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A number of collections from Africa identified as Phyllodon scutellifolius or Glossadelphus serpyllifolius belong to Bryocrumia vivicolor, previously known only from America and Asia. Phyllodon scutellifolius is known only from one (possibly two) collections from Madagascar, and Glossadelphus serpyllifolius is a synonym of Bryocrumia vivicolor.
Barbula geminata C. Muell. is Barbula crinita K.F. Schultz; Barbula austroruralis C. Muell. is Tortula antarctica (Hampe) Wils. in Hook. f.; Hymenostomum olivaceum C. Muell. ex Geheeb is Weissia controversa Hedw.; Hymenostomum sullivanii C. Muell. ex Geheeb is Weissia patula (Knight) A.J. Fife. Furthermore, comments are given on several nomina nuda.
Book Review
(2001)
This book is absolutely unique in several respects. There exists bryological glossaries, usually in bryophyte floras. Most have no figures to illustrate the terms, and some have few drawings. And there exists the “Glossarium Polyglottum Bryologicae” published by the Missouri Botanical Garden, which is comprehensive but lacks any figures. Everybody having held identification courses in bryology knows the problems of beginners, who does not know what to imagine under terms, which are in common use in bryology, and even explanations in a glossary can give the beginner no real idea. This book gives an enumeration and definition of thousands of terms and illustrates hundreds.
The Rutaceae is an important worldwide family. In Australia, members of the family have radiated across the landscape from rainforests, moist and dry eucalypt forests, heaths, alpine areas and deserts.
Some 71 native taxa (in 14 genera) of Rutaceae occur in the Sydney Region, representing some 3% of the native vascular plant flora of the region. Species richness is greatest in heaths, woodlands and dry forests on sandstone derived soils. A number of species occur in moist forest, while a few species occur in riparian forests, rainforests or forests on clay soils or soils derived from granite. The most species rich genera are Boronia and Zieria (both 18 species). Fifteen species in the region are rare or threatened at the state or national level, with a further 2 species poorly known and likely candidates as threatened species. There are 17 species endemic to the Sydney region, 11 of which are rare or threatened.
Most species flower in winter to spring with seeds released in October to December. There are two basic modes of dispersal in the family in the Sydney Region. Firstly, a few species, generally associated with rainforests, disperse seeds widely via fleshy fruits that are taken by birds and probably mammals. Secondly, most Rutaceae species have limited dispersal ability and have short range initial ballistic dispersal of seeds from fruits at maturity followed by secondary seed dispersal primarily by ants. In this latter group, seeds are generally dispersed less than a few metres. There is a high level of seed dormancy at seed release. Members of the Rutaceae are likely to have persistent soil seedbanks with germination linked to fire, except perhaps for species in rainforest or rainforest margins (where the nature of possible seedbanks is unknown). Heating of the soil during fire is one mechanism for breaking seed dormancy and allowing germination. Other mechanisms, i.e. smoke and the interaction of fire related germination cues may also be important. Fire is a widespread disturbance affecting vegetation in the Sydney Region. Within the Rutaceae in the Sydney region, a mixture of fire-sensitive and resprouting species occur, although details for many species are lacking. To maintain the floristic diversity in the family, effective management of such plant communities requires sufficient times between fires for seedlings to flower and replenish the soil seedbanks, as well as for juveniles of resprouting species to become fire-resistant.
The ecology of Rutaceae species remains poorly understood, a pattern typical across Australia, with a few notable exceptions. There have been no comprehensive demographic studies of members of the family in Sydney, and only limited attempts to examine aspects of the biology of the species in the family. In particular, the seed biology and ecology of the family and the impact of fire on species are poorly understood. This review poses a number of questions for research on members of the Rutaceae.
The vegetation of Narran Lake Nature Reserve (4527 ha) in the central north of New South Wales approximately 30 km west of Cumborah (29°43', 147°29') in the Walgett Shire on the North Western Plains and the Darling River Plains Bioregion is described. Seven communities are defined based on flexible UPGMA analysis of cover-abundance scores of all vascular plant taxa. These communities are mapped based on ground truthing, air photo interpretation and geological substrate. All communities are simple in structure being primarily woodlands, shrublands and herbfields. Communities are: 1) Mixed Low Woodlands, 2) Mulga Low Woodlands, 3) Triodia Hummock Grasslands, 4) Chenopod Low Open Shrublands, 5) Ephemeral Herbfields, 6) Riparian Open Forests, and 7) Lignum Shrubby Thickets. A total of 325 taxa were recorded including two species listed under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act (1995), Lepidium monoplocoides and Goodenia macbarroni. An additional 11 species are considered to be at their geographic limit or disjunct in their distribution; 11% are exotic in origin.
The vegetation of Kinchega National Park (latitude 32°18'–32°40'S and longitude 142°10'–142°25'E) in far western New South Wales was assessed using intensive quadrat sampling and mapped using extensive ground truthing and interpretation of aerial photographs and Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite images. Three hundred and fifty two species of vascular plants were recorded from this survey, which, together with other records indicates the presence of 503 species from 69 families including 100 (20%) exotic species. Fifteen vegetation communities were identified and mapped, the most widespread being Maireana species low open-shrubland, Acacia victoriae open-shrubland and Eucalyptus largiflorens openwoodland. The Park also contains a number of rare or threatened species and vegetation communities. One hundred and fifty years of grazing by introduced herbivores coupled with the impact of a modified hydrological regime has resulted in degradation of many of these communities.
Kinchega National Park reserves significant stands of Eucalyptus largiflorens open woodland on the Darling River floodplain, low open Maireana pyramidata shrubland and Casuarina pauper/Alectryon oleifolius open woodland on dune systems. We identify four key issues for the conservation of flora in Kinchega National Park, western NSW. These are:
1) There is an urgent need to initiate regeneration in a number of long-lived perennial trees and shrubs. Failure to do so will lead to local population declines and extinction in a number of species. Reduction in grazing impacts of rabbits and goats is needed. Some degree of rabbit control has been achieved over the last few years through a combination of the effects of the rabbit calicivirus disease (RCD) and an extensive rabbit control program for the reserve.
2) The need to initiate a water plan of management for the reserve to overcome the problem of changes in water flows, flood periodicity and flood magnitude that have occurred in response to water regulation activities on the Darling River.
3) Management of several threatened species and ecological communities on the reserve, in particular the nationally vulnerable species Acacia carneorum and Solanum karsense. Kinchega NP is the only conservation reserve containing populations of these species and these populations are significant for both species.
4) Management of weeds, in particular those with bird-dispersed fruits as these species have the potential to become severe problems on the park.
Other issues that are likely to be significant in the future are salinity impacts and the interaction between grazing pressure, regeneration and climate change.