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Vascularization of the vertebrate brain takes place during embryonic development from a preformed perineural vascular plexus. As a consequence of the intimate contact with neuroectodermal cells the vessels, which are entering the brain exclusively via sprouting angiogenesis, acquire and maintain unique barrier properties known as the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The endothelial BBB depends upon the close association of endothelial cells with pericytes, astrocytes, neurons and microglia, which are summarized in the term neuro-vascular unit. Although it is known since decades that the CNS tissue provides the cues for BBB induction and differentiation in endothelial cells, the molecular mechanism remained obscure. Only recently, the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and the Wnt7a/7b growth factors have been implicated in brain angiogenesis on the one hand and in BBB induction on the other. This breakthrough in understanding the differentiation of the brain vasculature prompted us to review these findings embedded in the emerging concepts of Wnt signaling in the vasculature. In particular, interactions with other pathways that are crucial for vascular development such as VEGF, Notch, angiopoietins and Sonic hedgehog are discussed. Finally, we considered the potential role of the Wnt pathway in vascular brain pathologies in which BBB function is hampered, as for example in glioma, stroke and Alzheimer's disease.
Background: Studies on the development of the nervous system and the musculature of invertebrates have become more sophisticated and numerous within the last decade and have proven to provide new insights into the evolutionary history of organisms. In order to provide new morphogenetic data on opisthobranch gastropods we investigated the neuromuscular development in the nudibranch Aeolidiella stephanieae Valdez, 2005 using immunocytochemistry as well as F-actin labelling in conjunction with confocal laser scanning microscopy (cLSM). Results: The ontogenetic development of Aeolidiella stephanieae can be subdivided into 8 stages, each recognisable by characteristic morphological and behavioural features as well as specific characters of the nervous system and the muscular system, respectively. The larval nervous system of A. stephanieae includes an apical organ, developing central ganglia, and peripheral neurons associated with the velum, foot and posterior, visceral part of the larva. The first serotonergic and FMRFamidergic neural structures appear in the apical organ that exhibits an array of three sensory, flask-shaped and two non-sensory, round neurons, which altogether disappear prior to metamorphosis. The postmetamorphic central nervous system (CNS) becomes concentrated, and the rhinophoral ganglia develop together with the anlage of the future rhinophores whereas oral tentacle ganglia are not found. The myogenesis in A. stephanieae begins with the larval retractor muscle followed by the accessory larval retractor muscle, the velar or prototroch muscles and the pedal retractors that all together degenerate during metamorphosis, and the adult muscle complex forms de novo. Conclusions: Aeolidiella stephanieae comprises features of the larval and postmetamorphic nervous as well as muscular system that represent the ground plan of the Mollusca or even the Trochozoa (e. g. presence of the prototrochal or velar muscle ring). On the one hand, A. stephanieae shows some features shared by all nudibranchs like the postmetamorphic condensation of the CNS, the possession of rhinophoral ganglia and the lack of oral tentacle ganglia as well as the de novo formation of the adult muscle complex. On the other hand, the structure and arrangement of the serotonergic apical organ is similar to other caenogastropod and opisthobranch gastropods supporting their sister group relationship.
Die schwarz-gelbe Regierung in Nordrhein-Westfalen übernahm 2005 von einer rot-grünen Koalition ein viergliedriges Schulsystem mit Hauptschule, Realschule, Gymnasium und Gesamtschule. Dazu kommt noch als fünfte Schulform die Sonderschule. Die letzte SPD-geführte Landesregierung konnte sich im Wahlkampf 2004, nach PISA 2000 und 2003 ein stärker integratives Schulsystem zwar vorstellen, wollte sich aber für den Umbau Zeit lassen und damit nicht den Wahlkampf belasten, den sie dann doch verlor. Die neue Landesregierung versucht in der laufenden Legislaturperiode dieses überkommene System zu stabilisieren versucht, indem sie das Siechtum der Hauptschule stoppen will und die boomende Nachfrage nach Gesamtschulplätzen so massiv ignoriert, dass in den Schuljahren 2008/09 und 2009/10 jeweils rund 15000 an Gesamtschulen angemeldeten Kinder keinen Platz fanden und so deren Eltern um das Recht der freien Schulwahl gebracht wurden. (Merkelbach 2009, S.4-6) Diese von einer CDU-Ministerin betriebene Politik ging zuletzt auch dem Koalitionspartner FDP zu weit und sie hat zugleich die beiden Oppositionsparteien zu weitgehenden Reformkonzepten herausgefordert. Es wird darum in der heißen Phase des Wahlkampfes heftiger zugehen als vor der letzten Landtagswahl.
Formen digitaler Literatur
(2010)
Seit ca. 20 Jahren wird das digitale Medium als Träger für literarische Texte verwendet. Als Pioniertat wird häufig der Hyperroman afternoon (1987) von Michael Joyce genannt. Am Anfang wurde ein für heutige Begriffe primitives Programm namens Storyspace verwendet, das nur auf Apple-Computern verwendbar war. Eastgate, ein kalifornischer Verlag, brachte dieses Programm und die ersten Hypertexte auf den Markt, und zwar auf den heute wegen ihrer geringen Speicherkapazität schon fast ausgestorbenen floppy disks, später auf CD-ROMs. Entwickelt wurde Storyspace von Mark Bernstein, dem Chef von Eastgate, zusammen mit J. David Bolter, einem Hypertexttheoretiker, und dem Autor Michael Joyce. Heute kann man einfache Hypertexte mit jeder Textverarbeitung oder mit einem Programm zur Erstellung von Webseiten erzeugen. Besonders nützlich sind allerdings die in Storyspace leicht zu generierenden maps, das sind Übersichten über die einzelnen Textblöcke und ihre Verlinkungen. Diese Baupläne sind auch für die Analyse von Hypertexten äußerst wertvoll. Ganz allgemein hat sich die Technik seit den Anfängen der digitalen Literatur, sowohl was Hardware als auch was Software betrifft, rapide weiter entwickelt und verschiedenste Formen der Nutzung des Mediums ermöglicht. Noch immer werden digitale Texte kommerziell auf CD-ROMs vertrieben, aber die überwiegende Mehrzahl digitaler Literatur kann man online lesen. Bei Eastgate sind momentan ca. 30 Werke lieferbar, was im Vergleich zur online verfügbaren Literatur nur eine verschwindend geringe Zahl ist. Man hat mit Recht die auf CD-ROMs vertriebenen Hypertexte als Laborprodukte bezeichnet, weil sie künstlich abgegrenzt sind. Der wahre Ort für Hypertexte - und selbst ein einziger gigantischer Hypertext - ist natürlich das World Wide Web.
Do you know what I think? asks Adrian Leverkuehn. "Musik ist die Zweideutigkeit als System." Music is Janus-faced by its very nature. It can move and paralyze. "What passion cannot music raise and quell," exclaims John Dryden in his Song for St. Cecilia's Day, 1687. Music is an expert in the use of opiates, asserts Settembrini in The Magic Mountain, and Nietzsche speaks of her dual, intoxicating and befogging, nature. Shakespeare's Desdemona "will sing the savageness out of a bear" (IV, i) and the merchants in Novalis' Heinrich von Ofterdingen tell the story of another Orpheus whose song so charms a sea "monster" that it saves the singer's life and returns his treasure to him. John Dryden's Thimotheus "to his breathing flute and sounding lyre, could swell the soul to rage, or kindle soft desire" (Alexander's Feast, 1697). "Musica Consolatrix" and "Musica Tremenda". She is the "Mysterium tremendum et fascinosum" in Kleist's novella about the power of music. While English late 17th and early 18th century literature offers a particularly rich harvest of poetry celebrating the contradictory qualities, or effects, of music, there is in fact testimony to this at all stages of our tradition.
Music
(2010)
The musical ending [of Goethe's Novelle] recalls the fascination with "music as metaphor", "the power of music", among recent and contemporary poets from Pope and Dryden and Collins to E.T.A. Hoffmann and Kleist and, of course to Goethe himself. Music saves Faust's life on Easter morning at the end of a dreadful night, and we'll encounter a similar role of music in his Trilogie der Leidenschaft which we'll read in this context.
A single mother and her grown children. A team now. The fathers have come and gone and are barely remembered. These are her children. By contrast, Matthew (27; 56) identifies an anonymous woman as "the mother of Zebedee's children." We'll talk about it, for what it may mean. More important is the fact that this group is headed by a dominant female. Let's see if it makes a difference. Demian, as you'll remember, was the product of matriarchy, as it were, and seemed to be none the worse for it. It wasn't even worth mentioning. Fifty years later, Edgar Wibeau of Plenzdorf's The New Sorrows of Young W. (1972), a modern version of Goethe's bestselling novel Werther written 200 years earlier, and one of the most brilliant pieces of theatre post-Brecht, does find it worth mentioning. He is "sick & tired" of being paraded as living proof that "a single mother can successfully raise a male."
At the beginning of The Judgment, we find Georg Bendemann, who has just finished a letter to his friend in Russia, reliving once more the agonizing decision to write the letter in the first place. The decision had not been easy. Like many of Kafka's characters, Georg Bendemann is obsessed with the idea of analysis, with the painstaking exploration of all sides of a given issue. "What could one write to such a man without hurting him?" had been the question. "On the other hand, by writing only casual gossip or not at all one would doubtless increase the friends isolation" had been the counter-argument. What follows now is an exercise in looking at alternatives that spawn new alternatives that leaves the reader dazzled. Each conclusion is in turn explored to its possible opposite implications, which are in turn qualified, which leads to more questions followed by more partial conclusions plus qualifications thereof. The process could continue ad infinitum, in fact, has gone on for years--we are merely presented with a condensed version of it.
Wozu Dichter?
(2010)
Goethe's Tasso is no "Dichter in duerftiger Zeit." He is rather duerftig himself, unbalanced and impulsive in the extreme. In fact, in an annoyed moment, the diplomat Antonio sees him as a useless and pampered brat and undiplomatically says so, triggering a fateful sequence of events that generate a seemingly unstoppable momentum.