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The width of the ω meson in cold nuclear matter is computed in a hadronic many-body approach, focusing on a detailed treatment of the medium modifications of intermediate πρ states. The π and ρ propagators are dressed by their self-energies in nuclear matter taken from previously constrained many-body calculations. The pion self-energy includes Nh and Δh excitations with short-range correlations, while the ρ self-energy incorporates the same dressing of its 2π cloud with a full 3-momentum dependence and vertex corrections, as well as direct resonance-hole excitations; both contributions were quantitatively fit to total photo-absorption spectra and πN→ρN scattering. Our calculations account for in-medium decays of type ωN→πN(⁎),ππN(Δ), and 2-body absorptions ωNN→NN(⁎),πNN. This causes deviations of the in-medium ω width from a linear behavior in density, with important contributions from spacelike ρ propagators. The ω width from the ρπ cloud may reach up to 200 MeV at normal nuclear matter density, with a moderate 3-momentum dependence. This largely resolves the discrepancy of linear T–ϱ approximations with the values deduced from nuclear photoproduction measurements.
Herbal hepatotoxicity is a rare but highly disputed disease because numerous confounding variables may complicate accurate causality assessment. Case evaluation is even more difficult when the WHO global introspection method (WHO method) is applied as diagnostic algorithm. This method lacks liver specificity, hepatotoxicity validation, and quantitative items, basic qualifications required for a sound evaluation of hepatotoxicity cases. Consequently, there are no data available for reliability, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value. Its scope is also limited by the fact that it cannot discriminate between a positive and a negative causality attribution, thereby stimulating case overdiagnosing and overreporting. The WHO method ignores uncertainties regarding daily dose, temporal association, start, duration, and end of herbal use, time to onset of the adverse reaction, and course of liver values after herb discontinuation. Insufficiently considered or ignored are comedications, preexisting liver diseases, alternative explanations upon clinical assessment, and exclusion of infections by hepatitis A-C, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and varicella zoster virus (VZV). We clearly prefer as alternative the scale of CIOMS (Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences) which is structured, quantitative, liver specific, and validated for hepatotoxicity. In conclusion, causality of herbal hepatotoxicity is best assessed by the liver specific CIOMS scale validated for hepatotoxicity rather than the obsolete WHO method that is liver unspecific and not validated for hepatotoxicity. CIOMS based assessments will ensure the correct diagnosis and exclude alternative diagnosis that may require other specific therapies.
For the pathologist, the diagnosis of drug induced liver injury (DILI) is challenging, because histopathological features mimic all primary hepatic and biliary diseases, lacking changes that are specific for DILI. Therefore, in any patient of suspected DILI who underwent liver biopsy, the pathologist will assure the clinician that the observed hepatic changes are compatible with DILI, but this information is less helpful due to lack of specificity. Rather, the pathologist should assess liver biopsies blindly, without knowledge of prior treatment by drugs. This will result in a detailed description of the histological findings, associated with suggestions for potential causes of these hepatic changes. Then, it is up to the physician to reassess carefully the differential diagnoses, if not done before. At present, liver histology is of little impact establishing the diagnosis of DILI with the required degree of certainty, and this shortcoming also applies to herb induced liver injury (HILI). To reach at the correct diagnoses of DILI and HILI, clinical and structured causality assessments are therefore better approaches than liver histology results obtained through liver biopsy, an invasive procedure with a low complication rate.
The relationship between achievement of a pathologic complete response (pCR) and favorable long-term outcome varies among breast cancer subtypes. We aimed to highlight which neoadjuvant treatment strategy could be most successful in each breast cancer subtype. A recent FDA meta-analysis on randomized neoadjuvant breast cancer trials suggests that the survival differences of patients with or without a pCR were less pronounced in luminal A-like tumors, despite the overall favorable prognosis of these patients. Moreover, even though the strong prognostic effect of pCR in HER2 positive and TNBC, the NOAH study was the only trial which showed a trend in surrogacy of pCR for long-term outcome in HER2-positive subtype. Results from GeparTrio study suggest that patients with hormone-positive tumors might need a response-guided approach, with either an intensification of treatment in case of an early response or a change to other chemotherapy in case of no early response. Furthermore, data from German neoadjuvant trials confirm that an increasing number of chemotherapy cycles is associated with a higher pCR rate, especially in patients with HER2-positive/hormone-positive tumors. In line with these suggestions, Tryphaena study showed a pCR rate that exceeding the 60% threshold, the highest pCR results presented in a large multicenter study. In TNBC, the highest pCR rate in the German neoadjuvant studies was obtained with the simultaneous application of docetaxel, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide for 6 cycles. However, as shown in GaparQuinto and NSABP 40 trials, treatment effect in TNBC might be further maximized by adding bevacizumab, and two randomized neoadjuvant trials are expected this year to report data on the efficacy of carboplatin.
Hepatology highlights
(2013)
Cognition requires the dynamic modulation of effective connectivity, i.e. the modulation of the postsynaptic neuronal response to a given input. If postsynaptic neurons are rhythmically active, this might entail rhythmic gain modulation, such that inputs synchronized to phases of high gain benefit from enhanced effective connectivity. We show that visually induced gamma-band activity in awake macaque area V4 rhythmically modulates responses to unpredictable stimulus events. This modulation exceeded a simple additive superposition of a constant response onto ongoing gamma-rhythmic firing, demonstrating the modulation of multiplicative gain. Gamma phases leading to strongest neuronal responses also led to shortest behavioral reaction times, suggesting functional relevance of the effect. Furthermore, we find that constant optogenetic stimulation of anesthetized cat area 21a produces gamma-band activity entailing a similar gain modulation. As the gamma rhythm in area 21a did not spread backwards to area 17, this suggests that postsynaptic gamma is sufficient for gain modulation.
We examine the photoinduced excited state dynamics of pyrene modified adenosine, a versatile probe for folding and hybridization of ribonucleic acids. Measurements in different solvents revealed complex ultrafast dynamics, but high robustness since the overall fluorescence quantum yield (Φf) is hardly affected. The result is a strong fluorescent RNA-probe whose spectral properties change in a defined way upon environmental changes.
Nicht jeder Innenraum ist ein Interieur. Das Interieur ist ein unter spezifischen historischen, gesellschaftlichen und kulturpoetischen Bedingungen entstandenes komplexes Gebilde. Es lässt sich durch die Bündelung von drei Aspekten rekonstruieren: 1. einer Kultur- und Komfortgeschichte de Wohnens; 2. einer Beschreibung des Widerspiels von Draußen und Drinnen und 3. der interieurspezifischen Bestimmung einer Raumästhetik, bestehend aus einer Poetik der Atmosphäre und der Dinge und konstituiert aus Erwartung, Erinnerung und Koketterie.