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Poster presentation at 5th German Conference on Cheminformatics: 23. CIC-Workshop Goslar, Germany. 8-10 November 2009 We demonstrate the theoretical and practical application of modern kernel-based machine learning methods to ligand-based virtual screening by successful prospective screening for novel agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) [1]. PPARgamma is a nuclear receptor involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, and related to type-2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Applied methods included a graph kernel designed for molecular similarity analysis [2], kernel principle component analysis [3], multiple kernel learning [4], and, Gaussian process regression [5]. In the machine learning approach to ligand-based virtual screening, one uses the similarity principle [6] to identify potentially active compounds based on their similarity to known reference ligands. Kernel-based machine learning [7] uses the "kernel trick", a systematic approach to the derivation of non-linear versions of linear algorithms like separating hyperplanes and regression. Prerequisites for kernel learning are similarity measures with the mathematical property of positive semidefiniteness (kernels). The iterative similarity optimal assignment graph kernel (ISOAK) [2] is defined directly on the annotated structure graph, and was designed specifically for the comparison of small molecules. In our virtual screening study, its use improved results, e.g., in principle component analysis-based visualization and Gaussian process regression. Following a thorough retrospective validation using a data set of 176 published PPARgamma agonists [8], we screened a vendor library for novel agonists. Subsequent testing of 15 compounds in a cell-based transactivation assay [9] yielded four active compounds. The most interesting hit, a natural product derivative with cyclobutane scaffold, is a full selective PPARgamma agonist (EC50 = 10 ± 0.2 microM, inactive on PPARalpha and PPARbeta/delta at 10 microM). We demonstrate how the interplay of several modern kernel-based machine learning approaches can successfully improve ligand-based virtual screening results.
Poster presentation at 5th German Conference on Cheminformatics: 23. CIC-Workshop Goslar, Germany. 8-10 November 2009 Protein kinases are important targets for drug development. The almost identical protein folding of kinases and the common co-substrate ATP leads to the problem of inhibitor selectivity. Type II inhibitors, targeting the inactive conformation of kinases, occupy a hydrophobic pocket with less conserved surrounding amino acids. Human polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) represents a promising target for approaches to identify new therapeutic agents. Plk1 belongs to a family of highly conserved serine/threonine kinases, and is a key player in mitosis, where it modulates the spindle checkpoint at metaphase/anaphase transition. Plk1 is over-expressed in all today analyzed human tumors of different origin and serves as a negative prognostic marker in cancer patients. The newly identified inhibitor, SBE13, a vanillin derivative, targets Plk1 in its inactive conformation. This leads to selectivity within the Plk family and towards Aurora A. This selectivity can be explained by docking studies of SBE13 into the binding pocket of homology models of Plk1, Plk2 and Plk3 in their inactive conformation. SBE13 showed anti-proliferative effects in cancer cell lines of different origins with EC50 values between 5 microM and 39 microM and induced apoptosis. Increasing concentrations of SBE13 result in increasing amounts of cells in G2/M phase 13 hours after double thymidin block of HeLa cells. The kinase activity of Plk1 was inhibited with an IC50 of 200 pM. Taken together, we could show that carefully designed structure-based virtual screening is well-suited to identify selective type II kinase inhibitors targeting Plk1 as potential anti-cancer therapeutics.
The comparison of persons is pervasive in social judgement and human decision making and yet its neural substrate is poorly explored. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging we investigated the brain activities of participants comparing other persons with each other (other vs. other comparison - OOC) and with themselves (self vs. other comparison - SOC) as regards psychological (intelligence) and physical (height) characteristics. We found that the comparison of these two person characteristics differ in their neural activation patterns in the OOC as well as in the SOC with higher activity increases for intelligence than height comparison in several areas in medial frontal and orbitofrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex suggesting that their activation scales with the demand on person comparison. The person comparison network strikingly overlaps the one commonly described for the classic theory of mind tasks. We interpret this overlap as indicating perspective taking common to person comparison and theory of mind. Furthermore, we suggest that the neural differences between the SOC and the OOC especially in the dorsal part of the medial frontal cortex rely on the different degree of the self involved in the two types of comparisons. The results additionally suggest that the decision directions of self-relevant comparisons, especially in the intelligence comparison of the SOC, resulted in differences in the activation of the medial frontal cortex, which also relies on differences in the reward anticipation and self-relatedness of these decisions.
Die Wahrnehmung unserer Umwelt erfolgt über verschiedene Sinnesmodalitäten, deren Informationen bevorzugt in bestimmten Hirnarealen verarbeitet werden und sich schließlich zu einem kohärenten Bild ergänzen. Wie diese Prozesse ablaufen und durch welche Vorgänge die Wahrnehmungen einen einheitlichen Sinneseindruck formen, sind fundamentale Fragen der kognitiven Neurowissenschaft. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, diese sensorischen Verarbeitungsprozesse genauer zu untersuchen und bisherige Ergebnisse zu bestätigen sowie neue Erkenntnisse bezüglich audio-haptischer und audio-visuo-haptischer Integration zu gewinnen. Weiterhin sollten angemessene Kriterien für die Auswertung der Daten untersucht werden mit dem Schwerpunkt sinnvoller Kontrollbedingungen. Sechzehn Probanden wurden hierzu mittels fMRT während uni-, bi- und trimodaler Stimulation untersucht. Die Stimulation bestand aus der Darbietung von schwarz-weißen Tierbildern, Tierstimmen und Tierfiguren, die einzeln oder in unterschiedlichen Kombinationen präsentiert wurden. Weiterhin gab es eine motorische Kontrollbedingung ohne sensorische Stimulation. Die unisensorischen Ergebnisse fanden sich in den modalitätsspezifischen Kortexarealen und bestätigten zum großen Teil bisherige Erkenntnisse und die Existenz der Was- und Wo-Pfade. Bimodale audio-visuelle Stimulation führte zu Aktivierungen im Temporallappen um den STS/STG, welcher bei audio-visueller Integration von großer Bedeutung ist. Aktivierungen im Gyrus cinguli, Gyrus fusiformis und Precuneus spielen anscheinend eine Rolle bei der Präsentation von familiären Stimuli und kongruenten Darbietungskombinationen. Auf Ebene früher visueller und auditorischer Leitungsbahnen zeigte sich ebenfalls audio-visuelle Interaktion. Visuo-haptische Integration scheint sich nach den vorliegenden Daten im LOtv, IPS und ventralen Zerebellum abzuspielen. LOtv und IPS sind vermutlich insbesondere für die Verarbeitung von geometrischen Formen von Bedeutung. Im ventralen Zerebellum kommt es durch kortiko-zerebelläre Verschaltungen zur Beteiligung bei visuo-haptischer Informationsverarbeitung. Die Aktivationsmuster bei audio-haptischer Stimulation deuteten auf Verarbeitung bilateral im temporo-parietalen Bereich hin in Temporallappen, Parietallappen und der Insula. Die Aktivierungen kommen vermutlich durch Feedforward-Projektionen und Konnektivität zwischen auditorischem und somatosensorischem Kortex zustande, in der Insula durch Konvergenz der auditorischen und somatosensorischen Was-Informationen. Trimodale Stimulation zeigte bei Anwendung des Max-Kriteriums, bei welchem die audio-visuo-haptische Aktivität stärker als die einzelnen unisensorischen Signalantworten ausfallen sollte, ein Areal im linken temporo-parietalen Bereich. Bei weniger strenger Auswertung wurde eine weitere Region im rechten Zerebellum nachgewiesen. Beide konnten der Erweiterung des Max-Kriteriums zum Vergleich zwischen tri- und bisensorischer Aktivität nicht standhalten. Beim Affen existiert eine superior temporale polysensorische Region, welche auf visuelle, auditorische und haptische Reize reagiert. Ob ein integratives trisensorisches Areal beim Menschen existiert, sollte in weiteren Studien untersucht werden. Vielleicht liegt eine ausgeprägte interindividuelle Variabilität der Lokalisation des Konvergenzpunktes vor. Eine andere Möglichkeit ist, dass die Verarbeitung im Gehirn vermehrt bisensorisch gegliedert verläuft. Um dies in zukünftigen Studien besser zu untersuchen, könnte es von Vorteil sein simple sensorische Stimuli zu verwenden. Eine Reizdegradierung hätte verminderte Signalamplituden zur Folge, was multisensorische Interaktionen mit nachfolgendem Signalanstieg besser beurteilen ließe. Darüber hinaus könnte in den Studien fMRT-Adaptation angewendet werden. Über die repetitive Stimulusdarbietung kommt es ebenfalls zu verminderter BOLD-Signalantwort. Die vorliegende Studie hat weiterhin die Notwendigkeit der Einführung von Kontrollbedingungen demonstriert. Neben unisensorischen sollten bisensorische Kontrollbedingungen zur Beurteilung trisensorischer Aktivität herangezogen werden. Eine Kontrollbedingung zur Beurteilung des Ruhezustandes ohne sensorischen Reiz sollte ebenfalls vorhanden sein. Prinzipiell scheint das Max-Kriterium zur Detektion multisensorischer Integration angemessen zu sein.
Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 : impact on Frankfurt in due consideration of health care and public health
(2010)
Background: In April 2009 a novel influenza A H1N1/2009 virus was identified in Mexico and in the United States which quickly spread around the world. Most of the countries established infection surveillance systems in order to track the number of (laboratory-confirmed) H1N1 cases, hospitalizations and deaths. Methods: The impact of the emergence of the novel pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus on Frankfurt was statistically evaluated by the Health Protection Authority, City of Frankfurt am Main. Vaccination rates of the health care workers (HCWs) of the University Hospital Frankfurt were measured by the Occupational Health Service. Results: Although the virulence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 seems to be comparable with seasonal influenza, a major patient load and wave of hospital admissions occurred in the summer of 2009. Even though the 2009 vaccination rate of the University Hospital Frankfurt (seasonal influenza [40.5%], swine flu [36.3%]) is better than the average annual uptake of influenza vaccine in the German health care system (approximately 22% for seasonal and 15% for swine flu), vaccination levels remain insufficient. However, physicians were significantly (p < 0.001) more likely to have been vaccinated against swine flu and seasonal influenza than nurses. Conclusions: The outbreak of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in April 2009 provided a major challenge to health services around the world. Nosocomial transmission of H1N1/2009 has been documented. Present experience should be used to improve pandemic preparedness plans and vaccination programs ought to target as many HCWs as possible.
Due to an increasing awareness of the potential hazardousness of air pollutants, new laws, rules and guidelines have recently been implemented globally. In this respect, numerous studies have addressed traffic-related exposure to particulate matter using stationary technology so far. By contrast, only few studies used the advanced technology of mobile exposure analysis. The Mobile Air Quality Study (MAQS) addresses the issue of air pollutant exposure by combining advanced high-granularity spatial-temporal analysis with vehicle-mounted, person-mounted and roadside sensors. The MAQS-platform will be used by international collaborators in order 1) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to road structure, 2) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to traffic density, 3) to assess air pollutant exposure in relation to weather conditions, 4) to compare exposure within vehicles between front and back seat (children) positions, and 5) to evaluate "traffic zone"- exposure in relation to non-"traffic zone"-exposure. Primarily, the MAQS-platform will focus on particulate matter. With the establishment of advanced mobile analysis tools, it is planed to extend the analysis to other pollutants including including NO2, SO2, nanoparticles, and ozone.
Background: Hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation is associated with aberrant neutrophil activation and organ failure. This experimental porcine study was done to evaluate the effects of Fas-directed extracorporeal immune therapy with a leukocyte inhibition module (LIM) on hemodynamics, neutrophil tissue infiltration, and tissue damage after hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation. Methods: In a prospective controlled double-armed animal trial 24 Munich Mini Pigs (30.3 +/- 3.3 kg) were rapidly haemorrhaged to reach a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 35 +/- 5 mmHg, maintained hypotensive for 45 minutes, and then were resuscitated with Ringer's solution to baseline MAP. With beginning of resuscitation 12 pigs underwent extracorporeal immune therapy for 3 hours (LIM group) and 12 pigs were resuscitated according to standard medical care (SMC). Haemodynamics, haematologic, metabolic, and organ specific damage parameters were monitored. Neutrophil infiltration was analyzed histologically after 48 and 72 hours. Lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis were specifically determined in lung, bowel, and liver. Results: In the LIM group, neutrophil counts were reduced versus SMC during extracorporeal immune therapy. After 72 hours, the haemodynamic parameters MAP and cardiac output (CO) were significantly better in the LIM group. Histological analyses showed reduction of shock-related neutrophil tissue infiltration in the LIM group, especially in the lungs. Lower amounts of apoptotic cells and lipid peroxidation were found in organs after LIM treatment. Conclusions: Transient Fas-directed extracorporeal immune therapy may protect from posthemorrhagic neutrophil tissue infiltration and tissue damage.
Das religiöse Verständnis des Osterfestes, auf das häufig in Texten, seltener in den Postkartenbildern angespielt wird, bleibt im Hintergrund. Als Motive dienen u.a. Kinder, Lämmer, Küken und Eier, Frühlingslandschaft und Frühlingsblumen, besonders auch Palmkätzchen. Der Schwerpunkt liegt diesmal auf Motiven mit Lämmern. So wie das Lamm traditionell als Zeichen des Lebens und der Unschuld verstanden wird und sein weißes Fell die innere Reinheit und Frömmigkeit symbolisiert, verweist das Osterlamm (Agnus Dei) in christlicher Sicht auf den Gottessohn, der unschuldig für die Menschen gestorben ist.