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Während der Brief in Zeiten von persönlichen Krisen und Konflikten mancherlei Unannehmlichkeiten aus dem Kommunikationsweg räumt, stellt der Kontext Krieg für das Briefeschreiben in vielerlei Hinsicht eine Herausforderung dar. Der Privatbrief (Epistula familiaris) ist in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts in Westeuropa – das heisst auch zur Zeit des 2. Weltkriegs – das wichtigste Medium informeller Distanzkommunikation, welche im Allgemeinen durch Inoffizialität und Spontaneität, durch Individualität und Vertraulichkeit gekennzeichnet ist. In der Regel ist der Privatbrief im juristischen Sinne nicht verfügbar. Ein Kennzeichen ist somit auch seine Nichtreproduzierbarkeit. Neben der thematischen Offenheit macht sich meist eine stärkere stilistische Freiheit bemerkbar. Zeichen von Flüchtigkeit oder Sorgfalt sind ausser den Formalia des Datums, der Anrede, des Textkörpers und der Unterschrift, über das geschriebene Wort hinaus nonverbale Informationen wie die Lesbarkeit der Schrift, die Wahl des Papiers, Schreibwerkzeug sowie die Länge eines Briefes (vgl. Ermert 1979, Nickisch 1991, Beyer/ Täubrich 1996, Zott 2003). Der Privatbrief wird zwar im graphischen Medium der Schrift realisiert, steht aber stilistisch der konzeptionellen "Mündlichkeit" näher. (Koch/ Oesterreicher 1994, 587) Der private Briefwechsel wird spontan aufgenommen und kann in der Regel ohne Zwang abgebrochen werden (vgl. Zott 2003). ...
Der Autor beschäftigt sich u. a. mit den Fragen: Welchen Stellenwert haben unsere literarischen Bildungsgüter in der Mediengesellschaft? Stehen Goethe und Schiller, das Dioskurenpaar der deutschen Klassik, noch fest auf dem Weimarer Sockel, oder zerbröselt dieser zum Sanierungsfall, en passant besucht auf Klassenfahrten, von denen nur das ins heimische Bücherregal wandert, was leicht faßlich ist?
When a statistical parser is trained on one treebank, one usually tests it on another portion of the same treebank, partly due to the fact that a comparable annotation format is needed for testing. But the user of a parser may not be interested in parsing sentences from the same newspaper all over, or even wants syntactic annotations for a slightly different text type. Gildea (2001) for instance found that a parser trained on the WSJ portion of the Penn Treebank performs less well on the Brown corpus (the subset that is available in the PTB bracketing format) than a parser that has been trained only on the Brown corpus, although the latter one has only half as many sentences as the former. Additionally, a parser trained on both the WSJ and Brown corpora performs less well on the Brown corpus than on the WSJ one. This leads us to the following questions that we would like to address in this paper: - Is there a difference in usefulness of techniques that are used to improve parser performance between the same-corpus and the different-corpus case? - Are different types of parsers (rule-based and statistical) equally sensitive to corpus variation? To achieve this, we compared the quality of the parses of a hand-crafted constraint-based parser and a statistical PCFG-based parser that was trained on a treebank of German newspaper text.
This paper profiles significant differences in syntactic distribution and differences in word class frequencies for two treebanks of spoken and written German: the TüBa-D/S, a treebank of transliterated spontaneous dialogs, and the TüBa-D/Z treebank of newspaper articles published in the German daily newspaper ´die tageszeitung´(taz). The approach can be used more generally as a means of distinguishing and classifying language corpora of different genres.
In the last decade, the Penn treebank has become the standard data set for evaluating parsers. The fact that most parsers are solely evaluated on this specific data set leaves the question unanswered how much these results depend on the annotation scheme of the treebank. In this paper, we will investigate the influence which different decisions in the annotation schemes of treebanks have on parsing. The investigation uses the comparison of similar treebanks of German, NEGRA and TüBa-D/Z, which are subsequently modified to allow a comparison of the differences. The results show that deleted unary nodes and a flat phrase structure have a negative influence on parsing quality while a flat clause structure has a positive influence.
This paper develops a framework for TAG (Tree Adjoining Grammar) semantics that brings together ideas from different recent approaches.Then, within this framework, an analysis of scope is proposed that accounts for the different scopal properties of quantifiers, adverbs, raising verbs and attitude verbs. Finally, including situation variables in the semantics, different situation binding possibilities are derived for different types of quantificational elements.
Multicomponent Tree Adjoining Grammars (MCTAG) is a formalism that has been shown to be useful for many natural language applications. The definition of MCTAG however is problematic since it refers to the process of the derivation itself: a simultaneity constraint must be respected concerning the way the members of the elementary tree sets are added. Looking only at the result of a derivation (i.e., the derived tree and the derivation tree), this simultaneity is no longer visible and therefore cannot be checked. I.e., this way of characterizing MCTAG does not allow to abstract away from the concrete order of derivation. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an alternative definition of MCTAG that characterizes the trees in the tree language of an MCTAG via the properties of the derivation trees the MCTAG licences.