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Kompetenzen bezeichnen „erlernbare kontextspezifische Leistungsdispositionen, die sich funktional auf Situationen und Anforderungen in bestimmten Domänen beziehen“ (Klieme & Hartig, 2007, S. 17). Für den Bereich der Lehrerbildung wurden durch die Kultusministerkonferenz (2004) Standards für die Lehrerbildung: Bildungswissenschaften formuliert, die als Explikation professioneller pädagogischer Kompetenzen gelten können. Durch die Formulierung dieser Standards sieht sich die Lehrerbildung mit der Aufgabe konfrontiert, Studierende des Lehramts so auszubilden, dass die resultierenden Kompetenzen den genannten Standards genügen. Dies impliziert eine standard- und somit kompetenzorientierte Evaluation der Lehrerbildung. Bislang wird eine Evaluation der Lehrerbildung jedoch meist durch Selbsteinschätzungsverfahren umgesetzt – eine Methodik, die im Bereich der Kompetenzdiagnostik kritisch diskutiert wird (z. B. Nerdinger et al, 2008).
Der Situational Judgement Test als kompetenzdiagnostisches Instrumentarium weist die Vorteile situationsorientierter Verfahren auf und kann zusätzlich aufgrund der schriftlichen Darbietung problemlos auf große Stichproben angewandt werden. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde ein solcher Test entwickelt, um die professionelle pädagogische Kompetenz Lehramtsstudierender kontextnah und ökonomisch erfassen zu können. Die Studie hatte zum Ziel, den entwickelten standardorientierten Situational Judgement Test anhand verschiedener Außenkriterien konvergent und diskriminant zu validieren. Hierbei wurden konvergente Validitätsnachweise lediglich teilweise signifikant, wobei diskriminante Validitätsnachweise anhand des Studienfachs (Lehramtsstudium vs. Studium technisch-naturwissenschaftlicher Fächer) deutliche Signifikanzen und Effektstärken zeigten.
The creation of entirely synthetically derived bone substitute materials which are as effective as autologous bone grafts is desirable. Osteogenesis involves the concerted action of several proteins within a signaling cascade. Hedgehog proteins act upstream of this cascade, inducing the expression of various bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and promoting physiological bone healing. Therefore, the hypothesis that hedgehog signaling in bone defects improves bone healing more than BMP signaling alone was tested. Recombinant N-terminal sonic hedgehog protein (N-SHh), BMP-2 or a combination of the two was added to β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and 5-mm femoral midshaft defects in nude rats were filled with these composites. The defects were stabilized with mini-plates. After eight weeks, the animals were sacrificed and the femora were explanted. The radiological evaluation was followed by a three-point bending test and histological examination. BMP-2/β-TCP composites showed a trend of increased stiffness compared with the controls (β-TCP without protein). N-SHh/β-TCP composites had lower stiffness compared with the control group and the N-SHh/BMP-2/β-TCP composites also had lower average stiffness compared with the controls (all not significant). Histomorphometry, however, revealed abundant cartilage and bone core formation in the N-SHh-composite groups. The sum of the new cartilage and bone was highest in the combination group N-SHh/BMP-2 (not significant). The addition of N-SHh to bone substitute materials appears to delay bone healing at the applied concentration and observation time but also showed a trend for higher amounts of ossifying cartilage.
The concept of focal epilepsies includes a seizure origin in brain regions with hyper synchronous activity (epileptogenic zone and seizure onset zone) and a complex epileptic network of different brain areas involved in the generation, propagation, and modulation of seizures. The purpose of this work was to study functional and effective connectivity between regions involved in networks of epileptic seizures. The beginning and middle part of focal seizures from ictal surface EEG data were analyzed using dynamic imaging of coherent sources (DICS), an inverse solution in the frequency domain which describes neuronal networks and coherences of oscillatory brain activities. The information flow (effective connectivity) between coherent sources was investigated using the renormalized partial directed coherence (RPDC) method. In 8/11 patients, the first and second source of epileptic activity as found by DICS were concordant with the operative resection site; these patients became seizure free after epilepsy surgery. In the remaining 3 patients, the results of DICS / RPDC calculations and the resection site were discordant; these patients had a poorer post-operative outcome. The first sources as found by DICS were located predominantly in cortical structures; subsequent sources included some subcortical structures: thalamus, Nucl. Subthalamicus and cerebellum. DICS seems to be a powerful tool to define the seizure onset zone and the epileptic networks involved. Seizure generation seems to be related to the propagation of epileptic activity from the primary source in the seizure onset zone, and maintenance of seizures is attributed to the perpetuation of epileptic activity between nodes in the epileptic network. Despite of these promising results, this proof of principle study needs further confirmation prior to the use of the described methods in the clinical praxis.