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Der „Berufs-Ordnung für die Diakonissinnen des westfälischen Diakonissenhauses zu Bielefeld“ in Bethel aus dem Jahr 1882 ist der Diakonissenspruch Wilhelm Löhes (1808-1872) vorangestellt. Löhe hatte in den 1850er Jahren im bayrisch-fränkischen Neuendettelsau das dortige lutherische Diakonissenhaus gegründet. Sein Spruch fasst das Essentiales evangelischer Diakonissenschaft im 19. Jahrhundert zusammen: „Was will ich? Dienen will ich. – Wem will ich dienen? – Dem Herrn Jesu in Seinen Elenden und Armen. Und was ist mein Lohn? Ich diene weder um Lohn noch um Dank, sondern aus Dank und Liebe; mein Lohn ist, daß ich darf!“ Dann folgt die Aussage, der das Zitat im Titel dieses Vortrages entstammt: „Und wenn ich dabei umkomme? Komme ich um, so komme ich um, sprach Esther, die Königin, die doch Ihn nicht kannte, dem zu lieb ich umkäme, und der mich nicht umkommen läßt. – Und wenn ich dabei alt werde? – So wird mein Herz doch grünen wie ein Palmbaum [Anspielung auf Ps 92, 13: „Der Gerechte wird grünen wie ein Palmbaum.“, M.B.] und der Herr wird mich sättigen mit Gnade und Erbarmen. Ich gehe in Frieden und fürchte nichts.“ Mit den Worten „Komme ich um, so komme ich um“ wird die Heldin des alttestamentlichen Buches Esther (4, 16 Ende) zitiert. Sie war als Jüdin zur Lieblingsfrau und Königin des Perserkönigs Ahasveros (alias Xerxes) erkoren worden und hatte von einem Mordkomplott gegen ihr im persischen Exil lebendes Volk erfahren. Um Fürbitte für ihr Volk zu leisten, erschien sie ungerufen vor ihrem König, ein Verhalten, auf das eigentlich die Todesstrafe stand. Aber das Wagnis gelang; der König hörte sie gnädig an, bestrafte die Verschwörer mit dem Tod und erlaubte dem Volk Israel, grausame Rache an seinen Feinden zu nehmen. Das jüdische Purim- Fest erinnert daran; das Buch Esther enthält die zum Fest gehörige Kultlegende. So wie Esther, die doch Christus, der vom Tod errettet, nicht einmal kannte, soll die Diakonissin in ihrem beruflichen Einsatz den Tod nicht fürchten, weil sie ihren Herrn kennt. ...
Well before, even centuries before the II Vatican Council there were a lot of theological ac-tivities in India in the context of the different religions, particularly in the context of Hindu-ism. But the Council’s articulations on the Church’s relation with the non-Christian religions gave a tremendous boost to the theological movement in India. Almost all theological reflec-tions in India began to situate themselves in the context of non-Christian religions, especially Hinduism. These theological reflections did not remain solely in the theological circles. They began to trickle down, perhaps hesitantly, into the official ecclesiastical circles. These ele-ments may be considered in the near future by the magisterium of the Church. The reflections in this article are mainly based on: 1. The II Vatican council’s and the post-consiliar magisterium’s teachings on the Church’s relation with the non-Christian religions. 2. "Instrumentum Laboris" which was prepared taking into consideration the theological ac-tivities in Asia, and of course in India, and was published on Feb. 1998, in preparation for the Special Assembly for Asia of the Synod of Bishops. 3. Some of the interventions of the Bishops, especially from India, on the floor of the special assembly held on 19th April to 14th May 1998.
„Meine Herren – Es wackelt alles“. Mit diesen berühmten Worten hatte Ernst Troeltsch die kirchliche, die religiöse und die theologische Situation der Zeit vor gut 100 Jahren umrissen: Es war 1896, auf einem Kongreß der „Freunde der Christlichen Welt“, einer Gruppe liberal denkender Professoren aus allen Fakultäten. Troeltsch hatte dabei beides im Blick: den Zustand der Kirche und die Sache der Theologie. „Es wackelt alles.“ Genau diese Empfindung war es, die vielen von uns jüngeren Theologen in den sechziger Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts zu schaffen machte. Was „wackelte“, war zunächst die Sache der Theologie selbst, die damals häufig, beispielsweise auf dem Stuttgarter Kirchentag von 1969, als „Streit um Kaisers Bart“ in Frage gestellt und lächerlich gemacht wurde. Und zwar keineswegs von Atheisten oder anderen Gegnern der Kirche, sondern von jungen Theologen, von Studenten und Vikaren. Verunsichert waren sie vor allem durch die Ergebnisse der historisch-kritischen Bibel-Exegese, die gar nicht mit den Ursprungsmotivationen für ihr Theologiestudium zusammenpassen wollten. Verunsichert waren sie zusätzlich durch die marxistische Religionskritik, die damals ihre große Renaissance erlebte. Und „es wackelte“ nicht nur die Theologie; sondern es begannen auch die nach 1945 so kräftig restaurierten Funktionen und Rollen der Kirche zu wackeln. Als verunsichernd wurde vor allem die ungewohnte und scharfe (dabei de facto unwissenschaftlich einseitige) sozialkritische Analyse des Handelns der Kirche und seiner Folgen in 2000 Jahren Christentumsgeschichte empfunden. „Vom Elend des Christentums“ hieß die polemische Kampfschrift des jungen Marburger Dr. theol. Joachim Kahl. Das kleine Rowohlt-Büchlein fand reißenden Absatz unter den theologischen und nichttheologischen Kritikern der Kirche. ...
When Lord Caitanya Mahaprabhu was touring South India, He spent the four months during the rainy season called Caturmasya in Shri Rangam at the house of Vyenkata Bhatta, the chief priest of the Ranganatha Temple. His son, Shri Gopala Bhatta, was then able to serve the Lord to his heart's con-tent. Being pleased by his devotion, Shri Caitanya gave him initiation and ordered him to go to Vrin-davana after the disappearance of his parents. There he should remain with Rupa and Sanatana doing bhajana and writing books. - At the age of thirty, after the death of his parents, Gopala Bhatta, left for Vrindavana. When Lord Caitanya heard that Gopala Bhatta Goswami had arrived in Vrindavana and had met Shri Rupa and Sanatana Goswami, He was very pleased. At that time Mahaprabhu had already visited Vrindavana. Although Rupa and Sanatana had gone to visit him in Puri, Gopala Bhatta never received any invitation to go. ...
0. Introduction and theses. 1. Bhaktivedanta Swami's view of Christianity. 1.1. The Bible; 1.2. Jesus; 1.3. History of the church. 2. Bhaktivedanta Swami's religious socialization. 2.1. Childhood; 2.2 College; 2.3. Vaishnava-teachers. 3. Final summary and appendix (with glossary) 0. The Bengal Vaishnava Swami Abhay Caranaravinda Bhaktivedanta, briefly called Bhaktivedanta Swami, lived from 1896 to 1977. Eleven years before his death he founded the International Society for Krishna Consciousness in New York, abbreviated: ISKCON, for the most of you better known as the "Hare-Krishna movement". One may not consider Bhaktivedanta Swami as the founder of a sectarian group, today described as a "new religious movement"; his religion rather is based on a century old, genuine Hindu faith tradition. ...
The word pada-yatra literally means to walk on foot. In early India people used to travel by chariot, horseback, elephant, bullock-cart, or palanquin. But saintly persons, having renounced such worldly comforts, would travel by foot. Their main concern was to teach the glories of God to the conditioned living entities and thereby deliver them from their miserable materialistic lives. Walking was the best means of contacting the common people and accomplishing that goal. When Lord Chaitanya took sannyas - the renounced order of life - He travelled throughout India on foot. First He went from Bengal to Jagannatha Puri in Orissa and then He toured South India on foot of course. At that South India was seriously influenced by impersonalism, and the people in general had deviated from the path of devotion to the Lord. Love of God is the source of real happiness, and when one abandons that loving relationship with God, he suffers. Lord Chaitanya wanted to deliver the conditioned souls plunged in the absolute misery of that impersonalism. In order to reinstate them as devotees of the Lord, Sri Chaitanya went personally to South India. Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is none other than the Supreme Personality of God-head who appeared as a devotee to teach the science of devotion - the only means of deliverance from material bondage. When the Lord performs any ac-tion, its effects are wonderful; similarly, when He directs His devotees to do anything, their result will also be wonderful. Lord Chaitanya's deliverance of South India stands as a proof that He is the Supreme Personality of Godhead in the guise of a devotee. ...
1. Introduction and intentions. 2. Aspects of Christianity. 2.1. Jesus Christ. 2.1.1. Titles; 2.1.2. Character and mission 2.2. The Bible. 2.3. Criticism. 2.4. Bhaktivedanta Swami. 2.4.1. Comparison with Jesus; 2.4.2. Devia-tions. 3. Final summary. 4. Sources 1. Introduction and intentions The Vaishnava News Network (VNN; Internet-address: http://www.vnn.org/) is a "network of collaborating Vaishnavas worldwide providing the world Vaishnava community with news and forums of communication", offering its news service free of charge. Founded in 1997 by an international group of Vaishnavas it calls itself an "independent, comprehensive and universal informa-tion source and communication center". Anyone can participate, i.e. write arti-cles for the VNN which does not censor any news "as long as it conforms with the VNN Standards of Publication." VNN tells the virtual community about the theological background that, "al-though primarily founded by students of A.C.Bhaktivedanta Swami, (it) holds no partiality whatsoever towards any group or divisions of any Vaishnava school" and "is not affiliated, dominated, funded or controlled by any particular Vaishnava organization or group other than its correspondents, senior editors and staff". It is aligned with the philosophical path delineated by their spiritual preceptors in line with the teachings of Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, known as Gaudiya Vaishnavism." In this essay different views of Christianity of several correspondents, senior editors and other staff members of VNN shall be treated. The text sources of the investigation were confined in time to one calendary year (1998). All relevant writings published by VNN can be looked up by means of the VNN internal search engine, concentrating on the key words "Jesus Christ", "Christianity" and "Bible". The results in this piece of work will be compared steadily to the scriptures of the Bengal Swami Abhay Caranaravinda Bhaktivedanta (1896-1977), briefly called "Bhaktivedanta Swami" or with the honorary title "Srila Prabhupada", mainly because of his predominant and fundamental influence on the modern Vaishnava community, not only in the western world of this outgoing 20th cen-tury. Especially Bhaktivedanta Swami's conception of an inter-religious dia-logue with the Christian faith will be taken into consideration. With that the author wants to examine the execution of his plans, the extent of possible changes and the seriousness performed by Bhaktivedanta Swami's pu-pils resp. by ISKCON devotees introduced after his death.
The origin of the religious experience, says Vivekananda, is man's instinctive urge to transcend the sensual world. He believes that man is a compound of two fundamental ele-ments: sense arid mind. While through the senses he receives impressions of the objective world, he cannot remain satisfied with his senses, simply because he wants to go beyond them. Therefore, through his mind, at certain moments he transcends the limitations of the senses. But he also transcends the power of reasoning. He then comes face to face with the facts which he could never have sensed, could never have reasoned out. According to Vivekananda, this fact is the main basis of all the religions of the world. ...
This study is obliged to the "Marburg School of the Science of Religions" (R. Otto, H. Frick, K. Goldammer, E. Benz). The methodological concept follows the comparison of religions, as it is classically demonstrated by R. Otto in his work about "West-östliche Mystik"[1] concern-ing the contrasting of Shankara and Meister Eckhart. That the comparison of the figures of the masters which is practised in this school may yield good results is also proved by G. Mensching, Otto's disciple in Bonn, in his book on "Buddha und Christus - ein Vergleich"[2] and H. Frick, Otto's successor on the Marburg chair in Systematic Theology, in his early trea-tise upon "Ghazalis Selbstbiographie. Ein Vergleich mit Augustins Konfessionen"[3][4]. Spe-cial emphasis should be given to the attempt of F. Heiler who as early as in 1918 contrasts Buddha as a "master of contemplation" to Jesus as a "master of prayer" in his work "Die bud-dhistische Versenkung"[5]. All the mentioned attempts are based on the eminent enquiries in the field of the common history of religions and the psychology of religion as R. Otto's "Das Heilige" [6] and F. Heiler's "Das Gebet"[7]. Worth mentioning is also the comprehensive study of the Marburg church historian and distinguished authority of the Asian religious world, E. Benz, about "Die Vision"[8]. Benz, also a disciple of R. Otto, was a famous re-searcher of mysticism and spiritualism as well (Joachim of Floris, J. Böhme, E. Swedenborg). ...