlungen eine Belohnung durch Kurszuschläge bzw. eine Sanktionierung durch Kursabschläge erfolgt. Die Ergebnisse einer Ereignisstudie zeigen, dass die Abgabe der Entsprechenserklärung keine erhebliche Kursbeeinflussung auslöst und die für das Enforcement des Kodex angenommene (und erforderliche) Selbstregulierung durch den Kapitalmarkt nicht stattfindet. Es wird daher kritisch hinterfragt, ob der für den Kodex gewählte und grundsätzlich zu begrüßende flexible Regulierungsansatz im System des zwingenden deutschen Gesellschaftsrechts einen geeigneten Enforcement-Mechanismus darstellt. This paper studies the short-run announcement effects of compliance with the German Corporate Governance Code (‘the Code’) on firm value. Event study results suggest that firm value is unaffected by the announcement, although such market reactions to the first time disclosure of the declaration of conformity were widely assumed by the private and public promoters of the Code. This result from acceptance of the German Code add evidence to the hypothesis that regulatory corporate governance initiatives that rely on mandatory disclosure without monitoring and enforcement are ineffective in civil law countries.
Außerhalb der indoeuropäischen Sprachen [erfreut sich] [d]ie Kategorie „Adjektiv“ […] einer geringeren Verbreitung als man als Laie vermuten würde, und es zeigen sich in nicht-indoeuropäischen Sprachen von den europäischen Sprachen stark verschiedene Aufteilungen der Welt in Nomina und Verba. Eine bisher nicht beschriebene Verteilung von Konzepten auf Wortarten in der Sprache Guarani, welche hauptsächlich in Paraguay gesprochen wird, ist das Thema dieser Arbeit.
This paper analyzes the empirical relationship between credit default swap, bond and stock markets during the period 2000-2002. Focusing on the intertemporal comovement, we examine weekly and daily lead-lag relationships in a vector autoregressive model and the adjustment between markets caused by cointegration. First, we find that stock returns lead CDS and bond spread changes. Second, CDS spread changes Granger cause bond spread changes for a higher number of firms than vice versa. Third, the CDS market is significantly more sensitive to the stock market than the bond market and the magnitude of this sensitivity increases when credit quality becomes worse. Finally, the CDS market plays a more important role for price discovery than the corporate bond market. JEL Klassifikation: G10, G14, C32.
National borders in Europe have been opening since 1992 and the Union is expanding to embrace more countries prompting enterprises to consider alternative and more attractive locations outside their home country to handle part of their activities (Van Dijk and Pellenbarg, 2000; Cantwell and Iammarino, 2002). International relocation is becoming more and more popular even for small and medium-sized firms that are involved in a growing internationalisation process, mirroring the path of multinational enterprises. Italy, like other industrialised countries, is experiencing a fragmentation of the production chain: firms tend to shift high labour-intensive manufacturing activities to areas characterised by an abundance of low-cost labour (i.e. Central Eastern Europe, India, South East Asia, Latin America, Russia and Central Asia). The internationalisation process by Italian district SMEs has assumed significant dimensions. It has become a relevant topic in recent economic debate because of its consequences for the local context and, in particular, the implication for the survival of the Italian district model (see, among others, Becattini, 2002; Rullani, 1998 and Cor, 2000). The purpose of the paper is twofold: it aims at (i) identifying the managerial approaches to the internationalisation process adopted by the Italian district SMEs and by the Industrial District (ID) itself and (ii) at investigating whether the international delocalisation to the South Eastern European countries (SEECs) constitutes a threat or an opportunity for the Italian district model. The paper is organised as follows. The general introduction is followed by a description of the evolution of the internationalisation processes in Italy over the last three decades. Section three presents a discussion of the internationalisation strategies adopted by Italian SMEs. Section four focuses on the internationalisation process of the Italian industrial districts SMEs. A review of the studies on the subject is offered in section five. Section six presents a qualitative study on the internationalisation process as undergone by sports shoes manufacturers in the Montebelluna district, in north-east Italy. This study shows different managerial strategies to the internationalisation process and emphasises that the motivations can evolve over time, from originally cost-saving to increasingly market-oriented or global strategies. On the basis of a literature review, section seven investigates whether internationalisation constitutes a threat (i.e. loss of jobs and knowledge) or an opportunity (i.e. enlargement of the ID, update district s competitiveness) for the district model. Finally, some summarising remarks in section eight conclude the paper.
Work on proving congruence of bisimulation in functional programming languages often refers to [How89,How96], where Howe gave a highly general account on this topic in terms of so-called lazy computation systems . Particularly in implementations of lazy functional languages, sharing plays an eminent role. In this paper we will show how the original work of Howe can be extended to cope with sharing. Moreover, we will demonstrate the application of our approach to the call-by-need lambda-calculus lambda-ND which provides an erratic non-deterministic operator pick and a non-recursive let. A definition of a bisimulation is given, which has to be based on a further calculus named lambda-~, since the na1ve bisimulation definition is useless. The main result is that this bisimulation is a congruence and contained in the contextual equivalence. This might be a step towards defining useful bisimulation relations and proving them to be congruences in calculi that extend the lambda-ND-calculus.
It is shown that between one-turn pushdown automata (1-turn PDAs) and deterministic finite automata (DFAs) there will be savings concerning the size of description not bounded by any recursive function, so-called non-recursive tradeoffs. Considering the number of turns of the stack height as a consumable resource of PDAs, we can show the existence of non-recursive trade-offs between PDAs performing k+ 1 turns and k turns for k >= 1. Furthermore, non-recursive trade-offs are shown between arbitrary PDAs and PDAs which perform only a finite number of turns. Finally, several decidability questions are shown to be undecidable and not semidecidable.
To resolve the IPO underpricing puzzle it is essential to analyze who knows what when during the issuing process. In Germany, broker-dealers make a market in IPOs during the subscription period. We examine these pre-issue prices and find that they are highly informative. They are closer to the first price subsequently established on the exchange than both the midpoint of the bookbuilding range and the offer price. The pre-issue prices explain a large part of the underpricing left unexplained by other variables. The results imply that information asymmetries are much lower than the observed variance of underpricing suggests.
This paper employs individual bidding data to analyze the empirical performance of the longer term refinancing operations (LTROs) of the European Central Bank (ECB). We investigate how banks’ bidding behavior is related to a series of exogenous variables such as collateral costs, interest rate expectations, market volatility and to individual bank characteristics like country of origin, size, and experience. Panel regressions reveal that a bank’s bidding depends on bank characteristics. Yet, different bidding behavior generally does not translate into differences concerning bidder success. In contrast to the ECB’s main refinancing operations, we find evidence for the winner’s curse effect in LTROs. Our results indicate that LTROs do neither lead to market distortions nor to unfair auction outcomes. JEL classification: E52, D44
Open source projects produce goods or standards that do not allow for the appropriation of private returns by those who contribute to their production. In this paper we analyze why programmers will nevertheless invest their time and effort to code open source software. We argue that the particular way in which open source projects are managed and especially how contributions are attributed to individual agents, allows the best programmers to create a signal that more mediocre programmers cannot achieve. Through setting themselves apart they can turn this signal into monetary rewards that correspond to their superior capabilities. With this incentive they will forgo the immediate rewards they could earn in software companies producing proprietary software by restricting the access to the source code of their product. Whenever institutional arrangements are in place that enable the acquisition of such a signal and the subsequent substitution into monetary rewards, the contribution to open source projects and the resulting public good is a feasible outcome that can be explained by standard economic theory.
When performance measures are used for evaluation purposes, agents have some incentives to learn how their actions affect these measures. We show that the use of imperfect performance measures can cause an agent to devote too many resources (too much effort) to acquiring information. Doing so can be costly to the principal because the agent can use information to game the performance measure to the detriment of the principal. We analyze the impact of endogenous information acquisition on the optimal incentive strength and the quality of the performance measure used.
In der vorliegenden Studie werden die sozialpolitischen Reformen in den USA und Kanada während der 1990er Jahren in einer vergleichenden Perspektive analysiert. Dabei wird insbesondere die Rolle steuerpolitischer Instrumentarien in den Reformen thematisiert und der Frage nachgegangen, ob sich hier ein neuer Typ von Wohlfahrtsstaat herausbildet. Im ersten Teil des Papiers wird das in der vergleichenden Wohlfahrtsstaatsforschung etablierte Modell des liberalen Wohlfahrtsstaats skizziert, um vor diesem Hintergrund die Reformen in den USA und Kanada zu untersuchen und zu vergleichen. Anschließend wird in einer breiteren vergleichenden Perspektive die out-put-Leistung der beiden Wohlfahrtsstaaten analysiert. Al normative Kriterien hierbei gilt in erster Linie die Umverteilungsfunktion sozialpolitischer Instrumentarien, hier in erster Linie verstanden als Einkommensumverteilung.
Taxation and tax policy reform appears on the political agenda in most advanced welfare states in Europe and North America. Of course studies of taxation and tax policy are nothing new and have existed ever since people have paid taxes. The current work is situated in the context of the future of the welfare state and the reinforced international economic and political integration referred to as "globalization." The purpose of this paper is to analyze how globalization is affecting tax policy in advanced welfare states. In comparing the evolution of tax policy in Canada with those in the United States, Germany and Sweden from 1960 to 1995, I will try to review the conventional antiglobalization thesis, i.e., that globalization leads to a "race to the bottom" in revenue and expenditures policies, or as others have called it, a "beggar the neighbour policy" (Tanzi and Bovenberg 1990, 187). ... Conclusion: The empirical data and theoretical models clearly show that globalization is one relatively minor factor among many that explain tax policy reforms. And even that limited influence is mediated by domestic political systems, institutions and constellations of actors. As the data has shown, the conventional globalization thesis of a race to the bottom is not borne out. Tax rates and tax revenues are still increasing, despite the ongoing trend toward international trade integration. Countervailing pressures like the high cost of welfare programs, different parties in government, strong labour unions, and institutional veto players counteract the pressure of globalization on tax policy. As for the future of taxation in Canada, it is more likely to be one of gradual evolution than radical change. Although the data don’t show any downward pressure on tax rates and tax revenues comparatively speaking, there are at least four key factors in Canada that are likely to put pressure on future tax rates, although regional political dynamics and the workings of fiscal federalism suggest that tax reductions will be a higher priority in some provinces than others (Hale 2002). First, neoliberalism will continue to shape fiscal and tax policy, including the role of the tax system in delivering social policies and programs in most parts of Canada. Second, governments that seek to define their own economic and social priorities rather than simply react to events beyond their borders will have to exercise centralized control over budgetary policies and spending levels if they hope to foster the economic growth needed to finance social services in the context of Canada’s changing demographics. Third, the ability of governments to combine the promotion of economic growth and higher living standards will be closely linked to their ability to develop a workable division of responsibilities among federal and provincial governments and with other national governments. Finally, the diffusion of new technologies will continue to transform national and regional economies while giving individuals greater opportunity to avoid government and tax regulations that run contrary to their perceived interests and values. This discussion of determinants that shape tax policy reform has shown that successful management of fiscal and tax policy requires a capacity to set priorities; adapt to changing circumstances; and build a consensus that enables competing economic, social, regional and ideological interests to identify their own well-being in the broader political and economic environment. Tax policy is shaped by many political, economic and social determinants. As Geoffrey Hale correctly concludes, "it should not be surprising if the tax system stubbornly refuses to confirm either economic theories or political ideologies, but reflects past decisions and the policy tradeoffs of the political process" (2002, 71). The notion of tax policy being driven by globalization and forces associated with globalization (both positive and negative) is simply not borne by the facts.
Fünfter Band der zweiten Fassung (B) der "Römischen Octavia". verzeichnet im Ostermesskatalog von 1713. Cf. zur vollständigen Publikationsgeschichte: Octavia römische Geschichte, [vol. 1] (Nürnberg: J. Hoffmann, 1677). Etwa die Hälfte des Texts des sechsten Bandes der ersten Fassung ist in der zweiten Fassung in den fünften Band integriert. Enthält mehrere wahrscheinlich autorfremde Gedichte, die jedoch nicht sicher zugeschrieben werden können. Diverse Überarbeitungen gegenüber der ersten Fassung. Neu hinzugekommen sind folgende abgeschlossene Geschichten: "Die Geschichte des Corillus", pp. 15-54 "Des Vatinius Gesandschafft", pp. 57-67 "Begebenheit der Apasia", pp. 857-860
Siebter Band der zweiten Fassung (B) der "Römischen Octavia". Postum veröffentlicht in Wien. Der Text bricht mitten im Satz ab. Über diesen siebten Band hinaus existieren auch noch große Teile der Diktatniederschriften für einen abschließenden achten Band des Romans. Am verlässlichsten informiert hierüber die Einleitung zur historisch-kritischen Ausgabe in HKA I, pp. XIX-LIX. Vor allem auf den letzten etwa 200 Seiten des siebten Bandes finden sich starke auch konzeptionelle Abweichungen gegenüber den Diktatniederschriften, die auf Anton Ulrichs Sekretär Gottfried Alberti zurückgehen, der nach dem Tod des Herzogs damit betraut war, das Romanprojekt zu einem Ende zu bringen. Zu den Umständen, warum der siebte Band erst 1762 in Wien und der achte Band gar nicht erschienen ist, vgl. Otte (1983) und HKA I, pp. XLVIII-LVIII. Zwischen 1714 (Erscheinen des sechsten Bandes) und 1716 (Konkurs Zilligers) entstand in Wolfenbüttel ein nie vollendeter und nie in den Verkauf gelangter Teildruck des siebten Bandes: Der| Römischen| Octavia| Siebender Theil.| [vignette]| Braunschweig/| Gedruckt und verlegt durch Johann Georg Zilligern| Hochfürstl. privil. Hof-Buchdrucker.
Vierter Band der zweiten Fassung (B) der "Römischen Octavia". verzeichnet im Ostermesskatalog von 1713. Cf. zur vollständigen Publikationsgeschichte: Octavia römische Geschichte, [vol. 1] (Nürnberg: J. Hoffmann, 1677). Enthält wahrscheinlich autorfremde Gedichte, die jedoch nicht sicher zugeschrieben werden können, sowie eine autobiographische Schlüsselerzählung Aurora von Königsmarcks "Die Geschichte der Solane", pp. 603-658. Enthält auf den pp. 415-466 Fragmente eines Davids-Epos in Alexandrinern "Die Geschichte des Davids/ Königs in Juda", das wahrscheinlich ein Jugendwerk Anton Ulrichs darstellt. Einige Überarbeitungen gegenüber der ersten Fassung. Neu hinzugekommen sind folgende abgeschlossene Geschichten: "Fortsetzung der Geschichte der Königin Berenice", pp. 221-232 "Die Geschichte des Davids/ Königs in Juda", pp. 415-466 "Die Geschichte der Solane", pp. 603-658, verfasst von Aurora von Königsmarck "Die Geschichte des Agbarus und der Printzeßin Nitocris", pp. 1051-1066
Sechster Band der zweiten Fassung (B) der "Römischen Octavia". verzeichnet im Ostermesskatalog von 1714. Cf. zur vollständigen Publikationsgeschichte: Octavia römische Geschichte, [vol. 1] (Nürnberg: J. Hoffmann, 1677). Enthält mehrere wahrscheinlich autorfremde Gedichte, die jedoch nicht sicher zugeschrieben werden können. Enthält auf den pp. 875-884 ein kleines Oratorium, dessen Verfasserschaft ungeklärt ist. Diverse Überarbeitungen gegenüber der ersten Fassung. Etwa die Hälfte des ursprünglichen Textes des sechsten Bandes der ersten Fassung ist nun dem fünften Band zugeschlagen worden. Ungefähr ab der Mitte des sechsten Bandes beginnt ganz neuer Text. Neu hinzugekommen ist in der ersten Hälfte folgende abgeschlossene Geschichte: "Die Geschichte der Epicharis", pp. 315-356.
Dritter Band der zweiten Fassung (B) der "Römischen Octavia" verzeichnet im Ostermesskatalog von 1713. Cf. zur vollständigen Publikationsgeschichte: Octavia römische Geschichte, [vol. 1] (Nürnberg: J. Hoffmann, 1677). Enthält mehrere wahrscheinlich autorfremde Gedichte, die allerdings sämtlich nicht sicher zugeschrieben werden können (vgl. HKA III, pp. XXIII-XXVII). Gegenüber der ersten Fassung nur geringere Überarbeitung. Neu hinzugekommen ist "Die Geschichte Der Königin Berenice", pp. 276-350.
Sechster Band der ersten Fassung der "Römischen Octavia". Cf. zur vollständigen Publikationsgeschichte: Octavia römische Geschichte, [vol. 1] (Nürnberg: J. Hoffmann, 1677). Die nicht verkauften Exemplare dieses Drucks wurden zudem 1711 unter neuem Titelblatt im Rahmen einer Gesamtausgabe nochmals angeboten.
Fünfter Band der ersten Fassung der "Römischen Octavia". Der Band ist erstmals im Ostermesskatalog von 1704 angekündigt worden und dann nochmals im Ostermesskatalog von 1706. Wahrscheinlich sollte der Band, wie es auch auf dem Titelblatt steht, ursprünglich 1704 erscheinen, ist dann aber erst 1706 tatsächlich auf den Markt gekommen. Vgl. dazu HKA I (1993), p. CXVI. Cf. zur Vollständigen Publikationsgeschichte: Octavia. Römische Geschichte, [vol. 1] (Nürnberg: J. Hoffmann, 1677). Die nicht verkauften Exemplare dieses Drucks wurden zudem 1711 unter neuem Titelblatt im Rahmen einer Gesamtausgabe nochmals angeboten.
Drittes und letztes Drittel des vierten Bandes der ersten Fassung der "Römischen Octavia". Die ersten beiden Drittel erschienen ein Jahr zuvor. Cf. zur vollständigen Publikationsgeschichte: Octavia römische Geschichte, [vol. 1] (Nürnberg: J. Hoffmann, 1677). Die nicht verkauften Exemplare dieses Drucks wurden zudem 1711 unter neuem Titelblatt im Rahmen einer Gesamtausgabe nochmals angeboten.
Zur "Römischen Octavia" sind in der Herzog August Bibliothek (23:) und im Staatsarchiv (SA) Wolfenbüttel umfangreiche Vorarbeiten, Manuskripte und Diktatniederschriften erhalten, was für einen Roman des 17. und frühen 18. Jahrhunderts eine absolute Seltenheit darstellt. Über die gedruckten Bände hinaus existieren auch noch große Teile der Diktatniederschriften für einen abschließenden achten Band des Romans. Am verlässlichsten informiert hierüber die Einleitung zur Historisch-kritischen Ausgabe in HKA I, pp. XIX-LIX. Zur umfangreichen erhaltenen Korrespondenz Anton Ulrichs vgl. Mazingue (1978), pp. 887-900. Der Roman erschien in zwei Fassungen - Fassung A, verlegt in Nürnberg, und Fassung B, verlegt in Braunschweig und Wien, weichen im Text voneinander ab. A war zuerst auf vier Bände konzipiert, ist dann aber auf sechs Bände erweitert worden. Diese sechs Bände wurden 1711 zu einer Werkausgabe gruppiert. Fassung B war zuerst ebenfalls auf sechs, später auf acht Bände konzipiert, von ihr erschienen sechs Bände in Braunschweig zwischen 1712 und 1714 und ein siebter in Wien 1762. Von den Ausgaben A.3.a, A.1.b, A.2.b sind Druckvarianten überliefert, die jeweils nach den Nachdrucken der ersten drei Bände (1685-1702) und vor 1711 entstanden sind. Die ersten drei Bände der Ausgabe von 1711 bieten zum weit überwiegenden Teil Material dieser Druckvarianten.
Bibliographie : Octavia römische Geschichte: Zweyter Theil, [vol. 3] (Nürnberg: J. Hoffmann, 1679)
(2004)
Dritter Band der ersten Fassung der "Römischen Octavia". Cf. zur vollständigen Publikationsgeschichte: Octavia römische Geschichte, [vol. 1] (Nürnberg: J. Hoffmann, 1677). Von diesem Erstdruck existiert ein bis auf einige Lesarten textgleicher Doppeldruck mit durchgehendem Neusatz, erschienen nach 1702 und vor 1711. Von den ersten drei Bänden sind vor 1711 jeweils Doppeldrucke entstanden, also Ausgaben mit komplettem Neusatz, aber der alten Datierung. Dieser Vorgang ist angesichts der Tatsache, dass die Drucker der Zeit in der Regel sehr daran interessiert waren, ihre Ausgaben verkaufsfördernd als 'neu' zu präsentieren, eher ungewöhnlich. Das wichtigste Argument dafür, dass es sich nicht um gleichzeitige Doppeldrucke aus dem jeweiligen Ersterscheinungsjahr der Bände handelt, ist die Tatsache, dass für die Titelauflage des dritten Bandes von 1711 nicht etwa die Bögen der zweiten Ausgabe von 1702 verwendet wurden, sondern vor allem Bögen, die einer der beiden auf 1679 datierten Ausgaben zugerechnet werden müssen. Wenn diese Bögen tatsächlich bereits von 1679 stammten, hätte man 1702 ja gar nicht nachdrucken müssen. Vgl. zu dieser Argumentation Boghardt (1993), pp. XCVIIIf.
Nachdruck des ersten Bandes der ersten Fassung der "Römischen Octavia". Cf. zur vollständigen Publikationsgeschichte: Octavia römische Geschichte, [vol. 1] (Nürnberg: J. Hoffmann, 1677). Von diesem Nachdruck existiert ein bis auf einige Lesarten textgleicher Doppeldruck mit durchgehendem Neusatz, erschienen nach 1685 und vor 1711. Von den ersten drei Bänden sind vor 1711 jeweils Doppeldrucke entstanden, also Ausgaben mit komplettem Neusatz, aber der alten Datierung. Dieser Vorgang ist angesichts der Tatsache, dass die Drucker der Zeit in der Regel sehr daran interessiert waren, ihre Ausgaben verkaufsfördernd als 'neu' zu präsentieren, eher ungewöhnlich. Das wichtigste Argument dafür, dass es sich nicht um gleichzeitige Doppeldrucke aus dem jeweiligen Ersterscheinungsjahr der Bände handelt, ist die Tatsache, dass für die Titelauflage des dritten Bandes von 1711 nicht etwa die Bögen der zweiten Ausgabe von 1702 verwendet wurden, sondern vor allem Bögen, die einer der beiden auf 1679 datierten Ausgaben zugerechnet werden müssen. Wenn diese Bögen tatsächlich bereits von 1679 stammten, hätte man 1702 ja gar nicht nachdrucken müssen. Vgl. zu dieser Argumentation Boghardt (1993), pp. XCVIIIf.
Zweiter Band der ersten Fassung der "Römischen Octavia". Cf. zur vollständigen Publikationsgeschichte: Octavia römische Geschichte, [vol. 1] (Nürnberg: J. Hoffmann, 1677). Enthält mehrere teils wahrscheinlich, teils sicher autorfremde Gedichte. Zwei davon stammen von Christian Hofmann von Hofmannswaldau (vgl. HKA I, pp. CLXXIVf., Anm. 195). Von der "Geschichte der Flavia Domitilla und der Cönis", pp. 920-1015, existiert eine Übersetzung einer unbekannten französischen Hofdame ins Französische, datiert auf den 9. März 1714 (23: Cod.Guelf. 196.1 Extravag.).
Nachdruck des zweiten Bandes der ersten Fassung der "Römischen Octavia". Cf. zur vollständigen Publikationsgeschichte: Octavia römische Geschichte, [vol. 1] (Nürnberg: J. Hoffmann, 1677). Von diesem Nachdruck existiert ein bis auf einige Lesarten textgleicher Doppeldruck mit durchgehendem Neusatz, erschienen nach 1685 und vor 1711. Von den ersten drei Bänden sind vor 1711 jeweils Doppeldrucke entstanden, also Ausgaben mit komplettem Neusatz, aber der alten Datierung. Dieser Vorgang ist angesichts der Tatsache, dass die Drucker der Zeit in der Regel sehr daran interessiert waren, ihre Ausgaben verkaufsfördernd als 'neu' zu präsentieren, eher ungewöhnlich. Das wichtigste Argument dafür, dass es sich nicht um gleichzeitige Doppeldrucke aus dem jeweiligen Ersterscheinungsjahr der Bände handelt, ist die Tatsache, dass für die Titelauflage des dritten Bandes von 1711 nicht etwa die Bögen der zweiten Ausgabe von 1702 verwendet wurden, sondern vor allem Bögen, die einer der beiden auf 1679 datierten Ausgaben zugerechnet werden müssen. Wenn diese Bögen tatsächlich bereits von 1679 stammten, hätte man 1702 ja gar nicht nachdrucken müssen. Vgl. zu dieser Argumentation Boghardt (1993), pp. XCVIIIf.
Die ersten zwei Drittel des vierten Bandes der ersten Fassung der "Römischen Octavia". Das dritte Drittel folgte separat ein Jahr später. Cf. zur vollständigen Publikationsgeschichte: Octavia römische Geschichte, [vol. 1] (Nürnberg: J. Hoffmann, 1677). Von diesem vierten Band existiert ein nie vollendeter und nie erschienener Teildruck, der mit einigen Lücken die Seiten 250-418 umfasst, entstanden zwischen 1680 und 1682. Die einzelnen Blätter sind in Handschriften zur "Römischen Octavia" (SA Wolfenbüttel: 1 Alt 22, 317, 368, 369) zum Teil eingeklebt und zum Teil lose eingelegt. Vgl. HKA I (1993), pp. CVIf. Ursprünglich sollte dieser vierte Band den Roman abschließen. Als die Arbeit nach einer Unterbrechung von rund 20 Jahren um die Jahrhundertwende herum wieder aufgenommen wurde, wurde das Projekt auf dann auf sechs Bände erweitert. Etwa ab der Bandmitte dominiert dann neu verfasster Text, der nach 1700 entstanden ist. Die nicht verkauften Exemplare dieses Drucks wurden zudem 1711 unter neuem Titelblatt im Rahmen einer Gesamtausgabe nochmals angeboten.
Nachdruck des dritten Bands der ersten Fassung der "Römischen Octavia". Cf. zur vollständigen Publikationsgeschichte: Octavia römische Geschichte, [vol. 1] (Nürnberg: J. Hoffmann, 1677). Enthält mehrere wahrscheinlich autorfremde Gedichte, die allerdings sämtlich nicht sicher zugeschrieben werden können (vgl. HKA III, pp. XXIII-XXVII).
Zweiter Band der zweiten Fassung (B) der "Römischen Octavia". Verzeichnet im Ostermesskatalog von 1713. Cf. zur vollständigen Publikationsgeschichte: Octavia römische Geschichte, [vol. 1] (Nürnberg: J. Hoffmann, 1677). Enthält mehrere teils wahrscheinlich, teils sicher autorfremde Gedichte. Zwei davon stammen von Christian Hofmann von Hofmannswaldau (vgl. HKA I, pp. CLXXIVf., Anm. 195). Gegenüber der ersten Fassung nur geringere Überarbeitung. Neu hinzugekommen ist "Fortsetzung der Geschichte/ Des Königs Monobazes und der Königin Susanna von Adiabene", pp. 808-855. Von der "Geschichte der Flavia Domitilla und der Cönis", pp. 920-1015, existiert eine Übersetzung einer unbekannten französischen Hofdame ins Französische, datiert auf den 9. März 1714 (23: Cod.Guelf. 196.1 Extravag.).
Using a normalized CES function with factor-augmenting technical progress, we estimate a supply-side system of the US economy from 1953 to 1998. Avoiding potential estimation biases that have occurred in earlier studies and putting a high emphasis on the consistency of the data set, required by the estimated system, we obtain robust results not only for the aggregate elasticity of substitution but also for the parameters of labor and capital augmenting technical change. We find that the elasticity of substitution is significantly below unity and that the growth rates of technical progress show an asymmetrical pattern where the growth of laboraugmenting technical progress is exponential, while that of capital is hyperbolic or logarithmic.
In a plain-vanilla New Keynesian model with two-period staggered price-setting, discretionary monetary policy leads to multiple equilibria. Complementarity between the pricing decisions of forward-looking firms underlies the multiplicity, which is intrinsically dynamic in nature. At each point in time, the discretionary monetary authority optimally accommodates the level of predetermined prices when setting the money supply because it is concerned solely about real activity. Hence, if other firms set a high price in the current period, an individual firm will optimally choose a high price because it knows that the monetary authority next period will accommodate with a high money supply. Under commitment, the mechanism generating complementarity is absent: the monetary authority commits not to respond to future predetermined prices. Multiple equilibria also arise in other similar contexts where (i) a policymaker cannot commit, and (ii) forward-looking agents determine a state variable to which future policy respond. JEL Klassifikation: E5, E61, D78
The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the gradual evolution of the supervisory policy adopted by the Basle Committee for the regulatory treatment of asset securitisation. We carefully highlight the pathology of the new “securitisation framework” to facilitate a general understanding of what constitutes the current state of computing adequate capital requirements for securitised credit exposures. Although we incorporate a simplified sensitivity analysis of the varying levels of capital charges depending on the security design of asset securitisation transactions, we do not engage in a profound analysis of the benefits and drawbacks implicated in the new securitisation framework. JEL Klassifikation: E58, G21, G24, K23, L51. Forthcoming in Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, Vol. 13, No. 1 .