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Background: Despite known clinical benefits, guideline-recommended heart rate (HR) control is not achieved for a significant proportion of patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction. The wearable cardioverter-defibrillator (WCD) provides continuous HR monitoring and alerts that could aid medication titration.
Objective: This study sought to evaluate sex differences in achieving guideline-recommended HR control during a period of WCD use.
Methods: Data from patients fitted with a WCD from 2015 to 2018 were obtained from the manufacturer’s database (ZOLL). The proportion of patients with adequate nighttime resting HR control at the beginning of use (BOU) and at the end of use (EOU) were compared by sex. Adequate HR control was defined as having a nighttime median HR <70 beats/min.
Results: A total of 21,440 women and a comparative sample of 17,328 men (median 90 [IQR 59–116] days of WCD wear) were included in the final dataset. Among patients who did not receive a shock, over half had insufficient HR control at BOU (59% of women, 53% of men). Although the proportion of patients with resting HR ≥70 beats/min improved by EOU, 43% of women and 36% of men did not achieve guideline-recommended HR control.
Conclusion: A significant proportion of women and men did not achieve adequate HR control during a period of medical therapy optimization. Compared with men, a greater proportion of women receiving WCD shocks had insufficiently controlled HR in the week preceding ventricular tachyarrhythmia/ventricular fibrillation and 43% of nonshocked women, compared with 36% of men, did not reach adequate HR control during the study period. The WCD can be utilized as a remote monitoring tool to record HR and inform adequate uptitration of beta-blockers, with particular focus on reducing the treatment gap in women.
Background: Data on the arrhythmic burden of women at risk for sudden cardiac death are limited, especially in patients using the wearable cardioverter-defibrillator (WCD).
Objective: We aimed to characterize WCD compliance, atrial and ventricular arrhythmic burden, and WCD outcomes by sex in patients enrolled in the Prospective Registry of Patients Using the Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator (WEARIT-II U.S. Registry).
Methods: In the WEARIT-II Registry, we stratified 2000 patients by sex into women (n = 598) and men (n = 1402). WCD wear time, ventricular and atrial arrhythmic events during WCD use, and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation rates at the end of WCD use were evaluated.
Results: The mean WCD wear time was similar in women and men (94 days vs 90 days; P = .145), with longer daily use in women (21.4 h/d vs 20.7 h/d; P = .001). Burden of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation was higher in women, with 30 events per 100 patient-years compared with 18 events per 100 patient-years in men (P = .017), with similar findings for treated and non-treated ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation. Recurrent atrial arrhythmias/sustained ventricular tachycardia was also more frequent in women than in men (167 events per 100 patient-years vs 73 events per 100 patient-years; P = .042). However, ICD implantation rate at the end of WCD use was similar in both women and men (41% vs 39%; P = .448).
Conclusion: In the WEARIT-II Registry, we have shown a higher burden of ventricular and atrial arrhythmic events in women than in men. ICD implantation rates at the end of WCD use were similar. Our findings warrant monitoring women at risk for sudden cardiac death who have a high burden of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias while using the WCD.
Calreticulin is a Ca2+ -binding chaperone that resides in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and is involved in the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and in the folding of newly synthesized glycoproteins. In this study, we have used site-specific mutagenesis to map amino acid residues that are critical in calreticulin function. We have focused on two cysteine residues (Cys(88) and Cys(120)), which form a disulfide bridge in the N-terminal domain of calreticulin, on a tryptophan residue located in the carbohydrate binding site (Trp(302)), and on certain residues located at the tip of the "hairpin-like" P-domain of the protein (Glu(238), Glu(239), Asp(241), Glu(243), and Trp(244)). Calreticulin mutants were expressed in crt(-/-) fibroblasts, and bradykinin-dependent Ca2+ release was measured as a marker of calreticulin function. Bradykinin-dependent Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum was rescued by wild-type calreticulin and by the Glu(238), Glu(239), Asp(241), and Glu(243) mutants. The Cys(88) and Cys(120) mutants rescued the calreticulin-deficient phenotype only partially ( approximately 40%), and the Trp(244) and Trp(302) mutants did not rescue it at all. We identified four amino acid residues (Glu(239), Asp(241), Glu(243), and Trp(244)) at the hairpin tip of the P-domain that are critical in the formation of a complex between ERp57 and calreticulin. Although the Glu(239), Asp(241), and Glu(243) mutants did not bind ERp57 efficiently, they fully restored bradykinin-dependent Ca2+ release in crt(-/-) cells. This indicates that binding of ERp57 to calreticulin may not be critical for the chaperone function of calreticulin with respect to the bradykinin receptor.
GTPase-activating proteins are required to terminate signaling by Rap1, a small guanine nucleotide-binding protein that controls integrin activity and cell adhesion. Recently, we identified Rap1GAP2, a GTPase-activating protein of Rap1 in platelets. Here we show that 14-3-3 proteins interact with phosphorylated serine 9 at the N terminus of Rap1GAP2. Platelet activation by ADP and thrombin enhances serine 9 phosphorylation and increases 14-3-3 binding to endogenous Rap1GAP2. Conversely, inhibition of platelets by endothelium-derived factors nitric oxide and prostacyclin disrupts 14-3-3 binding. These effects are mediated by cGMP- and cAMP-dependent protein kinases that phosphorylate Rap1GAP2 at serine 7, adjacent to the 14-3-3 binding site. 14-3-3 binding does not change the GTPase-activating function of Rap1GAP2 in vitro. However, 14-3-3 binding attenuates Rap1GAP2 mediated inhibition of cell adhesion. Our findings define a novel crossover point of activatory and inhibitory signaling pathways in platelets.
In this study the clinical value of the method of 31P und 1 H MRI spectroscopy is analyzed in the evaluation of tumors of the liver and the cerebrum. At first 39 patients (HCC n=30, metastases of colorectal carcinomas n=9) undergoing transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) were evaluated MR tomographically with 1.5 Tesla using 31P CSI spectroscopy. Moreover, 53 patients with cerebral tumors (17 meningiomas, 11 gliomas WHO grades I-II, 6 gliomas WHO grade III, 13 gliomas WHO grade IV and 6 metastases) were evaluated 1 H spectroscopically with the ISIS technique in different echo times. The results of both groups were correlated with the histopathological findings and compared with a study group. For evaluation the area under the curve of the measurable signal intensities were calculated, the ratios were determined and statistically evaluated. In patients with livertumors undergoing TACE, the 31P spectroscopy was performed before and after each course of TACE. Pretherapeutic evaluation revealed the tumor tissue with increased PME peak, PME/ß-ATP ratio, and PME/PDE ratio. In all cases the tumor spectres were to be differentiated from the spectra of the study group. If chemoembolization was technically successful, we found an increase in the Pi peak (+90.1%) and a decrease in the ß-ATP peak (-19.1%). After each course of therapy a number of patient groups could be differentiated depending on the changes in the different peaks and ratios. A response was characterized by a decrease of the PME/ß-ATP and PME/PDE ratios and an increase of the PDE/ß-ATP ratio. In non-responders, there was no decrease of the PME/ß-ATP and PME/PDE ratios, and these ratios increased 6 weeks later. The PDE/ß-ATP ratio decreased. Constant ratios were found if a steady state of the disease was achieved. Regrowth of tumor was accompanied by elevated PME and decreased PDE peaks. With regard to the 1 H spectroscopical findings the following statements can be made: The tumor spectra can be distinctly differentiated from the study group spectres. In this respect highly significant differences for the NAA/Cho and PCr/Cho ratios can be seen. The spectra of the meningiomas can be often characterized by the missing NAA. A small peak at 2.0 ppm can probably be due to a part of healthy brain tissue in the VOI at the rim of the tumor in some of the spectra. Moreover, some of the meningiomas show Alanin at 1.47 ppm, which, however, can also be overlain by fat signal in this area. On average, the PCr peak is reduced by half with regard to the referene; Inositol can hardly be detected even with short echo times. The metastases show a decreased NAA/Cho and PCr/Cho ratio. In few cases Ins/Cho can be measured, and then below the level of the study group. Additionally, two distinct peaks could be seen at 0.9 and 1.25 ppm according to strongly increased free fatty acids. All gliomas show a reduced NAA signal. In this respect, the reduction of the NAA/Cho ratio shows a nonsignificant dependence on malignity, which can be reflected in an almost completely reduced NAA signal in glioblastomas. PCr and Ins are also decreased. With increasing malignity of the lesion the Inositol signal increases and reaches the normal values of the study group. Using 1 H spectroscopy it is possible to support the differential diagnosis of the imaging modalities. Due to its sensitivity it is possible to use the 31P spectroscopy in therapy control. In order to establish these methods in the daily routine further improvements are necessary, particularly in regard to measurement sequences, automatisms and standardized evaluation protocols.
Objective: Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) are a commonly known entity of diseases associated with difficult treatment procedures. The current gold standard when there is a rapidly progressing infection of soft tissues with a risk of sepsis is radical surgical debridement accompanied by systemic antibiotic therapy. In clinical settings, local antibiotics alone or formulated within carrier material are commonly used alongside this therapy regimen. One possibility of local antibiotic application is the fixation of colistin with fibrin glue spray. It is not yet sufficiently researched how the local antibiotic concentrations remain as high as possible over time.
Methods: We conducted an animal study including 29 male Wistar rats inducing sterile back sores reaching the muscle fascia. We sprayed only colistin, simultaneously or consecutively, with fibrin glue in different groups in order to measure the tissue concentration of the antibiotic applied locally.
Results: After liquid chromatography and quadrupole mass spectrometry analysis, it could be demonstrated that in comparison to the colistin group, tissue concentrations of colistin stayed significantly higher in the wound tissue when it was fixed with fibrin glue. This was observed in both groups, the simultaneous as well as in the consecutively fibrin glue sprayed groups after colistin application.
Conclusion: The fixation of colistin with the fibrin-glue-spray technique as a carrier for local antibiotic therapy is an easy and inexpensive method and shows promising potential for the treatment of SSTI.
Objective: To analyze the influence of biopsy Gleason score on the risk for lymph node invasion (LNI) during pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) for intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PCa).
Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 684 patients, who underwent RP between 2014 and June 2020 due to PCa. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression, as well as binary regression tree models were used to assess the risk of positive LNI and evaluate the need of PLND in men with intermediate-risk PCa.
Results: Of the 672 eligible patients with RP, 80 (11.9%) men harbored low-risk, 32 (4.8%) intermediate-risk with international society of urologic pathologists grade (ISUP) 1 (IR-ISUP1), 215 (32.0%) intermediate-risk with ISUP 2 (IR-ISUP2), 99 (14.7%) intermediate-risk with ISUP 3 (IR-ISUP3), and 246 (36.6%) high-risk PCa. Proportions of LNI were 0, 3.1, 3.7, 5.1, and 24.0% for low-risk, IR-ISUP1, IR-ISUP 2, IR-ISUP-3, and high-risk PCa, respectively (p < 0.001). In multivariable analyses, after adjustment for patient and surgical characteristics, IR-ISUP1 [hazard ratio (HR) 0.10, p = 0.03], IR-ISUP2 (HR 0.09, p < 0.001), and IR-ISUP3 (HR 0.18, p < 0.001) were independent predictors for lower risk of LNI, compared with men with high-risk PCa disease.
Conclusions: The international society of urologic pathologists grade significantly influence the risk of LNI in patients with intermediate- risk PCa. The risk of LNI only exceeds 5% in men with IR-ISUP3 PCa. In consequence, the need for PLND in selected patients with IR-ISUP 1 or IR-ISUP2 PCa should be critically discussed.
Hearing loss in old age, which often goes untreated, has far-reaching consequences. Furthermore, reduction of cognitive abilities and dementia can also occur, which also affects quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the hearing performance of seniors without hearing complaints with respect to speech perception in noise and the ability to localize sounds. Results were tested for correlations with age and cognitive performance. The study included 40 subjects aged between 60 and 90 years (mean age: 69.3 years) with not self-reported hearing problems. The subjects were screened for dementia. Audiological tests included pure-tone audiometry and speech perception in two types of background noise (continuous and amplitude-modulated noise) which was either co-located or spatially separated (multi-source noise field, MSNF) from the target speech. Sound localization ability was assessed and hearing performance was self-evaluated by a questionnaire. Speech in noise and sound localization was compared with young normal hearing adults. Although considering themselves as hearing normal, 17 subjects had at least a mild hearing loss. There was a significant negative correlation between hearing loss and dementia screening (DemTect) score. Speech perception in noise decreased significantly with age. There were significant negative correlations between speech perception in noise and DemTect score for both spatial configurations. Mean SRTs obtained in the co-located noise condition with amplitude-modulated noise were on average 3.1 dB better than with continuous noise. This gap-listening effect was severely diminished compared to a younger normal hearing subject group. In continuous noise, spatial separation of speech and noise led to better SRTs compared to the co-located masker condition. SRTs in MSNF deteriorated in modulated noise compared to continuous noise by 2.6 dB. Highest impact of age was found for speech perception scores using noise stimuli with temporal modulation in binaural test conditions. Mean localization error was in the range of young adults. Mean amount of front/back confusions was 11.5% higher than for young adults. Speech perception tests in the presence of temporally modulated noise can serve as a screening method for early detection of hearing disorders in older adults. This allows for early prescription of hearing aids.
In einer kontrollierten klinischen Studie wurden zehn gesunden Probanden über drei Tage hinweg insgesamt 180 g (3 · 1000 ml) hochmolekularer, hochsubstituierter Hydroxyethylstärke Hespan® 6% HES 450/0,7 (Mw = 450 kDa, DS = 0,7) in 0,9% NaCl infundiert, um die Auswirkungen dieser Volumenersatzlösung auf die Blutgerinnung feststellen zu können. Durch die mittelgroße Infusionsmenge sollte eine wirklichkeitsnahe, an eine perioperative Situation angelehnte Untersuchungsgrundlage geschaffen werden.
Die Gerinnungsanalyse erfolgte durch intrinsisch aktivierte Rotationsthrombelastographie (ROTEG®), die als globale Vollblut-Messmethode mit den Parametern CT (Coagulation time), CFT (Clot formation time) und MCF (Maximum clot firmness) im Gegensatz zu den zusätzlich bestimmten isolierten Einzelfaktoren der klassischen plasmatischen Gerinnungstests wie der Faktor VIII-Aktivität (F VIII: C) oder Fibrinogen den Gerinnungsprozess in seiner dynamischen Gesamtheit (Zusammenspiel von Plättchenfunktion, plasmatischen Gerinnungsfaktoren und Fibrinogen) erfasst. Außerdem wurden, um die Gerinnungsergebnisse mit den HES-Mengen im Blut vergleichen zu können, die HES-Konzentrationen (cHES) sowie die mittleren HES-Molmassen (MwHES) aus dem Probandenplasma bestimmt.
Die Blutabnahmen erfolgten an den drei Infusionstagen zu Beginn, während und am Ende der zweistündigen HES-Infusion sowie zu sieben Abnahmezeitpunkten danach. Zusätzlich fanden Nachuntersuchungen an insgesamt 15 Folgetagen mit zunehmendem zeitlichen Abstand statt.
Die thrombelastographischen Messungen an den Infusionstagen zeigten vor allem bei dem ROTEG®-Parameter CFT (relative Verlängerung des anfangs im Referenzbereich liegenden Medians bis zu 170%), aber auch bei der CT (Verlängerung aus dem Referenzbereich heraus um bis zu 28%) deutliche Veränderungen. Bei den plasmatischen Gerinnungstests betrug die Verminderung der anfangs im Referenzbereich liegenden F VIII: C bis zu 76% (Median), die des anfangs im Referenzbereich liegenden von Willebrand-Faktor-Antigens (vWF: Ag) bis zu 88% (Median). Der ausgeprägteste Hämatokritabfall betrug dabei lediglich 21% (Median).
Aus diesen Ergebnissen folgt, dass hochmolekulare, hochsubstituierte Hydroxyethylstärke eine über einen reinen Dilutionseffekt hinausgehende kombinierte Störung der Thrombozytenfunktion einerseits und des intrinsischen Systems andererseits hervorruft und somit die Gerinnungsfähigkeit des Blutes im Sinne eines erworbenen, künstlichen von Willebrand-Syndroms vom Typ 1 problematisch verringert. Da die CFT noch am zehnten Folgetag um 89% (Median) verlängert war und die F VIII: C noch um 29% (Median) vermindert, ist für die Gerinnungsbeeinträchtigung ein ausgedehnter Zeitraum anzunehmen.
Gleichzeitig zeigte sich am zehnten Folgetag in dieser Studie ein Plasmawert von 8,5 mg/ml (Median) für die cHES, am 60. Folgetag wurden immer noch 3,7 mg/ml (Median) gemessen, was den Kumulationseffekt der Substanz widerspiegelt.
Nach den vorliegenden Daten ist anzunehmen, dass weniger ein hohes Molekulargewicht, mehr jedoch ein hoher Substitutionsgrad und ein großes C2/C6-Verhältnis einerseits die primäre und sekundäre Hämostase direkt beeinträchtigen, gleichzeitig aber auch die Abbaubarkeit großer HES-Moleküle einschränken und somit deren gerinnungskompromittierende Effekte prolongieren.
Die Untersuchungen wurden mit moderaten Dosierungen von hochsubstituierter HES vorgenommen. Es ist anzunehmen, dass bei einer Ausschöpfung der empfohlenen maximalen Dosierung noch extremere Blutgerinnungsstörungen eingetreten wären. Hieraus ergibt sich die Empfehlung, in der Volumenersatztherapie in den meisten Fällen Präparaten mit einem niedrigeren Substitutionsgrad wie HES 130/0,4 den Vorzug zu geben, bei denen bisher keine schwerwiegenden Blutungen beobachtet werden konnte. Die routinemäßige Hämodilution ist nach den vorgelegten Daten keine Indikation für hochsubstituierte HES. Deren Verwendung sollte auf akute Notfälle beschränkt werden. Mehrfachinfusionen an aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen sollten ausgeschlossen werden.
Aus den vorgestellten Studien und Fallbeschreibungen sowie den Daten dieser Arbeit ergeben sich Fragen nach dem genauen Pathomechanismus der Gerinnungsbeeinträchtigung durch hochsubstituierte HES, einschließlich indirekter Effekte wie Plasmaviskositätsveränderungen. Auch die pharmakodynamischen und pharmakokinetischen Probleme, die durch eine Kumulation bei Mehrfachapplikation der Substanz bedingt sind, bedürfen weiterer Klärung. Schließlich bleibt unklar, ab welchem genauen Grad der Einschränkung sowohl der Plättchenfunktion als auch der plasmatischen Gerinnung mit klinisch relevanten mikrovaskulären Blutungen zu rechnen ist.
There has been a growing awareness of the need for scientific research to focus on somatic and mental comorbidities in recent years due to the emerging evidence showing their substantial overlap at numerous levels. In this special issue, initiated by members of the EU-funded PRIME consortium (“Prevention and Remediation of Insulin Multimorbidity in Europe; www.prime-study.eu), the focus is on the comorbidities of metabolic disturbances, especially related to insulin signalling dysregulation and mental and neurological disorders. Thus, while obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome are commonly known to be insulin-related disorders, the last decades have shown that neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, as well as neurodevelopment disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) also fall into this category. The special issue draws together a series of basic and clinical review articles that describe the current knowledge and future perspectives regarding insulin comorbidities across a multidisciplinary group of experts
CFTR ist ein Chloridkanal, der bei der rezessiven Erbkrankheit Mukoviszidose defekt ist. Es ist bekannt, dass CFTR durch Proteinkinasen aktiviert und seine Aktivität durch Nukleotide reguliert wird. Die Regulation von CFTR wurde unter zwei verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten untersucht. Zum einen wurden Experimente durchgeführt, die Aufschluss über die Beteiligung der Nukleotidbindedomänen beim Öffnen und Schließen des Kanals und über die Notwendigkeit einer ATP-Hydrolyse geben sollten. Zum anderen wurde untersucht, ob neben der durch Proteinkinasen vermittelten Aktivierung von CFTR ein alternativer Prozess existiert. Hierbei wurde ein Regulationsmechanismus entdeckt, der eine Proteinkinase-unabhängige Aktivierung von CFTR durch Phosphatidylinositolphosphate ermöglicht.
Humaner CFTR wurde in Oozyten des Krallenfrosches Xenopus laevis heterolog exprimiert und mit der Patch-Clamp-Methode untersucht. Stationäre und zeitaufgelöste Ströme des CFTR-Wildtyps wurden mit mutierten CFTR-Kanälen verglichen. Das Lysin im Walker AMotiv ist an der Koordinierung des γ-Phosphats von MgATP bei der Hydrolyse beteiligt, so dass Walker A-Mutationen die ATP-Bindung und –Hydrolyse von ATPasen beeinflussen. In dieser Arbeit wurden Walker A-Mutanten untersucht, die eine Substitution des konservierten Lysins innerhalb der Walker A-Sequenz der NBD1 (K464A) oder beider Nukleotidbindedomänen (K464A/K1250A) aufwiesen. Da die Öffnungsgeschwindigkeit der Mutante K464A kaum einen Unterschied zu der des Wildtyps aufzeigte, die Mutante K1250A jedoch das Öffnen stark verlangsamte, wurde gefolgert, dass keine Hydrolyse von ATP an der NBD1 für die Öffnung nötig ist. Während Wildtyp-Kanäle auf eine gleichzeitige Applikation von ATP und AMP-PNP, einem nichthydrolysierbaren ATP-Analogon, mit einem verlängerten Offenhalten der Kanäle („locked open“–Effekt) reagierten, das sich in einem langsamen Schließen der Kanäle äußerte, konnte bei K464A-Mutanten dieser Effekt nicht beobachtet werden. Außerdem erfolgte das Schließen der Doppelmutante K464A/K1250A im Vergleich zur Einzelmutante K1250A nach MgATP-Entzug schneller. Daraus wurde geschlossen, dass die NBD1 auf das durch die NBD2 vermittelte Offenhalten des Kanals, möglicherweise durch eine direkte Interaktion, regulierend einwirkt, bevor letztere den Kanal wieder schließt. Da auch ein Öffnen und Schließen des CFTR-Kanals unter Mg2+-freien Bedingungen zu beobachten war, unter denen keine ATP-Hydrolyse erfolgen kann, konnte die Notwendigkeit einer ATP-Hydrolyse bezüglich des Kanalgatings ausgeschlossen werden. Ein Einwirken der NBD1 auf das Offenhalten der Kanäle durch die NBD2 war unter nicht-hydrolytischen Bedingungen anhand des Vergleichs der Schließkinetiken von WT und Mutante K464A nicht feststellbar, so dass eine direkte Interaktion beider Nukleotidbindedomänen wahrscheinlich ausgeschlossen werden kann.
Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde der Effekt des Phospholipids Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphat (PIP2) auf CFTR-Kanäle untersucht. Die Applikation von PIP2 und MgATP zu unphosphorylierten CFTR-Kanälen zeigte einen deutlichen Stromanstieg, der einem Chloridstrom entsprach. Einzelkanaluntersuchungen ergaben, dass durch PKA induzierte Kanäle und Einzelkanäle, die durch PIP2 aktiviert wurden, dieselbe Leitfähigkeit von ~5 pS besaßen. Somit konnte eine PIP2-induzierte Aktivität endogener Chloridkanäle ausgeschlossen und ein Einfluss des Phospholipids auf CFTR-Chloridkanäle bewiesen werden, der zudem ATP-abhängig war.
Neben PIP2, welches den stärksten Effekt auf die CFTR-Aktivität zeigte, konnten auch Phosphatidylinositol (PI) und Phosphatidylinositol-4-monophosphat (PIP), sowie Arachidonsäure unphosphorylierte CFTR-Kanäle aktivieren. Damit wurde gezeigt, dass der Effekt des Signalanstiegs durch Phosphatidylinositole abhängig von der Struktur des Moleküls war, also von der Anzahl der Phosphatgruppen am Inositolring und der Fettsäurezusammensetzung des Phospholipids.
Experimente, die unter Mg 2+-freien Bedingungen durchgeführt wurden, so dass eine Phosphorylierungsreaktion durch Kinasen ausgeschlossen werden konnte, zeigten dennoch eine PIP2-vermittelte Aktivierung von unphosphorylierten CFTR-Kanälen. Auch eine Substitution des nicht-hydrolysierbaren ATP-Analogons AMP-PNP anstelle von ATP erlaubte die Öffnung unphosphorylierter CFTR-Kanäle. Mit diesen beiden Ergebnissen wurde gezeigt, dass eine PIP2-vermittelte Aktivierung von unphosphorylierten CFTR-Kanälen unabhängig von einer Proteinphosphorylierung ist.
Physiologisch betrachtet könnte man sich vorstellen, dass über die Aktivierung von Lipidkinasen die Synthese von PIP2 über PI und PIP stimuliert wird, so dass das Phospholipid, wie für viele Ionenkanäle und Transporter gezeigt, eine direkte Interaktion mit dem Protein eingeht. Eine ATP-abhängige Synthese von PIP2 in Makropatches an Xenopus-Oozyten durch endogene Lipidkinasen könnte eine mögliche Erklärung für den gezeigten ATP-abhängigen Anstieg des CFTR-Signals sein.
In dieser Arbeit wurde bei CFTR-Kanälen zum ersten Mal ein alternativer Regulationsmechanismus über Phosphatidylinositolphosphate identifiziert, der Proteinkinaseunabhängig ist und der möglicherweise über eine direkte Interaktion zwischen dem Phospholipid und dem Protein vermittelt wird.
Die HIV-Infizierung von Zellkulturen in vitro ist essentiell für das Verstehen der Kinetik der Virusreplikation, für die Aufdeckung von Resistenzentwicklungen gegenüber antiretroviraler Medikamente und für die Entwicklung neuer antiretroviraler Therapiestrategien. Voraussetzung hierfür ist ein geeignetes Monitoring der HIV-Infektion von in vitro infizierten Zellen. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Monitoring der HIV-Replikation von in vitro infizierten Zellen mittels der Real-Time TaqMan™ PCR. Die Ergebnisse der Real-Time TaqMan™ PCR wurden mit denen eines p24 ELISAs verglichen. Der p24 ELISA diente als etablierte Standardmethode zum Monitoring einer in vitro HIV-Infektion. HUT 78-Zellen wurden in vitro mit vier unterschiedlichen HIV-1 IIIb Infektionsdosen (MOI 0,05; MOI 0,01; MOI 0,002; MOI 0,0005) infiziert. Mittels der Real-Time TaqMan™ PCR wurde die HIV-1 gag cDNA quantifiziert. Mittels ELISA erfolgte die Quantifizierung des HIV-p24. Zusätzlich dazu wurde die Anzahl an proviralen HIV-1 Transkripten in den Zellkulturen mittels der TaqMan™ PCR quantifiziert. Die Quantifizierung der HIV-1 gag cDNA und des p24 ergaben nahezu identische Kurvenverläufe der Infektionskinetiken. Beide Nachweismethoden zeigten vergleichbare Daten bezüglich des exponentiellen Ansteigens und der sich daran anschließenden Plateauphase der HIV-Replikation. Die Sensitivität beider Nachweismethoden war ebenfalls vergleichbar. Ein großer Unterschied lag in den Messbereichen beider Methoden. Bei der Real-Time TaqMan™ PCR konnte eine Linearität über 7 log-Stufen
demonstriert werden. Dies hatte den Vorteil, dass die Zellkulturproben vor der Quantifizierung der HIV-1 gag cDNA nicht verdünnt werden mussten. Im Gegensatz dazu war der Messbereich des HIV-p24 ELISAs sehr eng und erforderte in den meisten Fällen eine Verdünnung der Messproben. Bezüglich des Arbeitsaufwandes und der aufkommenden Kosten ergaben sich für die Quantifizierung der HIV-1 gag cDNA mittels der Real-Time TaqMan ™ und für die Quantifizierung des p24 mittels ELISA nahezu identische Werte. Der Verlauf der Werte an proviralen HIV-1 Transkripten ähnelt dem der HIV-1 gag cDNA Kinetik. Mittels der Quantifizierung der proviralen HIV-1 Kopien kann jedoch keine Aussage über die HIV-Replikation getroffen werden. Abschließend ist zu sagen, dass die Real-Time TaqMan™ PCR eine zuverlässige und sensitive Methode ist, eine HIV-1 Replikation von in vitro infizierten Zellen zu quantifizieren und den Replikationsverlauf zu beschreiben. Die Real-Time TaqMan™ PCR stellt eine alternative Methode zum HIV-p24 ELISA dar, um eine in vitro HIV-Replikation zu dokumentieren.
NAD(P)H oxidase, the main source of reactive oxygen species in vascular cells, is known to be regulated by redox processes and thiols. However, the nature of thiol-dependent regulation has not been established. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is a dithiol/disulfide oxidoreductase chaperone of the thioredoxin superfamily involved in protein processing and translocation. We postulated that PDI regulates NAD(P)H oxidase activity of rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Western blotting confirmed robust PDI expression and shift to membrane fraction after incubation with angiotensin II (AII, 100 nm, 6 h). In VSMC membrane fraction, PDI antagonism with bacitracin, scrambled RNase, or neutralizing antibody led to 26-83% inhibition (p < 0.05) of oxidase activity. AII incubation led to significant increase in oxidase activity, accompanied by a 6-fold increase in PDI refolding isomerase activity. AII-induced NAD(P)H oxidase activation was inhibited by 57-71% with antisense oligonucleotide against PDI (PDIasODN). Dihydroethidium fluorescence showed decreased superoxide generation due to PDIasODN. Confocal microscopy showed co-localization between PDI and the oxidase subunits p22(phox), Nox1, and Nox4. Co-immunoprecipitation assays supported spatial association between PDI and oxidase subunits p22(phox), Nox1, and Nox4 in VSMCs. Moreover, in HEK293 cells transfected with green fluorescent protein constructs for Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4, each of these subunits co-immunoprecipitated with PDI. Akt phosphorylation, a known downstream pathway of AII-driven oxidase activation, was significantly reduced by PDIasODN. These results suggest that PDI closely associates with NAD(P)H oxidase and acts as a novel redox-sensitive regulatory protein of such enzyme complex, potentially affecting subunit traffic/assembling.
In der vorliegenden in vitro-Studie wurde der Einfluß von zwei Insertionstechniken auf die zervikale Randqualität von Klasse-II-Kompositrestaurationen unter Zuhilfenahme von Kunststoffmatrizen und Lichtkeilen untersucht. Als weiteren Versuchsparameter wählte man zur Adaptation des Füllungsmaterials neben herkömmlichen Metallinstrumenten zusätzlich modifizierte Biberschwanzpinsel.
Die Photodynamische Therapie (PDT) wird mittlerweile bei einer Vielzahl von Erkrankungen eingesetzt. Ziel dieser Dissertation war die nähere Untersuchung der Kinetik und der Wirkmechanismen der Photosensibilisatoren Methylenblau und disulfoniertem Aluminiumphthalocyanin. Zuerst klärten wir die Frage der Toxizität des Methylenblaus. Wir ermittelten dabei die für die nachfolgenden Versuche nötigen Dosen und Höchstdosen des Methylenblaus in Bezug auf die humane Keratozyten-Linie HaCat und periphere mononukleäre Zellen. Für disulfoniertes Aluminiumphthalocyanin stützten wir uns auf vorhandene Publikationen. Als Lichtquelle benützten wir die PDT Lampe der Firma Waldmann, die ein homogenes Lichtspektrum von 600 bis 700 nm erzeugt, so dass das Wirkungsmaximum aller gängigen Photosensibilisatoren abgedeckt ist. Ausserdem liefert diese Lampe eine gleichmässige Energiedichte über eine größere Fläche, die die Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse gewährleistet.
In der Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass es für die photodynamische Therapie mit Methylenblau und disulfoniertem Aluminiumphthalocyanin eine Dosis gibt mit der man sowohl Keratinozyten als auch Leukozyten in ihrer Proliferation hemmen kann, ohne eine zytotoxische Wirkung auszulösen. Für Keratinozyten ergab sich dabei ein Anstieg der Proliferationshemmung bei 5 µM Methylenblau und 2stündiger Inkubationszeit bei 200 J/cm², die Toxizität zeigte sich bei 5µM Methylenblau und 4stündiger Inkubationszeit und bereits bei 100 J/cm² maximal. Demgegenüber ergab sich bei stimulierten Leukozyten bereits bei 1µM Methylenblau und 2 Stunden Inkubationszeit ein starker proliferativer Effekt, bei 5µM Methylenblau und 2 Stunden Inkubationszeit zeigte sich dagegen ein deutliche Toxizität. Hierbei fand sich ab 0,5 J/cm² eine zunehmende Proliferationshemmung und Toxizität. Insgesamt war bei Keratinozyten die Differenz bzgl. antiproliferativer und zytotoxischer Dosis geringer als bei Leukozyten. Letztere zeigten sich dabei auch empfindlicher, besonders wenn man die Leukozyten zuvor stimulierte. Daraus ergibt sich ein Potential für den therapeutischen Einsatz der Photodynamischen Therapie bei entzündlichen Dermatosen.
Als mögliche Wege indirekt toxischer Wirkung wurde in der Folge die Stimulation des nukleären Transkriptionsfaktors NF-ΚB, die Bildung von Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) und der protektive Effekt von α-Liponsäure untersucht. Dass der nukleäre Transkriptionsfactor NF-ΚB durch Photodynamische Therapie mit Methylenblau aktiviert werden kann, ist bereits gezeigt worden, so dass wir diese Versuche nicht wiederholten. Die Photodynamische Therapie mit dem Photosensibilisator Methylenblau wirkt also sowohl direkt als auch indirekt toxisch. In unseren Versuchen beschränkten wir uns im weiteren auf die Wirkung des Photosensibilisators disulfoniertes Aluminiumphthalocyanin auf den nukleären Transkriptionsfaktor NF-ΚB. Mittels Gelelektrophorese konnten wir keine Aktivierung von NF-ΚB zeigen. Die Photodynamische Therapie mit dem Photosensibilisator disulfoniertem Aluminiumphthalocyanin wirkt also nur auf direkt toxischem Weg. Bezüglich der Stickstoffmonoxid-Bildung fand sich bei beiden Photosensibilisatoren in den von uns verwendeten Konzentrationen und Inkubabionszeiten kein Nitritnachweis. Auch bei α-Liponsäure ergab sich bei Keratinozyten weder ein pro- noch antiproliferativer Effekt und somt kein Anhalt auf eine indirekte toxische Wirkung.
Der klinische Einsatz der Photodynamischen Therapie erscheint vor dem Hintergrund der erarbeiteten Daten bei entzündlichen Dermatosen möglich, weil infiltrierende aktivierte Leukozyten sensibler gegenüber PDT sind als das umliegende Gewebe, wie hier beispielhaft für Keratinozyten gezeigt wurde.
Die Endothelzellmigration ist ein wesentlicher Prozess für die Angiogenese, Neovaskularisierung und Reendothelialisierung. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde der Effekt von Schubspannung auf die Endothelzellmigration, die Beteiligung der Integrine und der Integrin-abhängigen Signaltransduktionswege mittels "scratched wound assay" untersucht. Die Schubspannungs-induzierte Endothelzellmigration war signifikant durch Integrin-blockierende RGD-Peptide oder neutralisierende Antikörper gegen die Integrin-Untereinheiten α5β1 reduziert, wohingegen Antikörper gegen αvβ3 oder α2β1 keinen Effekt hatten. Die Integrin-Expression von α5 und β1 war besonders in der migrierenden Zellfront der Wunde erhöht. Passend zu der wichtigen Rolle der Integrine in der Schubspannungs-induzierten Endothelzellmigration hemmte eine Blockade des Integrin-assoziierten Adapterproteins Shc durch eine dominant negative Mutante die Schubspannungs-induzierte Zellmigration. Zusätzlich konnte gezeigt werden, dass die pharmakologische Hemmung der MAP Kinase ERK1/2 oder der PI3K die Schubspannungs-induzierte Endothelzellmigration verhinderte. Im Gegensatz dazu hatte die Hemmung der NO-Synthase keinen Effekt.
Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde die VEGF-vermittelte Endothelzellmigration untersucht. Im Gegensatz zu den Befunden, dass laminare Schubspannung NO-unabhängig die Endothelzellmigration stimuliert, konnte die VEGF-vermittelte Endothelzellmigration durch NOS-Inhibitoren blockiert werden. Des weiteren wurde die Beteiligung der Akt-mediierten eNOS Phosphorylierung in der VEGF- induzierten Endothelzellmigration ebenfalls mittels "scratched wound assay" untersucht, da bekannt ist, dass Akt die eNOS über eine Phosphorylierung an Serin 1177 aktivieren kann. Die Überexpression einer dominant-negativen Akt-Mutante verhindert die VEGF-induzierte Zellmigration. Im Gegensatz dazu stimulierte die Überexpression einer konstitutiv-aktiven Akt-Mutante die Endothelzellmigration, auch in Abwesenheit von VEGF. Die Überexpression eines phosphomimetischen eNOS-Konstruktes (S1177D) führte ebenfalls zu einer verstärkten Zellmigration, wohingegen die nicht mehr phosphorylierbare und somit nicht mehr aktivierbare eNOS-Mutante (S1177A) die VEGF-induzierte Endothelzellmigration komplett hemmte.
Zusammengefasst zeigen diese Daten, dass die VEGF- und Schubspannungsinduzierte Endothelzellmigration wesentlich zu der beschleunigten Reendothelialisierung von verletztem Endothel beiträgt, wie es beispielsweise nach einer Ballondilatation der Fall ist. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass laminarer Blutfluss über die Integrine α5β1 NO-unabhängig die Migration mediiert und dass der Wachstumsfaktor VEGF über die Protein Kinase Akt NO-abhängig die Endothelzellmigration stimuliert.
Um die Rolle von potentiell schmerzauslösenden Substanzen bei der Entstehung von menschlichem Muskelschmerz und von muskulärer Hyperalgesie zu beurteilen, wurde bei dieser Arbeit das DOMS Muskelschmerzmodell und das hypertone NaCl Muskelschmerzmodell in Kombination mit der Mikrodialysetechnik verwendet. Dabei wurden bei 10 gesunden, untrainierten Probanden metabolische Änderungen im Glucosestoffwechsel (Glucose, Laktat) und Fettstoffwechsel (Glycerol), Änderung der Glutamat Freisetzung und Änderungen von inflammatorischen Mediatoren (PGE2, NO, Substanz P) in den schmerzhaften und in den Kontrollmuskeln untersucht. Studienbegleitend erfolgte zur Beurteilung der Effektivität der Übungen und des dabei entstandenen Muskelschadens die Bestimmung von Serum CK, Serum Laktat, des Muskelumfangs und der Muskeldruckschmerzschwelle (PPT). Die Probanden gaben regelmäßig die Schmerzintensität auf einer visuellen Analogskala (VAS) an. Die DOMS Muskelschmerzen wurden 24 Stunden vor dem Beginn der Mikrodialyse durch konzentrisch/ exzentrische Kontraktionen der Wadenmuskulatur im Verum Bein ausgelöst. Während der Mikrodialyse erfolgte die Schmerzstimulation der Wadenmuskulatur durch Plantar- und Dorsalflexion des Fußes. Die Schmerzauslösung beim hypertonen NaCl Modell geschah während der Mikrodialyse durch sequentielle Injektionen von hypertoner NaCl Lösung ( 5 ∗ 200 µl 5.8% NaCl Lösung in 2 Minuten Intervallen) in den Bizepsmuskel am Oberarm. Die Zuordnung der Behandlung (Verum vs. Kontrollmuskel) erfolgte jeweils nach dem Zufallsprinzip.
Direkt nach den DOMS Übungen kam es zu einem signifikanten Anstieg von Laktat im Serum, nach 24 Stunden zu einem signifikanten Ansteigen der CK Aktivität und einer Zunahme des Muskelumfangs. Mit beiden Modellen konnte zuverlässig ein Muskelschmerz erzeugt werden, wobei die Schmerzintensität bei wiederholter Stimulierung abnahm und dies im DOMS Modell stärker ausgeprägt war. Eine mechanische Hyperalgesie konnte nur an den Waden beobachtet werden, die dort aber beidseitig auftrat und damit eine Art „zentraler Übererregbarkeit“ vermuten lässt. Die Dialysatkonzentrationen von Glutamat, PGE2 und Substanz P zeigten aufgrund der Schmerzstimulation im DOMS Bein einen lokalen Anstieg (Glutamat 125 ± 20 µM [p=0.005], PGE2 239 ± 45 pg/ml, Substanz P 64 ± 11 pg/ml). Dabei traten im Kontrollbein keine signifikanten Änderungen auf. Während der Mikrodialyseperiode war die NO Konzentration im DOMS Bein signifikant geringer als im Kontrollbein (p = 0.02), zeigte dabei aber keine Beeinflussung durch die Schmerzstimulation. Gleichzeitig war dabei die Laktatkonzentration im DOMS Bein im Vergleich zum Kontrollbein erhöht. Die Glucose- und Glycerolkonzentrationen wiesen durch die Schmerzauslösung keine bedeutenden Veränderungen auf.
Im Bizepsmuskel kam es infolge der hypertonen NaCl Injektionen zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der Glutamat Konzentration im Dialysat (50 ± 3 µM, p = 0.003), wobei diese im Kontrollmuskel konstant blieb. Die Injektionen hatten aber keinen Einfluss auf die Werte von Glucose, Laktat, Glycerol, NO, PGE2, des Muskelumfangs und der PPT.
Möglicherweise ist ein inflammatorischer Prozess an den peripheren Mechanismen der Muskelschmerzentstehung beim DOMS Modell beteiligt. Die Injektion von hypertoner NaCl Lösung löst den Muskelschmerz vermutlich direkt durch die hohe extrazelluläre Natrium Konzentration aus, wobei es zu einer Depolarisation der Nozizeptormembran mit einer nachfolgenden Glutamat Freisetzung aus den aktivierten Nozizeptoren kommt. Die Vorteile dieses Modells sind die Wiederholbarkeit und die kurze Dauer des Muskelschmerzes. Die dem ausgelösten Schmerz zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen ähneln jedoch nicht den Mechanismen die dem klinischen Muskelschmerz zugrunde liegen. Deshalb könnte es sein, dass die Bedeutungen der Ergebnisse aus diesem Modell relativ beschränkt sind und die Nützlichkeit insbesondere für pharmakologische Studien damit auch eingeschränkt ist.
Der Neurotransmitter Glutamat ist an den peripheren Mechanismen der Muskelschmerzentstehung beteiligt, da die Glutamat Freisetzung direkt mit dem Muskelschmerz beim DOMS Modell und beim Hypertonen NaCl Modell assoziiert war. Die beim DOMS Modell erhöhten Konzentrationen von Laktat, PGE2, sowie die Änderungen von Substanz P und die erniedrigten NO Konzentrationen könnten auch zu der Entstehung von Muskelschmerz beitragen.
Der beobachtete Rückgang der Schmerzintensität bei wiederholter Stimulierung lässt auf eine Art „Gewöhnung“ schließen, die bei Anwendung des DOMS Modells für pharmakologische Untersuchungen einen Nachteil darstellen könnte.
Ziel: Anliegen des Kooperationsprojektes der Klinik für Nephrologie und der Klinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie ist die internistische und eine umfassende psychologische Untersuchung von152 Lebendnierenspendern, die ihre Niere zwischen 1973 und 2001 in der Universitätsklinik Frankfurt am Main spendeten. Im Rahmen dieser Studie werden aus der oben genannten Arbeitsgruppe heraus, mehrere Arbeiten und Publikationen entstehen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der 152 Frankfurter Lebendnierenspender in Bezug auf psychosomatische und psychosoziale Aspekte des Erlebens und der Verarbeitung der Lebendnierentransplantation und ihrer Folgen. In der bisherigen empirischen Forschung zu psychischen und psychosomatischen Folgen einer Lebendnierentransplantation wurden beim Spender eher wenige und wenn, dann im Ausmaß begrenzte psychische Komplikationen berichtet. In der Regel sind die psychische Verarbeitung sowie die psycho-sozialen Auswirkungen einer Lebendnierentransplantation insgesamt positiv zu bewerten.
Methode: N= 152 Lebendnierenspender werden internistisch und psychologisch untersucht. Die psychologische Untersuchung verwendet ein breites Spektrum von Erhebungsmethoden. Neben vier standardisierten testpsychologischen Fragebögen wird ein semistrukturiertes ca. einstündiges Interview mit den Spendern geführt. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich gesondert mit dem halbstrukturierten Interview. Die Erlebnisberichte der Spender werden mittels eines eigens erstellten Kategoriensystems ausgewertet.
Ergebnisse: Abschluss der Datenerhebung der vorliegenden Arbeit ist der 15. Februar 2002. Sieben Spender verstarben vor Beginn der Studie, jedoch nicht an den Folgen der Einnierigkeit.Drei Spender waren nicht auffindbar. 19 Spender wurden wegen Wohnsitz im Ausland und/oder Mangel an deutschen Sprachkenntnissen vom psychologischen Interview ausgeschlossen. Von den 123 in Frage kommenden Untersuchungsteilnehmern haben wir mit 100 Spendern Interviews führen können, was einer vergleichsweise hohen Rücklaufquote von 81,3% entspricht. Die meisten Spender trafen ihre Entscheidung sofort (84%) und bereuten ihre Spende im Nachhinein nicht.
Nahezu alle Spender (97%) würden die Entscheidung ihre Niere spenden zu wollen heute wieder treffen. Die meisten Spender bewerten die Spende als ein positives Ereignis vergleichbar mit einer Lebensrettung oder einer Geburt. Einige Spender berichten durch die Spende eine Steigerung ihres Selbstwertgefühls und Selbstbewusstseins erfahren zu haben. 75% der Spender schildern durch die Spende keine Veränderung in der Beziehung zu dem Empfänger erlebt zu haben, bei 23% habe sich die Beziehung verbessert. 3% geben an, die Beziehung zu bestimmten Familienmitgliedern sei nach der Spende schlechter geworden. 3% der Spender bereuen gespendet zu haben. 8% empfanden Druck im Entscheidungsprozess. 5% hatten starke Angst vor der Operation oder dem Leben mit einer Niere. Insgesamt 6% der Spender berichten über langfristige psychische Komplikationen (Verdacht auf: 2% Anpassungsstörung, 2% Angststörung, 1% Depression, 1% Burnout). 11% wünschen sich eine professionelle psychologische Vor- und/oder Nachbetreuung.
Diskussion: Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung weisen insgesamt auf eine langfristig positive psychische Verarbeitung, sowie auf positive psychosoziale Auswirkungen einer Lebendnierentransplantation hin. Es gibt eine inhomogene Subgruppe mit kleiner Personenanzahl, die negative Erfahrungen mit der Lebendnierenspende machte. Dieser wird gesondert Beachtung geschenkt und die Bereitstellung von adäquaten Beratungs- und Hilfsangeboten diskutiert.
Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAPs) proteins are characterized by the presence of evolutionarily conserved baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat (BIR) domains, predominantly known for their role in inhibiting caspases and, thereby, apoptosis. We have shown previously that multi-BIR domain-containing IAPs, cellular IAPs, and X-linked IAP can control tumor cell migration by directly regulating the protein stability of C-RAF kinase. Here, we extend our observations to a single BIR domain containing IAP family member melanoma-IAP (ML-IAP). We show that ML-IAP can directly bind to C-RAF and that ML-IAP depletion leads to an increase in C-RAF protein levels, MAPK activation, and cell migration in melanoma cells. Thus, our results unveil a thus far unknown role for ML-IAP in controlling C-RAF stability and cell migration.
The single nucleotide polymorphism 118A>G of the human micro-opioid receptor gene OPRM1, which leads to an exchange of the amino acid asparagine (N) to aspartic acid (D) at position 40 of the extracellular receptor region, alters the in vivo effects of opioids to different degrees in pain-processing brain regions. The most pronounced N40D effects were found in brain regions involved in the sensory processing of pain intensity. Using the mu-opioid receptor-specific agonist DAMGO, we analyzed the micro-opioid receptor signaling, expression, and binding affinity in human brain tissue sampled postmortem from the secondary somatosensory area (SII) and from the ventral posterior part of the lateral thalamus, two regions involved in the sensory processing and transmission of nociceptive information. We show that the main effect of the N40D micro-opioid receptor variant is a reduction of the agonist-induced receptor signaling efficacy. In the SII region of homo- and heterozygous carriers of the variant 118G allele (n=18), DAMGO was only 62% as efficient (p=0.002) as in homozygous carriers of the wild-type 118A allele (n=15). In contrast, the number of [3H]DAMGO binding sites was unaffected. Hence, the micro-opioid receptor G-protein coupling efficacy in SII of carriers of the 118G variant was only 58% as efficient as in homozygous carriers of the 118A allele (p<0.001). The thalamus was unaffected by the OPRM1 118A>G SNP. In conclusion, we provide a molecular basis for the reduced clinical effects of opioid analgesics in carriers of mu-opioid receptor variant N40D.
Biglycan, a nitric oxide-regulated gene, affects adhesion, growth, and survival of mesangial cells
(2003)
During glomerular inflammation mesangial cells are the major source and target of nitric oxide that pro-foundly influences proliferation, adhesion, and death of mesangial cells. The effect of nitric oxide on the mRNA expression pattern of cultured rat mesangial cells was therefore investigated by RNA-arbitrarily-primed polymerase chain reaction. Employing this approach, biglycan expression turned out to be down-regulated time- and dose-dependently either by interleukin-1beta-stimulated endogenous nitric oxide production or by direct application of the exogenous nitric oxide donor, diethylenetriamine nitric oxide. There was a corresponding decline in the rate of biglycan biosynthesis and in the steady state level of this proteoglycan. In vivo, in a model of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis up-regulation of inducible nitric-oxide synthase mRNA was associated with reduced expression of biglycan in isolated glomeruli. Biglycan expression could be normalized, both in vitro and in vivo, by using a specific inhibitor of the inducible nitric-oxide synthase, l-N6-(l-iminoethyl)-l-lysine dihydrochloride. Further studies showed that biglycan inhibited cell adhesion on type I collagen and fibronectin because of its binding to these substrates. More importantly, biglycan protected mesangial cells from apoptosis by decreasing caspase-3 activity, and it counteracted the proliferative effects of platelet-derived growth factor-BB. These findings indicate a signaling role of biglycan and describe a novel pathomechanism by which nitric oxide modulates the course of renal glomerular disease through regulation of biglycan expression.
Reversible phosphorylation plays important roles in G protein-coupled receptor signaling, desensitization, and endocytosis, yet the precise location and role of in vivo phosphorylation sites is unknown for most receptors. Using metabolic 32P labeling and phosphopeptide sequencing we provide a complete phosphorylation map of the human bradykinin B2 receptor in its native cellular environment. We identified three serine residues, Ser(339), Ser(346), and Ser(348), at the C-terminal tail as principal phosphorylation sites. Constitutive phosphorylation occurs at Ser(348), while ligand-induced phosphorylation is found at Ser(339) and Ser(346)/Ser(348) that could be executed by several G protein-coupled receptor kinases. In addition, we found a protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of Ser(346) that was mutually exclusive with the basal phosphorylation at Ser(348) and therefore may be implicated in differential regulation of B2 receptor activation. Functional analysis of receptor mutants revealed that a low phosphorylation stoichiometry is sufficient to initiate receptor sequestration while a clustered phosphorylation around Ser(346) is necessary for desensitization of the B2 receptor-induced phospholipase C activation. This was further supported by the specifically reduced Ser(346)/Ser(348) phosphorylation observed upon stimulation with a nondesensitizing B2 receptor agonist. The differential usage of clustered phosphoacceptor sites points to distinct roles of multiple kinases in controlling G protein-coupled receptor function.
Vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase (holoATPase and free membrane sector) was isolated from bovine chromaffin granules by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A 5-fold excess of membrane sector over holoenzyme was determined in isolated chromaffin granule membranes. M9.2, a novel extremely hydrophobic 9.2-kDa protein comprising 80 amino acids, was detected in the membrane sector. It shows sequence and structural similarity to Vma21p, a yeast protein required for assembly of vacuolar ATPase. A second membrane sector-associated protein (M8-9) was identified and characterized by amino-terminal protein sequencing.
Ein intaktes Arbeitsgedächtnis ermöglicht es, Informationen, z.B. visuellen oder auditorischen Ursprungs temporär zu speichern, zu manipulieren und weiterzuverarbeiten. Es bildet die Grundlage zum Lernen, zum Begreifen und zum Verstehen von Sprache und somit die Grundlage zum tagtäglichen Funktionieren.
Beeinträchtigungen des Arbeitsgedächtnisses sind mit schlechten (Arbeits-) Leistungen, eingeschränkter zwischenmenschlicher Kommunikation, niedrigerem gesellschaftlichem Funktionsniveau und Arbeitslosigkeit vergesellschaftet und somit folgenschwer.
Psychiatrische Erkrankungen aus dem schizophrenen Spektrum, die unipolare Depression oder das Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitätssyndrom (ADHS) gehen gehäuft mit kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen einher. Auch die bipolare affektive Störung zählt zu den psychiatrischen Erkrankungen, die mit kognitiver Beeinträchtigung assoziiert ist.
Das Ziel der Studie war es, darzustellen, dass kognitive Einschränkungen von Patienten, die an einer bipolaren affektiven Störung leiden, unter den exekutiven Funktionen insbesondere das Arbeitsgedächtnis betreffen und diese auch in euthymer Stimmungslage zu erfassen sind.
Hierzu wurde mittels einer Aufgabe zur Farbveränderung vier verschiedener Kreise, die um ein zentral platziertes, schwarzes Kreuz angeordnet waren, das visuelle Arbeitsgedächtnis anhand der Merkfähigkeit der Patienten, deren euthyme Stimmungslage mit den Ratingskalen MADRS und YMRS bestätigt wurde, im Vergleich zu einer Gruppe gesunder Kontrollprobanden, die mit der Patientengruppe in den Faktoren Alter, Geschlechterverteilung, prämorbide Intelligenz, Schulbildung und Händigkeit vergleichbar war, überprüft.
Anhand der erzielten Ergebnisse wurde die Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität K nach Pashler bestimmt. Es ergab sich eine bei mittlerer Effektstärke signifikant geringere Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität in der Gruppe der remittierten Patienten mit bipolarer affektiver Störung im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe gesunder Probanden.
Ein Einfluss der zum Zeitpunkt der Testung in der Patientengruppe angewandten Psychopharmaka auf die Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität konnte ausgeschlossen werden, sodass die ermittelten Defizite nicht als eine Form von Medikamentennebenwirkungen erklärt werden konnten. Interessanterweise betrug die mediane Erkrankungsdauer in der Patientengruppe drei Jahre, sodass davon auszugehen ist, dass die Ausprägung von Defiziten des Arbeitsgedächtnisses keinen langen Krankheitsverlauf bedingt, sondern bereits zu Beginn der Erkrankung vorhanden sein könnte.
Somit konnte die Studie darlegen, dass kognitive Defizite, insbesondere Störungen des Arbeitsgedächtnisses mit daraus resultierender signifikant erniedrigter Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität, bei Patienten mit bipolarer affektiver Störung in euthymer Stimmungslage bereits zu einem frühen Zeitpunkt des Krankheitsverlaufs bestehen, die eine Folge der Erkrankung selbst sind und keine Nebenwirkung von psychopharmazeutischer Medikation darstellen. Den Grund für das Auftreten kognitiver Defizite bei Patienten mit bipolarer affektiver Störung liefert diese Studie nicht, sie impliziert dennoch, dass das Verständnis und die Berücksichtigung kognitiver Störungen bei der bipolaren affektiven Störung zukünftig ein wichtiges Therapieziel darstellen sollte um das funktionelle Outcome von Patienten, die an dieser Störung leiden, entscheidend zu verbessern und somit eine Teilnahme am tagtäglichen Funktionieren weiterhin ermöglicht wird.
In die Zukunft blickend sollten unsere Ergebnisse mithilfe weiterer Untersuchungen validiert werden, insbesondere in Bezug auf genetische Komponenten, die die Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität regulieren. Es sollten Faktoren identifiziert werden, die eine reduzierte Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität bei Patienten mit bipolarer affektiver Störung bedingen. Die vorliegende Studie beantwortet nämlich nicht die Frage, wie genetische Faktoren und Umweltfaktoren die Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität auf kognitiver und neurophysiologischer Ebene beeinflussen könnten.
Angesichts der erwähnten Relevanz eines intakten Arbeitsgedächtnisses für die Funktionsfähigkeit der Patienten sollten zukünftige Studien prüfen, ob prokognitive Interventionen wie die kognitive Remediation oder sogar medikamentöse Therapieoptionen diese Defizite verbessern könnten.
Defects in podocyte signaling are the basis of many inherited glomerular diseases leading to glomerulosclerosis. CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) is highly expressed in podocytes and is considered to play an important role in the maintenance of the glomerular slit diaphragm. Mice deficient for CD2AP (CD2AP(-/-)) appear normal at birth but develop a rapid onset nephrotic syndrome at 3 weeks of age. We demonstrate that impaired intracellular signaling with subsequent podocyte damage is the reason for this delayed podocyte injury in CD2AP(-/-) mice. We document that CD2AP deficiency in podocytes leads to diminished signal initiation and termination of signaling pathways mediated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). In addition, we demonstrate that CIN85, a paralog of CD2AP, is involved in termination of RTK signaling in podocytes. CIN85 protein expression is increased in CD2AP(-/-) podocytes in vitro. Stimulation of CD2AP(-/-) podocytes with various growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor 1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor, resulted in a significantly decreased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT and ERK signaling response. Moreover, increased CIN85 protein is detectable in podocytes in diseased CD2AP(-/-) mice, leading to decreased base-line activation of ERK and decreased phosphorylation after growth factor stimulation in vivo. Because repression of CIN85 protein leads to a restored RTK signaling response, our results support an important role of CD2AP/CIN85 protein balance in the normal signaling response of podocytes.
Endogenous nitro-fatty acids (NFA) are potent electrophilic lipid mediators that exert biological effects in vitro and in vivo via selective covalent modification of thiol-containing target proteins. The cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumorigenic effects of NFA in animal models of disease caused by targeted protein nitroalkylation are a valuable basis for the development of future anti-phlogistic and anti-neoplastic drugs. Considering the complexity of diseases and accompanying comorbidities there is an urgent need for clinically effective multifunctional drugs. NFA are composed of a fatty acid backbone containing a nitroalkene moiety triggering Michael addition reactions. However, less is known about the target-specific structure–activity relationships and selectivities comparing different NFA targets. Therefore, we analyzed 15 NFA derivatives and compared them with the lead structure 9-nitro-oleic acid (9NOA) in terms of their effect on NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) signaling inhibition, induction of Nrf-2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) gene expression, sEH (soluble epoxide hydrolase), LO (lipoxygenase), and COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) inhibition, and their cytotoxic effects on colorectal cancer cells. Minor modifications of the Michael acceptor position and variation of the chain length led to drugs showing increased target preference or enhanced multi-targeting, partly with higher potency than 9NOA. This study is a significant step forward to better understanding the biology of NFA and their enormous potential as scaffolds for designing future anti-inflammatory drugs.
The complex and adaptive nature of malignant neoplasm constitute a major challenge for the development of effective anti-oncogenic therapies. Emerging evidence has uncovered the pivotal functions exerted by the small leucine-rich proteoglycans, decorin and biglycan, in affecting tumor growth and progression. In their soluble forms, decorin and biglycan act as powerful signaling molecules. By receptor-mediated signal transduction, both proteoglycans modulate key processes vital for tumor initiation and progression, such as autophagy, inflammation, cell-cycle, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Despite of their structural homology, these two proteoglycans interact with distinct cell surface receptors and thus modulate distinct signaling pathways that ultimately affect cancer development. In this review, we summarize growing evidence for the complex roles of decorin and biglycan signaling in tumor biology and address potential novel therapeutic implications.
Effect of chemotherapy on overall survival in contemporary metastatic prostate cancer patients
(2021)
Introduction: Randomized clinical trials demonstrated improved overall survival in chemotherapy exposed metastatic prostate cancer patients. However, real-world data validating this effect with large scale epidemiological data sets are scarce and might not agree with trials. We tested this hypothesis.
Materials and Methods: We identified de novo metastatic prostate cancer patients within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (2014-2015). Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox regression models tested for overall survival differences between chemotherapy-exposed patients vs chemotherapy-naïve patients. All analyses were repeated in propensity-score matched cohorts. Additionally, landmark analyses were applied to account for potential immortal time bias.
Results: Overall, 4295 de novo metastatic prostate cancer patients were identified. Of those, 905 (21.1%) patients received chemotherapy vs 3390 (78.9%) did not. Median overall survival was not reached at 30 months follow-up. Chemotherapy-exposed patients exhibited significantly better overall survival (61.6 vs 54.3%, multivariable HR:0.82, CI: 0.72-0.96, p=0.01) at 30 months compared to their chemotherapy-naïve counterparts. These findings were confirmed in propensity score matched analyses (multivariable HR: 0.77, CI:0.66-0.90, p<0.001). Results remained unchanged after landmark analyses were applied in propensity score matched population.
Conclusions: In this contemporary real-world population-based cohort, chemotherapy for metastatic prostate cancer patients was associated with better overall survival. However, the magnitude of overall survival benefit was not comparable to phase 3 trials.
Introduction: To evaluate the oncological outcome of high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy (BRT) as monotherapy for clinically localised prostate cancer (PCA).
Material and Methods: Between January 2002 and February 2004, 141 consecutive patients with clinically localised PCA were treated with HDR-BRT monotherapy. The cohort comprised 103 (73%) low-, 32 (22.7%) intermediate- and 6 (4.3%) high risk patients according to D’Amico classification or 104 (73.8%) low-, 24 (17.0%) intermediate favourable-, 12 (8.5%) intermediate unfavourable- and one (0.7%) very high risk patient according to National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) one. Patients received four fractions of 9.5 Gy delivered within a single implant up to a total physical dose of 38 Gy. Catheter-implantation was transrectal ultrasound-based whereas treatment planning CT-based. Thirty-three patients (23.4%) received ADT neoadjuvantly and continued concurrently with BRT. Biochemical relapse-free survival (BRFS) was defined according to the Phoenix Consensus Criteria and genitourinary (GU)/gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity evaluated using the Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0.
Results: Median age at treatment and median follow-up time was 67.2 and 15.2 years, respectively. Twenty-three (16.3%) patients experienced a biochemical relapse and 5 (3.5%) developed distant metastases, with only one patient dying of PCA. The BRFS was 85.1% at 15 years and 78.7% at 18 years. The corresponding overall survival, metastases-free survival, and prostate cancer specific mortality at 15- and 18-years was 73.9%/59.1%, 98.3%/90.6%, and 100%/98.5% respectively. Late grade 3 GI and GU toxicity was 4.2% and 5.6% respectively. Erectile dysfunction grade 3 was reported by 27 (19%) patients. From the prognostic factors evaluated, tumor stage (≤T2b compared to ≥T2c) along with the risk group (low-intermediate vs. high) when using the D’Amico classification but not when the NCCN one was taken into account, correlated significantly with BRFS.
Conclusion: Our long-term results confirm HDR-BRT to be a safe and effective monotherapeutic treatment modality for low- and intermediate risk PCA.
The analysis of ethanol and of its congeners in blood plays an important role in forensic cases, especially when allegations are made that alcohol has been consumed after an accident. In alcoholic beverages, congener alcohols are by-products and are generated during fermentation. The assay of these compounds in serum samples and beverages has been previously performed using headspace-gas chromatography-flame ionization detection methods (HS-GC-FID). As an alternative, a robust headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) procedure was developed and validated, which has the following advantages:
- Simultaneous determination of ethanol, congener alcohols and other
endogenous substances.
- Reduction of matrix interference by increasing selectivity and
specificity.
- Clear separation of the positional isomers 3-methyl-1-butanol and
2-methyl-1-butanol.
Aim: In the CheckRad-CD8 trial patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell cancer are treated with a single cycle of induction chemo-immunotherapy (ICIT). Patients with pathological complete response (pCR) in the re-biopsy enter radioimmunotherapy. Our goal was to study the value of F-18-FDG PET/CT in the prediction of pCR after induction therapy.
Methods: Patients treated within the CheckRad-CD8 trial that additionally received FDG- PET/CT imaging at the following two time points were included: 3–14 days before (pre-ICIT) and 21–28 days after (post-ICIT) receiving ICIT. Tracer uptake in primary tumors (PT) and suspicious cervical lymph nodes (LN +) was measured using different quantitative parameters on EANM Research Ltd (EARL) accredited PET reconstructions. In addition, mean FDG uptake levels in lymphatic and hematopoietic organs were examined. Percent decrease (Δ) in FDG uptake was calculated for all parameters. Biopsy of the PT post-ICIT acquired after FDG-PET/CT served as reference. The cohort was divided in patients with pCR and residual tumor (ReTu).
Results: Thirty-one patients were included. In ROC analysis, ΔSUVmax PT performed best (AUC = 0.89) in predicting pCR (n = 17), with a decline of at least 60% (sensitivity, 0.77; specificity, 0.93). Residual SUVmax PT post-ICIT performed best in predicting ReTu (n = 14), at a cutpoint of 6.0 (AUC = 0.91; sensitivity, 0.86; specificity, 0.88). Combining two quantitative parameters (ΔSUVmax ≥ 50% and SUVmax PT post-ICIT ≤ 6.0) conferred a sensitivity of 0.81 and a specificity of 0.93 for determining pCR. Background activity in lymphatic organs or uptake in suspected cervical lymph node metastases lacked significant predictive value.
Conclusion: FDG-PET/CT can identify patients with pCR after ICIT via residual FDG uptake levels in primary tumors and the related changes compared to baseline. FDG-uptake in LN + had no predictive value.
Trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03426657.
Background and Aims: Prothrombin induced by vitamin K absence-II (PIVKA-II) is a serum biomarker linked to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), showing superiority to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for early disease detection. We aimed to assess the clinical and analytical performance of the Elecsys® PIVKA-II immunoassay in diagnosing HCC and evaluate PIVKA-II's technical performance.
Methods: Serum samples from adult cases (i.e. patients with a first-time HCC diagnosis; n = 168) and disease controls (i.e. patients without HCC with an at-risk condition; n = 208) were assessed. An AFP cut-off of 20 ng/mL was used to differentiate between HCC cases and disease controls. Clinical performance of the Elecsys PIVKA-II assay was compared with that of comparator assays (Lumipulse G PIVKA-II, μTASWako DCP, ARCHITECT PIVKA-II) using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to determine the area under the curve (AUC) values.
Results: The Elecsys PIVKA-II assay compared favorably with comparator assays. Using a 28.4 ng/mL cut-off, the Elecsys PIVKA-II assay detected HCC with 86.9% sensitivity and 83.7% specificity. Clinical performance of the Elecsys PIVKA-II assay (AUC: 90.8%) was equivalent to that of comparator assays (AUC: 88.3–89.6%). Relatively high PIVKA-II concentrations were observed for cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer with the Elecsys assay in specificity panel analyses, indicating that high PIVKA-II concentrations should not be used alone in the absence of other clinical data.
Conclusions: The Elecsys PIVKA-II assay showed good analytical performance under routine laboratory conditions, comparing favorably with comparator assays. These findings support the suitability of the Elecsys PIVKA-II assay as an aid in HCC diagnosis.
Hintergrund: Bei steigender Lebenserwartung ergibt sich in Zukunft eine steigende Prävalenz der degenerativen Aortenklappenstenose (AS). Die Transkathether-Aortenklappenimplantation (TAVI) erfährt immer größere Bedeutung in der Behandlung der symptomatischen, hochgradigen AS. Eine paravalvuläre Leckage (PVL) ist ein anerkannter Risikofaktor für eine erhöhte Mortalität und sollte periinterventionell adäquat erkannt und behandelt werden. Eine Postdilatation als typische korrigierende Intervention (CI) kann allerdings zu schwerwiegenden Komplikationen führen. Weitere Instrumente zur Entscheidung über die Notwendigkeit einer CI sind erstrebenswert. Für die Aortenregurgitationsindex-Ratio (ARI-Ratio) und für die präprozedurale Kalklast, gemessen mit der Mehrschicht-Computertomografie (MSCT), wurde gezeigt, dass beide prädiktiv sind für die Notwendigkeit einer periinterventionellen CI.
Ziele: Die ARI-Ratio und der Kalkstatus wurde in Hinblick auf ihren prädiktiven Wert für die Notwendigkeit einer CI miteinander verglichen.
Methoden: Von 199 Patienten nach TAVI erhielten 38,9 % eine Portico™, 29,5 % eine Symetis Acurate™, 21,5 % eine Sapien 3™ und 10,1 % eine Evolut™. Es wurde retrospektiv der postinterventionell erhobene systolische (SB), diastolische (DB) und linksventrikuläre enddiastolische Blutdruck (LVEDP) im ARI zusammengefasst: [(DBP - LVEDP) / SBP] × 100. Die ARI-Ratio wurde berechnet als Quotient zwischen ARI nach und vor dem Eingriff. Des Weiteren wurden die MSCTs mittels „3mensio Structural Heart“ analysiert insbesondere in Hinblick auf die Verkalkung des linksventrikulären Ausflusstrakts, der Aortenklappe (gesamt sowie der einzelnen Taschen) und des sinotubulären Übergang. Dabei wurde der Kalzium-Volumen-Score auf Basis drei verschiedener Thresholds benutzt (500 Hounsfield Einheiten (HU), 800 HU und visuell-individuell). Im Folgenden wurden ROC-Kurven für den ARI-Ratio und für die verschiedenen Kalklastparameter erstellt um die Notwendigkeit einer CI zu beurteilen. Schließlich wurde die Area under the curve (AUC) der ARI-Ratio mit denen der Kalklastsurrogatparameter verglichen.
Ergebnisse: Die ARI-Ratio zeigte mit einer AUC von 0,747 das beste Ergebnis. Bei den Verkalkungsparametern zeigte die Verkalkung der noncoronaren Aortenklappentasche die beste AUC, nachfolgend die der gesamten Aortenklappe. Der 800-HU-Threshold zeigte bessere AUCs als 500 HU. Von 19 Verkalkungssurrogatparametern zeigten elf einen statistisch signifikanten Vorhersagewert auf. Die ARI-Ratio zeigte eine signifikante Überlegenheit gegenüber sechs dieser Parameter. Für die fünf Verbliebenen konnte kein signifikanter Unterschied nachgewiesen werden.
Schlussfolgerung: Die ARI-Ratio ist ein besserer Prädiktor für die Notwendigkeit einer CI als die Kalzifikationsparameter. Auch diverse Kalzifikationsparameter haben diesbezüglich eine Aussagekraft. Die Kalzifikationsparameter können bereits präinterventionell beurteilt werden können, die ARI-Ratio nur periinterventionell. Es sollte neben der Anschauung von bereits etablierten Methoden ein integrativer Ansatz gewählt werden, der Kalklast und ARI-Ratio für die Entscheidung zur Notwendigkeit einer CI miteinschließt. Weitere Studien zur Standardisierung der Verkalkungsparameter sind notwendig für eine weitere Einordnung deren Vorhersagekraft. Es bestanden teils erhebliche Unterschiede zwischen den verwendeten Klappenprothesentypen. Weitere Studien mit einer größeren Anzahl an verschiedenen Prothesentypen könnten richtungsweisende Subgruppenanalysen möglich machen.
The E3 ubiquitin ligase MYCBP2 negatively regulates neuronal growth, synaptogenesis, and synaptic strength. More recently it was shown that MYCBP2 is also involved in receptor and ion channel internalization. We found that mice with a MYCBP2-deficiency in peripheral sensory neurons show prolonged thermal hyperalgesia. Loss of MYCBP2 constitutively activated p38 MAPK and increased expression of several proteins involved in receptor trafficking. Surprisingly, loss of MYCBP2 inhibited internalization of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) and prevented desensitization of capsaicin-induced calcium increases. Lack of desensitization, TRPV internalization and prolonged hyperalgesia were reversed by inhibition of p38 MAPK. The effects were TRPV-specific, since neither mustard oil-induced desensitization nor behavioral responses to mechanical stimuli were affected. In summary, we show here for the first time that p38 MAPK activation can inhibit activity-induced ion channel internalization and that MYCBP2 regulates internalization of TRPV1 in peripheral sensory neurons as well as duration of thermal hyperalgesia through p38 MAPK.
Importance: The entry of artificial intelligence into medicine is pending. Several methods have been used for the predictions of structured neuroimaging data, yet nobody compared them in this context.
Objective: Multi-class prediction is key for building computational aid systems for differential diagnosis. We compared support vector machine, random forest, gradient boosting, and deep feed-forward neural networks for the classification of different neurodegenerative syndromes based on structural magnetic resonance imaging.
Design, setting, and participants: Atlas-based volumetry was performed on multi-centric T1-weighted MRI data from 940 subjects, i.e., 124 healthy controls and 816 patients with ten different neurodegenerative diseases, leading to a multi-diagnostic multi-class classification task with eleven different classes.
Interventions: N.A.
Main outcomes and measures: Cohen’s kappa, accuracy, and F1-score to assess model performance.
Results: Overall, the neural network produced both the best performance measures and the most robust results. The smaller classes however were better classified by either the ensemble learning methods or the support vector machine, while performance measures for small classes were comparatively low, as expected. Diseases with regionally specific and pronounced atrophy patterns were generally better classified than diseases with widespread and rather weak atrophy.
Conclusions and relevance: Our study furthermore underlines the necessity of larger data sets but also calls for a careful consideration of different machine learning methods that can handle the type of data and the classification task best.
Background: The use of patient-reported outcome measures (PROM) and caregiver-reported outcome measures can raise the patient centeredness of treatment and improve the quality of palliative care. Nevertheless, the everyday implementation of self-report in patients and caregivers is complex, and should be adapted for use in specific settings. We aimed to implement a set of outcome measures that included patient and caregiver self- and proxy-reported outcome measures in specialised outpatient palliative care (SOPC). In this study, we explore how the Integrated Palliative Outcome Scale (IPOS), IPOS Views on Care (IPOS VoC) and the Short-form Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZBI-7) can be feasibly, acceptably and appropriately implemented in the daily care routines of SOPC.
Methods: Five SOPC teams were trained, and used the outcome measures in daily practice. Team members were mainly nurses and physicians. To investigate their feedback, we used a multi-method qualitative design consisting of focus groups with SOPC-team members (n = 14), field notes of meetings and conversations with the SOPC teams. In an iterative process, we analysed the findings using qualitative content analysis and refined use of the outcome measures.
Results: We found that integrating patient and caregiver outcome measures into daily care routines in SOPC is feasible. To improve feasibility, acceptability and appropriateness, the resulting burden on patients and relatives should be kept to a minimum, the usefulness of the measures must be understood, they should be used considerately, and administration must be manageable. We removed ZBI-7 from the set of measures as a result of feedback on its content and wording.
Conclusions: SOPC-team members have reservations about the implementation of PROM in SOPC, but with appropriate adjustments, its application in daily care is feasible, accepted and perceived as appropriate. Previous to use, SOPC-team members should be trained in how to apply the measures, in the design of manageable processes that include integration into electronic documentation systems, and in ongoing evaluation and support. They should also be taught how useful the measures can be.
Acute kidney injury is associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients. However, host cell changes underlying infection of renal cells with SARS-CoV-2 remain unknown and prevent understanding of the molecular mechanisms that may contribute to renal pathology. Here, we carried out quantitative translatome and whole-cell proteomics analyses of primary renal proximal and distal tubular epithelial cells derived from human donors infected with SARS-CoV-2 or MERS-CoV to disseminate virus and cell type–specific changes over time. Our findings revealed shared pathways modified upon infection with both viruses, as well as SARS-CoV-2-specific host cell modulation driving key changes in innate immune activation and cellular protein quality control. Notably, MERS-CoV infection–induced specific changes in mitochondrial biology that were not observed in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we identified extensive modulation in pathways associated with kidney failure that changed in a virus- and cell type–specific manner. In summary, we provide an overview of the effects of SARS-CoV-2 or MERS-CoV infection on primary renal epithelial cells revealing key pathways that may be essential for viral replication.
Excessive accumulation of the extracellular matrix is a hallmark of many inflammatory and fibrotic diseases, including those of the kidney. This study addresses the question whether NO, in addition to inhibiting the expression of MMP-9, a prominent metalloprotease expressed by mesangial cells, additionally modulates expression of its endogenous inhibitor TIMP-1. We demonstrate that exogenous NO has no modulatory effect on the extracellular TIMP-1 content but strongly amplifies the early increase in cytokine-induced TIMP-1 mRNA and protein levels. We examined whether transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), a potent profibrotic cytokine, is involved in the regulation of NO-dependent TIMP-1 expression. Experiments utilizing a pan-specific neutralizing TGFbeta antibody demonstrate that the NO-induced amplification of TIMP-1 is mediated by extracellular TGFbeta. Mechanistically, NO causes a rapid increase in Smad-2 phosphorylation, which is abrogated by the addition of neutralizing TGFbeta antisera. Similarly, the NO-dependent increase in Smad-2 phosphorylation is prevented in the presence of an inhibitor of TGFbeta-RI kinase, indicating that the NO-dependent activation of Smad-2 occurs via the TGFbeta-type I receptor. Furthermore, activation of the Smad signaling cascade by NO is corroborated by the NO-dependent increase in nuclear Smad-4 level and is paralleled by increased DNA binding of Smad-2/3 containing complexes to a TIMP-1-specific Smad-binding element (SBE). Reporter gene assays revealed that NO activates a 0.6-kb TIMP-1 gene promoter fragment as well as a TGFbeta-inducible and SBE-driven control promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis also demonstrated DNA binding activity of Smad-3 and Smad-4 proteins to the TIMP-1-specific SBE. Finally, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we demonstrated that NO causes a rapid increase in TGFbeta(1) levels in cell supernatants. Together, these experiments demonstrate that NO by induction of the Smad signaling pathway modulates TIMP-1 expression.
The signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) gene family comprises seven members with similarities in their domain structure and a common mode of activation. Members of this gene family mediate interferon induction of gene transcription and the response to a large number of growth factors and hormones. Extracellular ligand binding to transmembrane receptors causes the intracellular activation of associated tyrosine kinases, phosphorylation of Stat molecules, dimerization, and translocation to the nucleus. Prolactin-induced phosphorylation of Stat5 is a key event in the development and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. In addition to the crucial phosphorylation at tyrosine 694, we have identified an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) as another secondary modification essential for the transcriptional induction by Stat5. This modification was only found on nuclear Stat5 after cytokine activation. Similar observations were made with Stat1, Stat3, and Stat6. Glycosylation of Stat5, however, does not seem to be a prerequisite for nuclear translocation. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed a glycosylated peptide in the N-terminal region of Stat5. Replacement of threonine 92 by an alanine residue (Stat5a-T92A) strongly reduced the prolactin induction of Stat5a glycosylation and abolished transactivation of a target gene promoter. Only the glycosylated form of Stat5 was able to bind the coactivator of transcription CBP, an essential interaction for Stat5-mediated gene transcription.
ADAM15 protein amplifies focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation under genotoxic stress conditions
(2012)
ADAM15, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase, is capable of counteracting genotoxic stress-induced apoptosis by the suppression of caspase-3 activation. A cell line expressing the membrane-bound ADAM15 without its cytoplasmic tail, however, lost this anti-apoptotic property, suggesting a crucial role of the intracellular domain as a scaffold for recruitment of survival signal-transducing kinases. Accordingly, an enhanced phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr-397, Tyr-576, and Tyr-861 was detected upon genotoxic stress by camptothecin in ADAM15-transfected T/C28a4 cells, but not in transfectants expressing an ADAM15 mutant without the cytoplasmic tail. Accordingly, a specific binding of the cytoplasmic ADAM15 domain to the C terminus of FAK could be shown by mammalian two-hybrid, pulldown, and far Western studies. In cells expressing full-length ADAM15, a concomitant activation of Src at Tyr-416 was detected upon camptothecin exposure. Cells transfected with a chimeric construct consisting of the extracellular IL-2 receptor α-chain and the cytoplasmic ADAM15 domain were IL-2-stimulated to prove that the ADAM15 tail can transduce a percepted extracellular signal to enhance FAK and Src phosphorylation. Our studies further demonstrate Src binding to FAK but not a direct Src interaction with ADAM15, suggesting FAK as a critical intracellular adaptor for ADAM15-dependent enhancement of FAK/Src activation. Moreover, the apoptosis induction elicited by specific inhibitors (PP2, FAK 14 inhibitor) of FAK/Src signaling was significantly reduced by ADAM15 expression. The newly uncovered counter-regulatory response to genotoxic stress in a chondrocytic survival pathway is potentially also relevant to apoptosis resistance in neoplastic growth.
The subunit composition of the mitochondrial ATP synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was analyzed using blue native gel electrophoresis and high resolution SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We report here the identification of a novel subunit of molecular mass of 6,687 Da, termed subunit j (Su j). An open reading frame of 127 base pairs (ATP18), which encodes for Su j, was identified on chromosome XIII. Su j does not display sequence similarity to ATP synthase subunits from other organisms. Data base searches, however, identified a potential homolog from Schizosaccharomyces pombe with 51% identity to Su j of S. cerevisiae. Su j, a small protein of 59 amino acid residues, has the characteristics of an integral inner membrane protein with a single transmembrane segment. Deletion of the ATP18 gene encoding Su j led to a strain (Deltasu j) completely deficient in oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity and unable to grow on nonfermentable carbon sources. The presence of Su j is required for the stable expression of subunits 6 and f of the F0 membrane sector. In the absence of Su j, spontaneously arising rho- cells were observed that lacked also ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome c oxidase activities. We conclude that Su j is a novel and essential subunit of yeast ATP synthase.
SUMO proteins are ubiquitin-related modifiers implicated in the regulation of gene transcription, cell cycle, DNA repair, and protein localization. The molecular mechanisms by which the sumoylation of target proteins regulates diverse cellular functions remain poorly understood. Here we report isolation and characterization of SUMO1- and SUMO2-binding motifs. Using yeast two-hybrid system, bioinformatics, and NMR spectroscopy we define a common SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) and map its binding surfaces on SUMO1 and SUMO2. This motif forms a beta-strand that could bind in parallel or antiparallel orientation to the beta2-strand of SUMO due to the environment of the hydrophobic core. A negative charge imposed by a stretch of neighboring acidic amino acids and/or phosphorylated serine residues determines its specificity in binding to distinct SUMO paralogues and can modulate the spatial orientation of SUMO-SIM interactions.
The binding and activation of the discoidin domain receptor 1 by collagen has led to the conclusion that proteins from the extracellular matrix can directly induce receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling cascades. A region in the extracellular domain of DDR1 homologous to the Dictyostelium discoideum protein discoidin-I is also present in the secreted human protein RS1. Mutations in RS1 cause retinoschisis, a genetic disorder characterized by ablation of the retina. By introducing point mutations into the discoidin domain of DDR1 at positions homologous to the retinoschisis mutations, ligand binding epitopes in the discoidin domain of DDR1 were mapped. Surprisingly, some residues only affected receptor phosphorylation, whereas others influenced both collagen-binding and receptor activation. Furthermore, two truncated DDR1 variants, lacking either the discoidin domain or the stalk region between the discoidin and transmembrane domain, were generated. We showed that (i) the discoidin domain was necessary and sufficient for collagen binding, (ii) only the region between discoidin and transmembrane domain was glycosylated, and (iii) the entire extracellular domain was essential for transmembrane signaling. Using these results, we were able to predict key sites in the collagen-binding epitope of DDR1 and to suggest a potential mechanism of signaling.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is the most common type of aortic aneurysm, which is defined as a dilation of the abdominal aorta over 3.0 cm or more. Surgical repair is the golden standard for the treatment of AAA, in which open surgical repair (OSR) and endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) are the main approaches. Technically speaking, the lesion segment of aueurysm is completely replaced by a graft during OSR, while in EVAR, the lesion is insulated by a stentgraft. EVAR is a less invasive treatment than OSR and shows a lower early mortality rate, although the long-term advantages of EVAR over OSR remain inconclusive.
Endoleak, especially the type II endoleak (T2EL), is a common complication after EVAR. According to research, 16-28% of the patients develop a T2EL after EVAR, and it accounts for nearly three in four of all types of endoleaks. Around 30-50% of the T2EL resolved spontaneously during the follow-up, however, it still causes a secondary intervention in many patients. Therefore, it is critical to monitor endoleaks after repair.
Patent aortic branches in the stent-overlapped area and vasa vasorum have been identified as potential sources of blood flow in T2EL. However, the mechanisms of biological changes or remodeling of the aneurysm sac after the repair are still not clear, but they have been considered to play an important role in the development of endoleaks. Unfortunately, it is impossible to obtain a tissue sample of the aortic wall in patients who underwent EVAR.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small single-stranded non-coding RNAs that inhibit the expression of target message RNA (mRNA). miR-29b/29c, miR-155, and miR-15a are miRNAs associated with regulating extracellular matrix (ECM) components, inflammation, and proliferation, respectively. All four miRNAs have been identified as biomarkers of AAA, not only in aneurysm tissue but also extracellular as circulating miRNAs. However, it is still unknown whether they can reflect the biological changes after AAA repair. Thus, we conducted a prospective study to investigate the changes in expression of circulating miR-29b, miR-29c, miR-155, and miR-15a before (T0), 3 days (T1), and 3 months (T2) after AAA repair.
A total of 39 patients were recruited for this study, 17 of whom were repaired by OSR and 22 of whom were repaired by EVAR. Four patients failed the T2 follow-up due to the Covid-19 pandemic. No significant changes were found in the expression of miR-29b, miR-29c, miR-155, and miR-15a. There were also no obvious differences between OSR and EVAR. However, the T1 expression of miR-15a was significantly lower in patients without endoleak after EVAR than in those who developed endoleak after EVAR and those who were repaired by OSR. Unfortunately, these differences did not persist to the T2 follow-up, and no other differences were found among these patients.
In summary, miR-15a is a miRNA that significantly changes in AAA patients. This study demonstrates that the expression of circulating miR-15a is lower in patients without endoleak three days after EVAR, compared to those who had endoleak after EVAR and those who underwent OSR. The results suggest that miR-15a might be involved in the early aortic remodeling after EVAR as an indicator of endoleak.
The Q80K polymorphism in the NS3-4A protease of the hepatitis C virus is associated with treatment failure of direct-acting antiviral agents. This polymorphism is highly prevalent in genotype 1a infections and stably transmitted between hosts. Here, we investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms of evolutionarily conserved coevolving amino acids in NS3-Q80K and revealed potential implications of epistatic interactions in immune escape and variants persistence. Using purified protein, we characterized the impact of epistatic amino acid substitutions on the physicochemical properties and peptide cleavage kinetics of the NS3-Q80K protease. We found that Q80K destabilized the protease protein fold (p < 0.0001). Although NS3-Q80K showed reduced peptide substrate turnover (p < 0.0002), replicative fitness in an H77S.3 cell culture model of infection was not significantly inferior to the WT virus. Epistatic substitutions at residues 91 and 174 in NS3-Q80K stabilized the protein fold (p < 0.0001) and leveraged the WT protease stability. However, changes in protease stability inversely correlated with enzymatic activity. In infectious cell culture, these secondary substitutions were not associated with a gain of replicative fitness in NS3-Q80K variants. Using molecular dynamics, we observed that the total number of residue contacts in NS3-Q80K mutants correlated with protein folding stability. Changes in the number of contacts reflected the compensatory effect on protein folding instability by epistatic substitutions. In summary, epistatic substitutions in NS3-Q80K contribute to viral fitness by mechanisms not directly related to RNA replication. By compensating for protein-folding instability, epistatic interactions likely protect NS3-Q80K variants from immune cell recognition.
Siglec-1 (sialoadhesin, CD169) is a surface receptor on human cells that mediates trans-enhancement of HIV-1 infection through recognition of sialic acid moieties in virus membrane gangliosides. Here, we demonstrate that mouse Siglec-1, expressed on the surface of primary macrophages in an interferon-α-responsive manner, captures murine leukemia virus (MLV) particles and mediates their transfer to proliferating lymphocytes. The MLV infection of primary B-cells was markedly more efficient than that of primary T-cells. The major structural protein of MLV particles, Gag, frequently co-localized with Siglec-1, and trans-infection, primarily of surface-bound MLV particles, efficiently occurred. To explore the role of sialic acid for MLV trans-infection at a submolecular level, we analyzed the potential of six sialic acid precursor analogs to modulate the sialylated ganglioside-dependent interaction of MLV particles with Siglec-1. Biosynthetically engineered sialic acids were detected in both the glycolipid and glycoprotein fractions of MLV producer cells. MLV released from cells carrying N-acyl-modified sialic acids displayed strikingly different capacities for Siglec-1-mediated capture and trans-infection; N-butanoyl, N-isobutanoyl, N-glycolyl, or N-pentanoyl side chain modifications resulted in up to 92 and 80% reduction of virus particle capture and trans-infection, respectively, whereas N-propanoyl or N-cyclopropylcarbamyl side chains had no effect. In agreement with these functional analyses, molecular modeling indicated reduced binding affinities for non-functional N-acyl modifications. Thus, Siglec-1 is a key receptor for macrophage/lymphocyte trans-infection of surface-bound virions, and the N-acyl side chain of sialic acid is a critical determinant for the Siglec-1/MLV interaction.
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a pivotal role in the regulation of salt and water homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate the expression and functional role of cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs) in rat adrenal cortex. Expression of PKG II is restricted to adrenal zona glomerulosa (ZG) cells, whereas PKG I is localized to the adrenal capsule and blood vessels. Activation of the aldosterone system by a low sodium diet up-regulated the expression of PKG II, however, it did not change PKG I expression in adrenal cortex. Both, activation of PKG II in isolated ZG cell and adenoviral gene transfer of wild type PKG II into ZG cells enhanced aldosterone production. In contrast, inhibition of PKG II as well as infection with a PKG II catalytically inactive mutant had an inhibitory effect on aldosterone production. Steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein that regulates the rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis is a new substrate for PKG II and can be phosphorylated by PKG II in vitro at serine 55/56 and serine 99. Stimulation of aldosterone production by PKG II in contrast to stimulation by PKA did not activate StAR gene expression in ZG cells. The results presented indicate that PKG II activity in ZG cells is important for maintaining basal aldosterone production.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) plays a key regulatory role in arterial blood pressure homeostasis. We recently generated mice with selective deletion of the ANP receptor, guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A), in vascular smooth muscle (SMC GC-A knockout (KO) mice) and reported that resting arterial blood pressure was completely normal in spite of clear abolition of the direct vasodilating effects of ANP (Holtwick, R., Gotthardt, M., Skryabin, B., Steinmetz, M., Potthast, R., Zetsche, B., Hammer, R. E., Herz, J., and Kuhn M. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99, 7142–7147). The purpose of this study was to clarify mechanisms compensating for the missing vasodilator responses to ANP. In particular, we analyzed the effect of the endothelial, cGMP-mediated vasodilators C-type natriuretic peptide and nitric oxide (NO). In isolated arteries from SMC GC-A KO mice, the vasorelaxing sensitivity to sodium nitroprusside and the endothelium-dependent vasodilator, acetylcholine, was significantly greater than in control mice. There was no difference in responses to C-type natriuretic peptide or to the activator of cGMP-dependent protein kinase I, 8-para-chlorophenylthio-cGMP. The aortic expression of soluble GC (sGC), but not of endothelial NO synthase or cGMP-dependent protein kinase I, was significantly increased in SMC GC-A KO mice. Chronic oral treatment with the NO synthase inhibitor Nw-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester increased arterial blood pressure, the effect being significantly enhanced in SMC GC-A KO mice. We conclude that SMC GC-A KO mice exhibit a higher vasodilating sensitivity to NO. This can be attributed to an enhanced expression of sGC, whereas the expression and/or activity levels of downstream cGMP-effector pathways are not involved. Increased vasodilating responsiveness to endothelial NO contributes to compensate for the missing vasodilating effect of ANP in SMC GC-A KO mice.
Phosphodiesterase type 2A (PDE2A) hydrolyzes cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP, thus efficiently controlling cNMP-dependent signaling pathways. PDE2A is composed of an amino-terminal region, two regulatory GAF domains, and a catalytic domain. Cyclic nucleotide hydrolysis is known to be activated by cGMP binding to GAF-B; however, other mechanisms may operate to fine-tune local cyclic nucleotide levels. In a yeast two-hybrid screening we identified XAP2, a crucial component of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) complex, as a major PDE2A-interacting protein. We mapped the XAP2 binding site to the GAF-B domain of PDE2A. PDE assays with purified proteins showed that XAP2 binding does not change the enzymatic activity of PDE2A. To analyze whether PDE2A could affect the function of XAP2, we studied nuclear translocation of AhR, i.e. the master transcription factor controlling the expression of multiple detoxification genes. Notably, regulation of AhR target gene expression is initiated by tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) binding to AhR and by a poorly understood cAMP-dependent pathway followed by the translocation of AhR from the cytosol into the nucleus. Binding of PDE2A to XAP2 inhibited TCDD- and cAMP-induced nuclear translocation of AhR in Hepa1c1c7 hepatocytes. Furthermore, PDE2A attenuated TCDD-induced transcription in reporter gene assays. We conclude that XAP2 targets PDE2A to the AhR complex, thereby restricting AhR mobility, possibly by a local reduction of cAMP levels. Our results provide first insights into the elusive cAMP-dependent regulation of AhR.
Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases protein kinase G (PKG) Iα and PKGIβ are major mediators of cGMP signaling in the cardiovascular system. PKGIα is present in the heart, although its role in protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury is not known. We investigated the direct effect of PKGIα against necrosis and apoptosis following simulated ischemia (SI) and reoxygenation (RO) in cardiomyocytes. Adult rat cardiomyocytes were infected with adenoviral vectors containing hPKGIα or catalytically inactive mutant hPKGIαK390A. After 24 h, the cells were subjected to 90 min of SI and 2 h RO for necrosis (trypan blue exclusion and lactate dehydrogenase release) or 18 h RO for apoptosis studies. To evaluate the role of KATP channels, subgroups of cells were treated with 5-hydroxydecanoate (100 μm), HMR1098 (30 μm), or glibenclamide (50 μm), the respective blockers of mitochondrial, sarcolemmal, or both types of KATP channels prior to SI. The necrosis observed in 33.7 ± 1.6% of total myocytes in the SI-RO control group was reduced to 18.6 ± 0.8% by PKGIα (mean ± S.E., n = 7, p < 0.001). The apoptosis observed in 17.9 ± 1.3% of total myocytes in the SI-RO control group was reduced to 6.0 ± 0.6% by PKGIα (mean ± S.E., n = 7, p < 0.001). In addition, PKGIα inhibited the activation of caspase-3 after SI-RO in myocytes. Myocytes infected with the inactive PKGIαK390A mutant showed no protection. PKGIα enhanced phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2, and JNK, increased Bcl-2, inducible nitric-oxide synthase, endothelial nitric-oxide synthase, and decreased Bax expression. 5-Hydroxydecanoate and glibenclamide abolished PKGIα-mediated protection against necrosis and apoptosis. However, HMR1098, had no effect. A scavenger of reactive oxygen species, as well as inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, ERK, JNK1, and NOS, also blocked PKGIα-mediated protection against necrosis and apoptosis. These results show that opening of mitochondrial KATP channels and generation of reactive oxygen species, in association with phosphorylation of Akt, ERK, and JNK, and increased expression of NOS and Bcl-2, play an essential role in the protective effect of PKGIα.
The 2[4Fe-4S] ferredoxin from Chromatium vinosum arises as one prominent member of a recently defined family of proteins found in very diverse bacteria. The potentiometric circular dichroism titrations of the protein and of several molecular variants generated by site-directed mutagenesis have established that the reduction potentials of the two clusters differ widely by almost 200 mV. This large difference has been confirmed by electrochemical methods, and each redox transition has been assigned to one of the clusters. The unusually low potential center is surprisingly the one that displays a conventional CX1X2CX3X4C (Xn, variable amino acid) binding motif and a structural environment similar to that of clusters having less negative potentials. A comparison with other ferredoxins has highlighted factors contributing to the reduction potential of [4Fe-4S] clusters in proteins. (i) The loop between the coordinating cysteines 40 and 49 and the C terminus alpha-helix of C. vinosum ferredoxin cause a negative, but relatively moderate, shift of approximately 60 mV for the nearby cluster. (ii) Very negative potentials, below -600 mV, correlate with the presence of a bulky side chain in position X4 of the coordinating triad of cysteines. These findings set the framework in which previous observations on ferredoxins can be better understood. They also shed light onto the possible occurrence and properties of very low potential [4Fe-4S] clusters in less well characterized proteins.
Atovaquone is a substituted 2-hydroxynaphthoquinone that is used therapeutically to treat Plasmodium falciparum malaria, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and Toxoplasma gondii toxoplasmosis. It is thought to act on these organisms by inhibiting the cytochrome bc1 complex. We have examined the interaction of atovaquone with the bc1 complex isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a surrogate, nonpathogenic fungus. Atovaquone inhibits the bc1 complex competitively with apparent Ki = 9 nm, raises the midpoint potential of the Rieske iron-sulfur protein from 285 to 385 mV, and shifts the g values in the EPR spectrum of the Rieske center. These results indicate that atovaquone binds to the ubiquinol oxidation pocket of the bc1 complex, where it interacts with the Rieske iron-sulfur protein. A computed energy-minimized structure for atovaquone liganded to the yeast bc1 complex suggests that a phenylalanine at position 275 of cytochrome b in the bovine bc1 complex, as opposed to leucine at the equivalent position in the yeast enzyme, is responsible for the decreased sensitivity of the bovine bc1 complex (Ki = 80 nm) to atovaquone. When a L275F mutation was introduced into the yeast cytochrome b, the sensitivity of the yeast enzyme to atovaquone decreased (Ki = 100 nm) with no loss in activity, confirming that the L275F exchange contributes to the differential sensitivity of these two species to atovaquone. These results provide the first molecular description of how atovaquone binds to the bc1 complex and explain the differential inhibition of the fungal versus mammalian enzymes.
The crystal structure of the bovine Rieske iron-sulfur protein indicates a sulfur atom (S-1) of the iron-sulfur cluster and the sulfur atom (Sgamma) of a cysteine residue that coordinates one of the iron atoms form hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl groups of Ser-163 and Tyr-165, respectively. We have altered the equivalent Ser-183 and Tyr-185 in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rieske iron-sulfur protein by site-directed mutagenesis of the iron-sulfur protein gene to examine how these hydrogen bonds affect the midpoint potential of the iron-sulfur cluster and how changes in the midpoint potential affect the activity of the enzyme. Eliminating the hydrogen bond from the hydroxyl group of Ser-183 to S-1 of the cluster lowers the midpoint potential of the cluster by 130 mV, and eliminating the hydrogen bond from the hydroxyl group of Tyr-185 to Sgamma of Cys-159 lowers the midpoint potential by 65 mV. Eliminating both hydrogen bonds has an approximately additive effect, lowering the midpoint potential by 180 mV. Thus, these hydrogen bonds contribute significantly to the positive midpoint potential of the cluster but are not essential for its assembly. The activity of the bc1 complex decreases with the decrease in midpoint potential, confirming that oxidation of ubiquinol by the iron-sulfur protein is the rate-limiting partial reaction in the bc1 complex, and that the rate of this reaction is extensively influenced by the midpoint potential of the iron-sulfur cluster.
Background/Objectives: Agility and cognitive abilities are typically assessed separately by different motor and cognitive tests. While many agility tests lack a reactive decision-making component, cognitive assessments are still mainly based on computer-based or paper-pencil tests with low ecological validity. This study is the first to validate the novel SKILLCOURT technology as an integrated assessment tool for agility and cognitive-motor performance.
Methods: Thirty-two healthy adults performed agility (Star Run), reactive agility (Random Star Run) and cognitive-motor (executive function test, 1-back decision making) performance assessments on the SKILLCOURT. Cognitive-motor tests included lower limb responses in a standing position to increase the ecological validity when compared to computer-based tests. Test results were compared to established motor and agility tests (countermovement jump, 10 m linear sprint, T-agility tests) as well as computer-based cognitive assessments (choice-reaction, Go-NoGo, task switching, memory span). Correlation and multiple regression analyses quantified the relation between SKILLCOURT performance and motor and cognitive outcomes.
Results: Star Run and Random Star Run tests were best predicted by linear sprint (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) and T-agility performance (r = 0.77, p < 0.001), respectively. The executive function test performance was well explained by computer-based assessments on choice reaction speed and cognitive flexibility (r = 0.64, p < 0.001). The 1-back test on the SKILLCOURT revealed moderate but significant correlations with the computer-based assessments (r = 0.47, p = 0.007).
Conclusion: The results support the validity of the SKILLCOURT technology for agility and cognitive assessments in more ecologically valid cognitive-motor tasks. This technology provides a promising alternative to existing performance assessment tools.
Perceptual expectations influence perception, attention and the perceptual decision bias during visuospatial orienting, which is impaired in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). In this study, we investigated whether during visuospatial orienting, perceptual expectations in ASD differentially influence perception, attention and the perceptual decision bias relative to neurotypical controls (NT). Twenty-three children and adolescents with ASD and 23 NT completed a visuospatial orienting task, which compared the effect of a valid relative to an invalid perceptual expectation on target detection (cue validity effect). Group differences were calculated regarding the cue validity effect on neural correlates of processing gain (N1a amplitude) and attention (N1pc amplitude), the perceptual decision bias and mean reaction time (RT). In ASD relative to NT, findings showed a reduced processing gain for validly relative to invalidly cued targets and increased attentional response following invalidly relative to validly cued targets. Increased attention correlated with faster performance across groups. Increased processing correlated with a higher perceptual decision bias and faster mean RT in NT, but not in ASD. Results suggest that during visuospatial orienting, perceptual expectations in ASD may drive changes in sensory processing and stimulus-driven attention, which may differentially guide behavioural responses.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Proteine Vlp15/16 und GlpQ aus B. miyamotoi hinsichtlich ihrer Eigenschaft, mit Plasminogen zu interagieren, charakterisiert.
Da einige Fälle von ZNS-Beteiligungen bei B. miyamotoi-Infektionen berichtet wurden, ist anzunehmen, dass diese Borrelienspezies über molekulare Mechanismen zur Überwindung der Blut-Hirn-Schranke verfügt. Eine solche Strategie könnte die Bindung wirtseigener Proteasen wie z.B. Plasminogen sein, um Komponenten der extrazellulären Matrix zu degradieren und dadurch die Dissemination des Erregers zu erleichtern.
Während Vmps, zu welchen auch Vlp15/16 gehört, als membranständige Proteine durch Variation der antigenen Oberflächenmatrix zur Immunevasion des Erregers beitragen, ist GlpQ bei der Hydrolyse von Phospholipiden in den Zellstoffwechsel eingebunden. Trotz dieser unterschiedlichen Funktionen, die den beiden Proteinen zukommen, binden beide Moleküle Plasminogen. Die Eigenschaften dieser Interaktion wurden in dieser Arbeit im Detail untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Vlp15/16 und GlpQ Plasminogen konzentrationsabhängig binden und die Dissoziationskonstanten (Vlp15/16:Kd = 354 nM ± 62 nM; GlpQ: Kd = 413 nM ± 72 nM) für beide Proteine im Bereich der Serumkonzentration von 2 µM liegen. Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass den beiden Proteinen unterschiedliche Mechanismen zugrunde liegen, Plasminogen zu binden. Während die erhobenen Daten für Vlp15/16 darauf hindeuten, dass Lysin-Reste essenziell für die Interaktion sind, scheinen bei GlpQ ionische Wechselwirkungen von Bedeutung zu sein.
Um die Beteiligung von C-terminal lokalisierten Lysin-Resten für die PlasminogenBindung von GlpQ nachzuweisen, wurden Varianten mit einzelnen Lysin-Substitutionen an zwei unterschiedlichen Positionen (333 und 334) sowie eine Variante mit einer Zweifach-Substitution (GlpQ-K333A-K334A) generiert. Die Bindungsanalysen ergaben, dass insbesondere der Lysin-Rest an Position 334 bei der Interaktion mit Plasminogen beteiligt ist.
Die funktionellen Analysen zeigten, dass das an Vlp15/16 beziehungsweise GlpQ gebundene Plasminogen zu Plasmin aktiviert werden konnte und darüber hinaus dazu in der Lage war, das physiologische Substrat Fibrinogen zu degradieren.
Abschließend wurde die Plasminogen-Bindung an nativen B. miyamotoi-Zellen mittels Immunfluoreszenz-Mikroskopie nachgewiesen.
Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit weisen Vlp15/16 und GlpQ als Plasminogen-bindende Proteine aus, mit deren Hilfe B. miyamotoi befähigt ist, Komponenten der extrazellulären Matrix zu degradieren und somit prinzipiell zur Dissemination des Erregers beizutragen.
Decline in physical activity in the weeks preceding sustained ventricular arrhythmia in women
(2020)
Background: Heightened risk of cardiac arrest following physical exertion has been reported. Among patients with an implantable defibrillator, an appropriate shock for sustained ventricular arrhythmia was preceded by a retrospective self-report of engaging in mild-to-moderate physical activity. Previous studies evaluating the relationship between activity and sudden cardiac arrest lacked an objective measure of physical activity and women were often underrepresented.
Objective: To determine the relationship between physical activity, recorded by accelerometer in a wearable cardioverter-defibrillator (WCD), and sustained ventricular arrhythmia among female patients.
Methods: A dataset of female adult patients prescribed a WCD for a diagnosis of myocardial infarction or dilated cardiomyopathy was compiled from a commercial database. Curve estimation, to include linear and nonlinear interpolation, was applied to physical activity as a function of time (days before arrhythmia).
Results: Among women who received an appropriate WCD shock for sustained ventricular arrhythmia (N = 120), a quadratic relationship between time and activity was present prior to shock. Physical activity increased starting at the beginning of the 30-day period up until day -16 (16 days before the ventricular arrhythmia) when activity begins to decline.
Conclusion: For patients who received treatment for sustained ventricular arrhythmia, a decline in physical activity was found during the 2 weeks preceding the arrhythmic event. Device monitoring for a sustained decline in physical activity may be useful to identify patients at near-term risk of a cardiac arrest.
Background: Urachal cancer (UrC) is a rare disease with limited availability of representative incidence and clinical data. Although, the prevalence is accounting for less than 1% of bladder tumors, the 5-year survival rate is around only 50% for patients with resectable tumors, and even worse for patients with metastatic disease. Due to the lack of comprehensive prospective studies, our current knowledge of UrC is still limited.
Objective: The present study aimed to summarize the available registry-based studies with unselected UrC patients to evaluate its incidence and clinicopathological characteristics.
Material and methods: We conducted a systematic literature search of registry-based UrC publications on the 15th of May 2023 in 5 databases, which identified 4,748 publications. After duplicate removal and selection by 2 independent investigators, 6 publications proved to be appropriate for the final meta-analysis. Estimated incidence and clinicopathological parameters were extracted.
Results: Estimated incidence ranged between 0.022 and 0.060/ 100.000 person-years, with the highest occurrence in Japan and the lowest in Canada, while the random effect model calculated an overall incidence rate of 0.04 (95%CI: 0.03–0.05) 100.000 person-years. The median age at first diagnosis was 60 years (range: 58–64). The female to male ratio was 2:3. Lymph node or distant metastases were present in 9% and 14% of patients. The predominant tumour type was adenocarcinoma (86%) followed by urothelial carcinoma (12%) and squamous cell carcinoma (2%). The 5-year survival rate was 51.0% with 95%CI: 45.2–57.4.
Conclusions: Our study provides an up-to-date comparison of estimated incidence rates between 6 countries of 3 continents based on rigorously selected registry-based studies. The results suggest low incidence rates for UrC with considerable geographic differences. The present meta-analysis provides unbiased registry-based data on the incidence, clinicopathological parameters and survival of UrC.
Evidence-based and comprehensible health information is a key element of evidence-based medicine and public health. The goal is informed decision-making based on realistic estimations of health risks and accurate expectations about benefits and harms of interventions. In Germany, standards of evidence-based risk information were poorly followed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frequently, public information was biased, fragmentary and misleading. Pandemic-related threat scenarios induced emotional distress and unnecessary anxiety. A systematic and comprehensive evaluation of the pandemic measures is crucial, but still pending in Germany. A critical analysis of risk communication by experts, politicians and the media during the pandemic should be a key element of the evaluation process. Evaluation of decision making and media reporting during the pandemic should improve preparedness for future crises.
Untersuchung der Expression von Wachstumsfaktoren in reseziertem Hirngewebe von Epilepsiepatienten
(2023)
Hintergrund: Die Epilepsie gehört zu den häufigsten chronischen neurologischen Erkrankungen beim Menschen. Bei Patienten mit mesialer TLE und Hippocampussklerose besteht die höchste Wahrscheinlichkeit, eine medikamentöse Therapierefraktärität zu entwickeln. Die Ursache der Hippocampussklerose sowie die ursächlichen Mechanismen sind nicht bekannt. Allerdings kann eine initiale Schädigung, wie etwa komplizierte Fieberkrämpfe im Kindesalter, Schädel-Hirn-Traumata, Schlaganfälle, entzündliche Prozesse oder Ähnliches, für die Entwicklung einer Hippocampussklerose prädisponieren. Diese kann anschließend nach einer klinisch stummen Latenzperiode zur Entwicklung spontaner epileptischer Anfälle und der Diagnose einer Epilepsie führen. Im Rahmen der Epileptogenese, also der Entstehung und Progression der Epilepsie kommt es zu Wachstumsprozessen, weshalb eine Beteiligung von neurotrophen Wachstumsfaktoren naheliegend war. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die vergleichende Untersuchung resezierter Hippocampi auf Wachstumsfaktoren, um semiquantitative Daten zu deren Verteilung bei Epilepsiepatienten zu erhalten. Des Weiteren war die Korrelation mit den klinischen Daten der Patienten von besonderem Interesse, da so Hinweise auf mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen dem klinischen Erscheinungsbild und der Expression der Wachstumsfaktoren gewonnen werden konnten.
Methoden: Bei dem in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuchten Gewebe handelt es sich um Hippocampi von 21 Patienten mit TLE, die epilepsiechirurgisch therapiert wurden. Die Schnitte der paraffinierten Hippocampi wurden mittels Immunhistochemie auf die Wachstumsfaktoren BDNF, FGF2, GDNF, GMFB und PDGF-B untersucht. Im Anschluss wurden die Schnitte gescannt und die Zellen mittels eines Algorithmus identifiziert und ausgewertet. Diese experimentellen Daten wurden anschließend mit den klinischen Daten der Patienten korreliert.
Ergebnisse: Es fand sich eine signifikante Korrelation zwischen der Expression von GMFB und dem postoperativen Outcome der Patienten. Des Weiteren fanden sich auch Korrelationen zwischen der präoperativen Anfallsfrequenz und der Expression von BDNF sowie GDNF. Auch die Epilepsiedauer korrelierte mit der Expression von BDNF. Zudem fanden sich Korrelationen zwischen den Ergebnissen der neuropsychologischen Testungen und der Expression von BDNF, sowie PDGF-B.
Diskussion: Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert einige Daten, die Hinweise für nachfolgende Untersuchungen geben können. Sowohl für die Anfallsfrequenz, als auch für die Epilepsiedauer fanden sich signifikante Korrelationen mit BDNF. Beides ist passend zu den vermuteten und zum Teil in der Literatur beschriebenen Mechanismen im Rahmen der Epilepsie, also einer postiktalen Hochregulation von Wachstumsfaktoren beziehungswiese des Zugrundegehens von Zellen im Verlauf der Erkrankung und damit zu einer reduzierten Expression von Wachstumsfaktoren. Geschlechterabhängige Unterschiede in der Expression der Wachstumsfaktoren fanden sich, passend zu der vorhandenen Literatur, nicht. Interessant ist, dass sowohl Geschlechtshormone als auch anfallssuppressive Medikamente einen Einfluss auf die Expression der Wachstumsfaktoren haben können.
Bis heute ist kein Biomarker bekannt, der eine Vorhersage über den Erfolg einer operativen Therapie bei therapierefraktären TLE treffen kann. Da meine Daten eine Korrelation von GMFB und dem postoperativen Outcome zeigen, bietet es sich für weitere Untersuchungen an, GMFB als präoperativen Biomarker zu nutzen. zu können, wäre eine einfachere Probengewinnung beispielsweise aus Blut, Liquor, Urin oder Speichel notwendig. Im Sinne einer „Liquid Biopsy“ könnte so der Erfolg einer chirurgischen Therapie weiter objektiviert werden, was die Entscheidungsfindung einfacher und risikoärmer gestalten würde.
Background: Trauma-related guilt and shame are crucial for the development and maintenance of PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder). We developed an intervention combining cognitive techniques with loving-kindness meditations (C-METTA) that specifically target these emotions. C-METTA is an intervention of six weekly individual treatment sessions followed by a four-week practice phase.
Objective: This study examined C-METTA in a proof-of-concept study within a randomized wait-list controlled trial.
Method: We randomly assigned 32 trauma-exposed patients with a DSM-5 diagnosis to C-METTA or a wait-list condition (WL). Primary outcomes were clinician-rated PTSD symptoms (CAPS-5) and trauma-related guilt and shame. Secondary outcomes included psychopathology, self-criticism, well-being, and self-compassion. Outcomes were assessed before the intervention phase and after the practice phase.
Results: Mixed-design analyses showed greater reductions in C-METTA versus WL in clinician-rated PTSD symptoms (d = −1.09), guilt (d = −2.85), shame (d = −2.14), psychopathology and self-criticism.
Conclusion: Our findings support positive outcomes of C-METTA and might contribute to improved care for patients with stress-related disorders. The study was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00023470).
HIGHLIGHTS
C-METTA is an intervention that addresses trauma-related guilt and shame and combines cognitive interventions with loving-kindness meditations.
A proof-of-concept study was conducted examining C-METTA in a wait-list randomized controlled trial
C-METTA led to reductions in trauma-related guilt and shame and PTSD symptoms.
Inhibition of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) has beneficial effects on vascular inflammation and hypertension indicating that the enzyme may be a promising target for drug development. As the enzymatic core of the hydrolase domain of the human sEH contains two tyrosine residues (Tyr383 and Tyr466) that are theoretically crucial for enzymatic activity, we addressed the hypothesis that the activity of the sEH may be affected by nitrosative stress. Epoxide hydrolase activity was detected in human and murine endothelial cells as well in HEK293 cells and could be inhibited by either authentic peroxynitrite (ONOO−) or the ONOO− generator 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1). Protection of the enzymatic core with 1-adamantyl-3-cyclohexylurea in vitro decreased sensitivity to SIN-1. Both ONOO− and SIN-1 elicited the tyrosine nitration of the sEH protein and mass spectrometry analysis of tryptic fragments revealed nitration on several tyrosine residues including Tyr383 and Tyr466. Mutation of the latter residues to phenylalanine was sufficient to abrogate epoxide hydrolase activity. In vivo, streptozotocin-induced diabetes resulted in the tyrosine nitration of the sEH in murine lungs and a significant decrease in its activity. Taken together, these data indicate that the activity of the sEH can be regulated by the tyrosine nitration of the protein. Moreover, nitrosative stress would be expected to potentiate the physiological actions of arachidonic acid epoxides by preventing their metabolism to the corresponding diols.
The lipid content of skin plays a determinant role in its barrier function with a particularly important role attributed to linoleic acid and its derivatives. Here we explored the consequences of interfering with the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) on skin homeostasis. sEH; which converts fatty acid epoxides generated by cytochrome P450 enzymes to their corresponding diols, was largely restricted to the epidermis which was enriched in sEH-generated diols. Global deletion of the sEH increased levels of epoxides, including the linoleic acid-derived epoxide; 12,13-epoxyoctadecenoic acid (12,13-EpOME), and increased basal keratinocyte proliferation. sEH deletion (sEH-/- mice) resulted in thicker differentiated spinous and corneocyte layers compared to wild-type mice, a hyperkeratosis phenotype that was reproduced in wild-type mice treated with a sEH inhibitor. sEH deletion made the skin sensitive to inflammation and sEH-/- mice developed thicker imiquimod-induced psoriasis plaques than the control group and were more prone to inflammation triggered by mechanical stress with pronounced infiltration and activation of neutrophils as well as vascular leak and increased 12,13-EpOME and leukotriene (LT) B4 levels. Topical treatment of LTB4 antagonist after stripping successfully inhibited inflammation and neutrophil infiltration both in wild type and sEH-/- skin. While 12,13-EpoME had no effect on the trans-endothelial migration of neutrophils, like LTB4, it effectively induced neutrophil adhesion and activation. These observations indicate that while the increased accumulation of neutrophils in sEH-deficient skin could be attributed to the increase in LTB4 levels, both 12,13-EpOME and LTB4 contribute to neutrophil activation. Our observations identify a protective role of the sEH in the skin and should be taken into account when designing future clinical trials with sEH inhibitors.
Highlights
• TAM polarization induces CP RNA.
• CP RNA expression is regulated by HIF-2 and STAT1.
• CP RNA is transferred from TAMs to HT1080 cells.
• CP RNA is translated by HT1080 cells and protects from ferroptosis.
• Co-cultured HT1080 cells decrease iron and lipid peroxidation.
Abstract
Solid tumors are characterized by hypoxic areas, which are prone for macrophage infiltration. Once infiltrated, macrophages polarize to tumor associated macrophages (TAM) to support tumor progression. Therefore, the crosstalk between TAMs and tumor cells is of current interest for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. These may comprise induction of an iron- and lipid peroxidation-dependent form of cell death, known as ferroptosis. To study the macrophage - tumor cell crosstalk we polarized primary human macrophages towards a TAM-like phenotype, co-cultured them with HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells, and analyzed the tumor cell response to ferroptosis induction. In TAMs the expression of ceruloplasmin mRNA increased, which was driven by hypoxia inducible factor 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. Subsequently, ceruloplasmin mRNA was transferred from TAMs to HT1080 cells via extracellular vesicles. In tumor cells, mRNA was translated into protein to protect HT1080 cells from RSL3-induced ferroptosis. Mechanistically this was based on reduced iron abundance and lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, in naïve macrophages also hypoxia induced ceruloplasmin under hypoxia and a co-culture of HT1080 cells with hypoxic macrophages recapitulated the protective effect observed in TAM co-cultures. In conclusion, TAMs provoke tumor cells to release iron and thereby protect them from lipid peroxidation/ferroptosis.
The small GTPases H, K, and NRAS are molecular switches that are indispensable for proper regulation of cellular proliferation and growth. Mutations in this family of proteins are associated with cancer and result in aberrant activation of signaling processes caused by a deregulated recruitment of downstream effector proteins. In this study, we engineered novel variants of the Ras-binding domain (RBD) of the kinase CRAF. These variants bound with high affinity to the effector binding site of active Ras. Structural characterization showed how the newly identified mutations cooperate to enhance affinity to the effector binding site compared to RBDwt. The engineered RBD variants closely mimic the interaction mode of naturally occurring Ras effectors and as dominant negative affinity reagent block their activation. Experiments with cancer cells showed that expression of these RBD variants inhibits Ras signaling leading to a reduced growth and inductions of apoptosis. Using the optimized RBD variants, we stratified patient-derived colorectal cancer organoids according to Ras dependency, which showed that the presence of Ras mutations was insufficient to predict sensitivity to Ras inhibition.
We provide in this paper a comprehensive comparison of various transfer learning strategies and deep learning architectures for computer-aided classification of adult-type diffuse gliomas. We evaluate the generalizability of out-of-domain ImageNet representations for a target domain of histopathological images, and study the impact of in-domain adaptation using self-supervised and multi-task learning approaches for pretraining the models using the medium-to-large scale datasets of histopathological images. A semi-supervised learning approach is furthermore proposed, where the fine-tuned models are utilized to predict the labels of unannotated regions of the whole slide images (WSI). The models are subsequently retrained using the ground-truth labels and weak labels determined in the previous step, providing superior performance in comparison to standard in-domain transfer learning with balanced accuracy of 96.91% and F1-score 97.07%, and minimizing the pathologist's efforts for annotation. Finally, we provide a visualization tool working at WSI level which generates heatmaps that highlight tumor areas; thus, providing insights to pathologists concerning the most informative parts of the WSI.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is frequently comorbid with other psychiatric disorders and also with somatic conditions, such as obesity. In addition to the clinical overlap, significant genetic correlations have been found between ADHD and obesity as well as body mass index (BMI). The biological mechanisms driving this association are largely unknown, but some candidate systems, like dopaminergic neurotransmission and circadian rhythm, have been suggested. Our aim was to identify the biological mechanisms underpinning the link between ADHD and obesity measures. Using the largest GWAS summary statistics currently available for ADHD (N=53,293), BMI (N=681,275), and obesity (N=98,697), we first tested the association of dopaminergic and circadian rhythm gene sets with each phenotype. This hypothesis-driven approach showed that the dopaminergic gene set was associated with both ADHD (P=5.81×10−3) and BMI (P=1.63×10−5), while the circadian rhythm gene set was associated with BMI only (P=1.28×10−3). We then took a data-driven approach by conducting genome-wide ADHD-BMI and ADHD-obesity gene-based meta-analyses, followed by pathway enrichment analyses. This approach further supported the implication of dopaminergic signaling in the link between ADHD and obesity measures, as the Dopamine-DARPP32 Feedback in cAMP Signaling pathway was significantly enriched in both the ADHD-BMI and ADHD-obesity gene-based meta-analysis results. Our findings suggest that dopaminergic neurotransmission, partially through DARPP-32-dependent signaling, is a key player underlying the genetic overlap between ADHD and obesity measures. Uncovering the shared etiological factors underlying the frequently observed ADHD-obesity comorbidity may have important implications in terms of preventive interventions and/or efficient treatment of these conditions.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and obesity are frequently comorbid, genetically correlated, and share brain substrates. The biological mechanisms driving this association are unclear, but candidate systems, like dopaminergic neurotransmission and circadian rhythm, have been suggested. Our aim was to identify the biological mechanisms underpinning the genetic link between ADHD and obesity measures and investigate associations of overlapping genes with brain volumes. We tested the association of dopaminergic and circadian rhythm gene sets with ADHD, body mass index (BMI), and obesity (using GWAS data of N=53,293, N=681,275, and N=98,697, respectively). We then conducted genome-wide ADHD-BMI and ADHD-obesity gene-based meta-analyses, followed by pathway enrichment analyses. Finally, we tested the association of ADHD-BMI overlapping genes with brain volumes (primary GWAS data N=10,720–10,928; replication data N=9,428). The dopaminergic gene set was associated with both ADHD (P=5.81×10−3) and BMI (P=1.63×10−5), the circadian rhythm was associated with BMI (P=1.28×10−3). The genome-wide approach also implicated the dopaminergic system, as the Dopamine-DARPP32 Feedback in cAMP Signaling pathway was enriched in both ADHD-BMI and ADHD-obesity results. The ADHD-BMI overlapping genes were associated with putamen volume (P=7.7×10−3; replication data P=3.9×10−2) – a brain region with volumetric reductions in ADHD and BMI and linked to inhibitory control. Our findings suggest that dopaminergic neurotransmission, partially through DARPP-32-dependent signaling and involving the putamen, is a key player underlying the genetic overlap between ADHD and obesity measures. Uncovering shared etiological factors underlying the frequently observed ADHD-obesity comorbidity may have important implications in terms of prevention and/or efficient treatment of these conditions.
Evaluation of 2‑methoxyestradiol serum levels as a potential prognostic marker in malignant melanoma
(2021)
Experimental findings indicated that 2‑methoxyestradiol (2‑ME), an endogenous metabolite of 17β‑estradiol, may exhibit anti‑tumorigenic properties in various types of tumour, such as melanoma and endometrial carcinoma. In patients with endometrial cancer, the serum levels of 2‑ME are decreased compared with those in healthy controls, and this finding has been associated with a poor outcome. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the serum levels of 2‑ME are decreased in patients with melanoma, and whether this decrease may be correlated with disease stage and, therefore, serve as a prognostic indicator. ELISA was used to detect serum levels of 2‑ME in patients with stage I‑IV malignant melanoma (MM). A cohort of 78 patients with MM was analysed, along with 25 healthy controls, among whom 15 were women in the second trimester of pregnancy (positive control). As expected, significantly elevated levels of serum 2‑ME were observed in pregnant control patients compared with those in patients with MM and healthy controls. There was no observed correlation between 2‑ME serum levels in patients with MM and disease stage, tumour thickness, lactate dehydrogenase or S100 calcium‑binding protein B levels. In addition, the 2‑ME levels of patients with MM did not differ significantly from those of normal healthy controls. Overall, the findings of the present study indicated that the 2‑ME serum levels in patients with MM were not decreased, and there was no correlation with early‑ or advanced‑stage disease. Therefore, in contrast to published results on endometrial cancer, endogenous serum 2‑ME levels in MM were not found to be correlated with tumour stage and did not appear to be a suitable prognostic factor in MM.
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) has recently emerged as an exciting new drug modality. However, the strategy of developing small molecule-based protein degraders has evolved over the past two decades and has now established molecular tags that are already in clinical use, as well as chimeric molecules, PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs), based mainly on ligand systems developed for the two E3 ligases CRBN and VHL. The large size of the human E3 ligase family suggests that PROTACs can be developed by targeting a large diversity of E3 ligases, some of which have restricted expression patterns with the potential to design disease- or tissue-specific degraders. Indeed, many new E3 ligands have been published recently, confirming the druggability of E3 ligases. This review summarises recent data on E3 ligases and highlights the challenges in developing these molecules into efficient PROTACs rivalling the established degrader systems.
Highlights
• Artificial intelligence systems for mechanically ventilated patients are increasing.
• The clinical and financial impact of these models are often unexamined.
• We developed a generic health-economic model for artificial intelligence systems.
• This model assesses the cost-effectiveness for many different scenarios.
• The developed framework is easily adjustable to other (clinical) situations.
Abstract
Purpose: The health and economic consequences of artificial intelligence (AI) systems for mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients often remain unstudied. Early health technology assessments (HTA) can examine the potential impact of AI systems by using available data and simulations. Therefore, we developed a generic health-economic model suitable for early HTA of AI systems for mechanically ventilated patients.
Materials and methods: Our generic health-economic model simulates mechanically ventilated patients from their hospitalisation until their death. The model simulates two scenarios, care as usual and care with the AI system, and compares these scenarios to estimate their cost-effectiveness.
Results: The generic health-economic model we developed is suitable for estimating the cost-effectiveness of various AI systems. By varying input parameters and assumptions, the model can examine the cost-effectiveness of AI systems across a wide range of different clinical settings.
Conclusions: Using the proposed generic health-economic model, investors and innovators can easily assess whether implementing a certain AI system is likely to be cost-effective before an exact clinical impact is determined. The results of the early HTA can aid investors and innovators in deployment of AI systems by supporting development decisions, informing value-based pricing, clinical trial design, and selection of target patient groups.
Highlights
• Deletion of SPPL3 promotes resistance of malignant B cells to NK cell cytotoxicity
• Loss of SPPL3 blocks ligand binding to NK receptors via increased N-glycosylation
• B3GNT2 deletion reduces LacNAc addition and restores SPPL3-KO cell sensitivity to NK cells
• SPPL3-deficient cells are enriched in tetra-antennary N-glycans with LacNAc elongations
Summary
Natural killer (NK) cells are primary defenders against cancer precursors, but cancer cells can persist by evading immune surveillance. To investigate the genetic mechanisms underlying this evasion, we perform a genome-wide CRISPR screen using B lymphoblastoid cells. SPPL3, a peptidase that cleaves glycosyltransferases in the Golgi, emerges as a top hit facilitating evasion from NK cytotoxicity. SPPL3-deleted cells accumulate glycosyltransferases and complex N-glycans, disrupting not only binding of ligands to NK receptors but also binding of rituximab, a CD20 antibody approved for treating B cell cancers. Notably, inhibiting N-glycan maturation restores receptor binding and sensitivity to NK cells. A secondary CRISPR screen in SPPL3-deficient cells identifies B3GNT2, a transferase-mediating poly-LacNAc extension, as crucial for resistance. Mass spectrometry confirms enrichment of N-glycans bearing poly-LacNAc upon SPPL3 loss. Collectively, our study shows the essential role of SPPL3 and poly-LacNAc in cancer immune evasion, suggesting a promising target for cancer treatment.
Die chronische myeloische Leukämie (CML) ist eine klonale myeloproliferative Neoplasie und hat ihren Ursprung in transformierten pluripotenten Stammzellen im Knochenmark. Der Krankheitsentstehung liegt eine reziproke chromosomale Translokation zugrunde, in deren Folge ein neues Fusionsgen, das sogenannte Philadelphia-Chromosom, entsteht. Das hiervon codierte Genprodukt ist eine Tyrosinkinase mit konstitutiver Aktivität mit resultierender unkontrollierter Signaltransduktion. Gegen diese Tyrosinkinase existiert eine molekular zielgerichtete Therapie, die Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitoren (TKI).
Den Therapiestandard stellt die Behandlung mit einem TKI dar. Seit einigen Jahren existiert jedoch das Therapieziel der therapiefreien Remission (TFR), bei dem CML-Patienten mit einem guten molekularen Ansprechen den TKI nach einiger Zeit absetzen und unter engmaschigen Kontrollen therapiefrei bleiben. Ungefähr die Hälfte dieser Patienten erleidet kein molekulares Rezidiv und bleibt langfristig in TFR. Zu der Thematik der TFR existieren zahlreiche klinische Studien, die die Umsetzbarkeit und die Sicherheit eines Absetzversuchs belegen und Kriterien definiert haben, die für einen Absetzversuch erfüllt sein sollten. In dieser Dissertation wird die Umsetzung der TFR im klinischen Alltag onkologischer Praxen untersucht. Es wird untersucht, ob die Studienergebnisse mit den TFR-Raten und den identifizierten Einflussfaktoren auf den Praxisalltag übertragbar sind und ob das Therapieziel TFR in den klinischen Alltag integrierbar ist. Hierfür werden die Daten von 61 CML-Patienten mit einem Absetzversuch aus fünf onkologischen Praxen retrospektiv ausgewertet. Erhoben werden Parameter der Routineversorgung und die Ergebnisse der Kontrolluntersuchungen während der TFR werden dokumentiert und ausgewertet. Die TFR-Raten von ca. 50%, die in den Absetz-Studien beobachtet wurden, finden sich im hier untersuchten Patientenkollektiv wieder. Mithilfe der binären logistischen Regression wird getestet, ob bestimmte Faktoren, wie die Therapiedauer und das verwendete Medikament vor dem Absetzen, einen signifikanten Einfluss auf den Verlauf der TFR haben. Hier kann kein signifikanter Einflussfaktor identifiziert werden. Es lässt sich eine signifikant längere therapiefreie Überlebensdauer bei den Patienten zeigen, die mit einem TKI der zweiten Generation vor dem Absetzen behandelt wurden.
Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die TFR bei geeigneten CML-Patienten in der Praxis umsetzbar und sicher ist und fest im klinischen Alltag onkologischer Praxen verankert sein sollte.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical post-transcriptional regulators in many biological processes. They act by guiding RNA-induced silencing complexes to miRNA response elements (MREs) in target mRNAs, inducing translational inhibition and/or mRNA degradation. Functional MREs are expected to predominantly occur in the 3’ untranslated region and involve perfect base-pairing of the miRNA seed. Here, we generate a high-resolution map of miR-181a/b-1 (miR-181) MREs to define the targeting rules of miR-181 in developing murine T-cells. By combining a multi-omics approach with computational high-resolution analyses, we uncover novel miR-181 targets and demonstrate that miR-181 acts predominantly through RNA destabilization. Importantly, we discover an alternative seed match and identify a distinct set of targets with repeat elements in the coding sequence which are targeted by miR-181 and mediate translational inhibition. In conclusion, deep profiling of MREs in primary cells is critical to expand physiologically relevant targetomes and establish context-dependent miRNA targeting rules.
Key Points:
* Deep profiling identifies novel targets of miR-181 associated with global gene regulation.
* miR-181 MREs in repeat elements in the coding sequence act through translational inhibition.
* High-resolution analysis reveals an alternative seed match in functional MREs.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and obesity are frequently comorbid, genetically correlated, and share brain substrates. The biological mechanisms driving this association are unclear, but candidate systems, like dopaminergic neurotransmission and circadian rhythm, have been suggested. Our aim was to identify the biological mechanisms underpinning the genetic link between ADHD and obesity measures and investigate associations of overlapping genes with brain volumes. We tested the association of dopaminergic and circadian rhythm gene sets with ADHD, body mass index (BMI), and obesity (using GWAS data of N = 53,293, N = 681,275, and N = 98,697, respectively). We then conducted genome-wide ADHD–BMI and ADHD–obesity gene-based meta-analyses, followed by pathway enrichment analyses. Finally, we tested the association of ADHD–BMI overlapping genes with brain volumes (primary GWAS data N = 10,720–10,928; replication data N = 9428). The dopaminergic gene set was associated with both ADHD (P = 5.81 × 10−3) and BMI (P = 1.63 × 10−5); the circadian rhythm was associated with BMI (P = 1.28 × 10−3). The genome-wide approach also implicated the dopaminergic system, as the Dopamine-DARPP32 Feedback in cAMP Signaling pathway was enriched in both ADHD–BMI and ADHD–obesity results. The ADHD–BMI overlapping genes were associated with putamen volume (P = 7.7 × 10−3; replication data P = 3.9 × 10−2)—a brain region with volumetric reductions in ADHD and BMI and linked to inhibitory control. Our findings suggest that dopaminergic neurotransmission, partially through DARPP-32-dependent signaling and involving the putamen, is a key player underlying the genetic overlap between ADHD and obesity measures. Uncovering shared etiological factors underlying the frequently observed ADHD–obesity comorbidity may have important implications in terms of prevention and/or efficient treatment of these conditions.
An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a pathological widening of the aortic wall characterized by loss of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), extracellular matrix degradation, and local inflammation. This condition is often asymptomatic until rupture occurs, leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. Diagnosis is mostly accidental and the only currently available treatment option remains surgical intervention. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a novel class of regulatory non-coding RNAs that originate from backsplicing. Their highly stable loop structure, combined with a remarkable enrichment in body fluids, make circRNAs promising disease biomarkers. We investigated the contribution of circRNAs to AAA pathogenesis and their potential application to improve AAA diagnostics. Gene expression analysis revealed the presence of deregulated circular transcripts stemming from AAA-relevant gene loci. Among these, the circRNA to the Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated gene (cATM) was upregulated in human AAA specimens, in AAA-derived SMCs, and serum samples collected from aneurysm patients. In primary aortic SMCs, cATM increased upon angiotensin II and doxorubicin stimulation, while its silencing triggered apoptosis. Higher cATM levels made AAA-derived SMCs less vulnerable to oxidative stress, compared with control SMCs. These data suggest that cATM contributes to elicit an adaptive oxidative-stress response in SMCs and provides a reliable AAA disease signature.
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) orchestrate various biological processes and regulate the development of cardiovascular diseases. Their potential therapeutic benefit to tackle disease progression has recently been extensively explored. Our study investigates the role of lncRNA Nudix Hydrolase 6 (NUDT6) and its antisense target fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) in two vascular pathologies: abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) and carotid artery disease. Using tissue samples from both diseases, we detected a substantial increase of NUDT6, whereas FGF2 was downregulated. Targeting Nudt6 in vivo with antisense oligonucleotides in three murine and one porcine animal model of carotid artery disease and AAA limited disease progression. Restoration of FGF2 upon Nudt6 knockdown improved vessel wall morphology and fibrous cap stability. Overexpression of NUDT6 in vitro impaired smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration, while limiting their proliferation and augmenting apoptosis. By employing RNA pulldown followed by mass spectrometry as well as RNA immunoprecipitation, we identified Cysteine and Glycine Rich Protein 1 (CSRP1) as another direct NUDT6 interaction partner, regulating cell motility and SMC differentiation. Overall, the present study identifies NUDT6 as a well-conserved antisense transcript of FGF2. NUDT6 silencing triggers SMC survival and migration and could serve as a novel RNA-based therapeutic strategy in vascular diseases.
Highlights
• Endothelial ageing contributes significantly to atherosclerosis.
• Non-coding RNAs are gaining interest as regulators of vascular biology.
• Several microRNAs regulate endothelial cell ageing.
• Multiple lncRNAs play a role in endothelial cell ageing.
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and numerous other cardiovascular diseases develop in an age-dependent manner. The endothelial cells that line the vessel walls play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Non-coding RNA like microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs are known to play an important role in endothelial function and are implicated in the disease progression. Here, we summarize several microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs that are known to have an altered expression with endothelial aging and discuss their role in endothelial cell function and senescence. These processes contribute to aging-induced atherosclerosis development and by targeting the non-coding RNAs controlling endothelial cell function and senescence, atherosclerosis can potentially be attenuated.
Highlights
• This current review covers studies that have identified long non-coding RNAs in aortic aneurysm development and progression.
• We separately discuss transcripts and mechanisms of importance to thoracic as well as abdominal aortic aneurysms.
• Functional data on lncRNAs being identified are highlighted.
• Some have been studied in human as well as experimental models of the disease pathology.
Abstract
Aortic aneurysm (AA) is a complex and dangerous vascular disease, featuring progressive and irreversible vessel dilatation. AA is typically detected either by screening, or identified incidentally through imaging studies. To date, no effective pharmacological therapies have been identified for clinical AA management, and either endovascular repair or open surgery remains the only option capable of preventing aneurysm rupture. In recent years, multiple research groups have endeavored to both identify noncoding RNAs and to clarify their function in vascular diseases, including aneurysmal pathologies. Notably, the molecular roles of noncoding RNAs in AA development appear to vary significantly between thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Some microRNAs (miRNA - a non-coding RNA subspecies) appear to contribute to AA pathophysiology, with some showing major potential for use as biomarkers or as therapeutic targets. Studies of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are more limited, and their specific contributions to disease development and progression largely remain unexplored. This review aims to summarize and discuss the most current data on lncRNAs and their mediation of AA pathophysiology.
Highlights
• MRI and ultrasound provided significant correlations between findings suggestive of vasculitis and the final diagnosis.
• Careful selection of available imaging techniques is warranted considering the time course, location, and clinical history.
• Considering its moderate diagnostic power to distinguish tracer uptake, a holistic view of PET/CT findings is essential.
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the diagnostic value of different imaging modalities in distinguishing systemic vasculitis from other internal and immunological diseases.
Methods: This retrospective study included 134 patients with suspected vasculitis who underwent ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) between 01/2010 and 01/2019, finally consisting of 70 individuals with vasculitis. The main study parameter was the confirmation of the diagnosis using one of the three different imaging modalities, with the adjudicated clinical and histopathological diagnosis as the gold standard. A secondary parameter was the morphological appearance of the vessel affected by vasculitis.
Results: Patients with systemic vasculitis had myriad clinical manifestations with joint pain as the most common symptom. We found significant correlations between different imaging findings suggestive of vasculitis and the final adjudicated clinical diagnosis. In this context, on MRI, vessel wall thickening, edema, and diameter differed significantly between vasculitis and non-vasculitis groups (p < 0.05). Ultrasound revealed different findings that may serve as red flags in identifying patients with vasculitis, such as vascular occlusion or halo sign (p = 0.02 vs. non-vasculitis group). Interestingly, comparing maximal standardized uptake values from PET/CT examinations with vessel wall thickening or vessel diameter did not result in significant differences (p > 0.05).
Conclusions: We observed significant correlations between different imaging findings suggestive of vasculitis on ultrasound or MRI and the final adjudicated diagnosis. While ultrasound and MRI were considered suitable imaging methods for detecting and discriminating typical vascular changes, 18F-FDG PET/CT requires careful timing and patient selection given its moderate diagnostic accuracy.
Background: Radiofrequency ablation is a minimal invasive therapy in the treatment of bone metastases. In this study we present a new ablation system enabling an ablation in multiple directions and with an adaptable size and shape.
Material and methods: VX-2 tumor was used for the induction of experimental bone metastases in the femur of six New Zealand white rabbits. X-ray imaging as well as CT and MRI scans before and after treatment was carried out. After detecting bone tumor, radiofrequency ablation was performed. The ablation instrument contained a 10 g bipolar, articulated extendable electrode and a proprietary generator with an impedance controlled algorithm. All bones and the soft tissue were examined histologically.
Results: All animals developed local bone tumor. Mean duration until first osteolytic lesions on CT-scans was 48±14 days. The mean lesion area was 26 mm(2). No systemic tumor spread was seen. 6 radiofrequency procedures were carried out with a mean application time of 6 min±2:30 and an average temperature in the region of effect of 55 °C±4. MRI imaging demonstrated an ablation zone of 23±6 mm around the electrode. Histopathology showed an extensive heat necrosis with no remaining tumor cells in the ablation area.
Conclusion: Radiofrequency ablation is a quickly developing treatment option on the field of minimal invasive bone tumor therapy. The electrode enables an ablation adapted to size and shape of the metastases. Further clinical studies are necessary to test and enhance this radiofrequency system.
Abnormal venous atrial (VA) connections present a congenital heart disease (CHD) challenge for pediatric cardiologists. Fully anatomical evaluation is very difficult in prenatal and perinatal follow-up, but it has a profound impact on surgical correction and outcome. The echocardiogram is first-line imaging and represents the gold standard tool for simple abnormal VA connection. CT and MRI are mandatory for more complex heart disease and “nightmare cases”. 3D post-processing of volumetric CT and MRI acquisition helps to clarify anatomical relationships and allows for the creation of 3D printing models that can become crucial in customizing surgical strategy.
Background and purpose: In patients with epilepsies of structural origin, brain atrophy and pathological alterations of the tissue microstructure extending beyond the putative epileptogenic lesion have been reported. However, in patients without any evidence of epileptogenic lesions on diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), impairment of the brain microstructure has been scarcely elucidated. Using multiparametric quantitative (q) magnetic resonance imaging MRI, we aimed to investigate diffuse impairment of the microstructural tissue integrity in MRI-negative focal epilepsy patients.
Methods: 27 MRI-negative patients with focal epilepsy (mean age 33.1 ± 14.2 years) and 27 matched healthy control subjects underwent multiparametric qMRI including T1, T2, and PD mapping at 3 T. After tissue segmentation based on synthetic anatomies, mean qMRI parameter values were extracted from the cerebral cortex, the white matter (WM) and the deep gray matter (GM) and compared between patients and control subjects. Apart from calculating mean values for the qMRI parameters across the respective compartments, voxel-wise analyses were performed for each tissue class.
Results: There were no significant differences for mean values of quantitative T1, T2, and PD obtained from the cortex, the WM and the deep GM between the groups. Furthermore, the voxel-wise analyses did not reveal any clusters indicating significant differences between patients and control subjects for the qMRI parameters in the respective compartments.
Conclusions: Based on the employed methodology, no indication for an impairment of the cerebral microstructural tissue integrity in MRI-negative patients with focal epilepsy was found in this study. Further research will be necessary to identify relevant factors and mechanisms contributing to microstructural brain tissue damage in various subgroups of patients with epilepsy.
Inhibitors against the NS3-4A protease of hepatitis C virus (HCV) have proven to be useful drugs in the treatment of HCV infection. Although variants have been identified with mutations that confer resistance to these inhibitors, the mutations do not restore replicative fitness and no secondary mutations that rescue fitness have been found. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the lack of fitness compensation, we screened known resistance mutations in infectious HCV cell culture with different genomic backgrounds. We observed that the Q41R mutation of NS3-4A efficiently rescues the replicative fitness in cell culture for virus variants containing mutations at NS3-Asp168. To understand how the Q41R mutation rescues activity, we performed protease activity assays complemented by molecular dynamics simulations, which showed that protease-peptide interactions far outside the targeted peptide cleavage sites mediate substrate recognition by NS3-4A and support protease cleavage kinetics. These interactions shed new light on the mechanisms by which NS3-4A cleaves its substrates, viral polyproteins and a prime cellular antiviral adaptor protein, the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein MAVS. Peptide binding is mediated by an extended hydrogen-bond network in NS3-4A that was effectively optimized for protease-MAVS binding in Asp168 variants with rescued replicative fitness from NS3-Q41R. In the protease harboring NS3-Q41R, the N-terminal cleavage products of MAVS retained high affinity to the active site, rendering the protease susceptible for potential product inhibition. Our findings reveal delicately balanced protease-peptide interactions in viral replication and immune escape that likely restrict the protease adaptive capability and narrow the virus evolutionary space.
Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provide unmatched spatial and time resolution of protein structure and function. However, accuracy of MD simulations often depends on the quality of force field parameters and the time scale of sampling. Another limitation of conventional MD simulations is that the protonation states of titratable amino acid residues remain fixed during simulations, even though protonation state changes coupled to conformational dynamics are central to protein function. Due to the uncertainty in selecting protonation states, classical MD simulations are sometimes performed with all amino acids modeled in their standard charged states at pH 7. Here we performed and analyzed classical MD simulations on high-resolution cryo-EM structures of two membrane proteins that transfer protons by catalyzing protonation/deprotonation reactions. In simulations performed with amino acids modeled in their standard protonation state the structure diverges far from its starting conformation. In comparison, MD simulations performed with pre-determined protonation states of amino acid residues reproduce the structural conformation, protein hydration, and protein-water and protein-protein interactions of the structure much better. The results suggest it is crucial to perform basic protonation state calculations, especially on structures where protonation changes play an important functional role, prior to launching any MD simulations. Furthermore, the combined approach of protonation state prediction and MD simulations can provide valuable information on the charge states of amino acids in the cryo-EM sample. Even though accurate prediction of protonation states currently remains a challenge, we introduce an approach of combining pKa prediction with cryo-EM density map analysis that helps in improving not only the protonation state predictions, but also the atomic modeling of density data.
The development of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, such as Doxorubicin (DOX) and cytarabine (AraC), is one of the greatest challenges to the successful treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Such acquisition is often underlined by a metabolic reprogramming that can provide a therapeutic opportunity, as it can lead to the emergence of vulnerabilities and dependencies to be exploited as targets against the resistant cells. In this regard, genome-scale metabolic models (GSMMs) have emerged as powerful tools to integrate multiple layers of data to build cancer-specific models and identify putative metabolic vulnerabilities. Here, we use genome-scale metabolic modelling to reconstruct a GSMM of the THP1 AML cell line and two derivative cell lines, one with acquired resistance to AraC and the second with acquired resistance to DOX. We also explore how, adding to the transcriptomic layer, the metabolomic layer enhances the selectivity of the resulting condition specific reconstructions. The resulting models enabled us to identify and experimentally validate that drug-resistant THP1 cells are sensitive to the FDA-approved antifolate methotrexate. Moreover, we discovered and validated that the resistant cell lines could be selectively targeted by inhibiting squalene synthase, providing a new and promising strategy to directly inhibit cholesterol synthesis in AML drug resistant cells.
In the life sciences, there is an ongoing discussion about a perceived ‘reproducibility crisis’. However, it remains unclear to which extent the perceived lack of reproducibility is the consequence of issues that can be tackled and to which extent it may be the consequence of unrealistic expectations of the technical level of reproducibility. Large-scale, multi-institutional experimental replication studies are very cost- and time-intensive. This Perspective suggests an alternative, complementary approach: meta-research using sociological and philosophical methodologies to examine researcher trust in data. An improved understanding of the criteria used by researchers to judge data reliability will provide crucial, initial evidence on the actual scale of the reproducibility crisis and on measures to tackle it.
Die vorliegende Studie widmete sich der Untersuchung von mikrostrukturellen Eigenschaften im Gehirn von Patienten mit Epilepsie, bei denen im herkömmlichen Magnetresonanztomografie (MRT) keine strukturellen Anomalien festgestellt wurden. Epilepsie ist eine komplexe neurologische Störung, die durch wiederkehrende epileptische Anfälle gekennzeichnet ist. I Bisher wurde die Beeinträchtigung der Hirnmikrostruktur in dieser Gruppe kaum erforscht, obwohl aufgrund pathologischer Umstrukturierungen zerebraler Netzwerke, neuronaler Hyperaktivität und Hypersynchronisation ähnliche Schäden wie bei Patienten mit sichtbaren Läsionen angenommen werden könnten. Zur Untersuchung der zerebralen Mikrostruktur wurden in dieser Studie hochauflösende quantitative Tl-, T2- und Protonendichte (PD)-Verfahren in Kombination mit einer Gewebesegmentierung auf Basis synthetischer Anatomien verwendet.
Es wurden insgesamt 27 Epilepsiepatienten rekrutiert, bei denen mittels herkömmlicher MRT keine strukturellen Läsionen im Gehirn festgestellt wurden. Die MRT-Daten wurden mit einem 3-Tesla-MAGNETOM-TRlO-MR-Scanner erfasst, der mit einer 8-Kanal-Kopfspule ausgestattet war. Die quantitative MRTTechnik ermöglichte die Messung von Tl-, T2- und PD Werten, um die mikrostrukturellen Eigenschaften des kortikalen Gewebes zu analysieren. Die kortikale graue Substanz wurde analysiert, indem zur Vermeidung von Partialvolumeneffekten Tl-, T2- und PD-Werte aus den zentralen 20% des Kortex ausgelesen und in Oberflächendatensätzen gespeichert wurden. Die Gruppenvergleiche wurden dann mittels statistischer Analysen (allgemeines lineares Modell) und Permutationssimulationen durchgeführt, um Cluster zu identifizieren, die auf mögliche Gruppenunterschiede hinweisen. Für die weiße und tiefe graue Substanz erfolgte eine „region of interest"-basierte Analyse und eine Voxel-weise Analyse.
Die beschriebenen Analysen der quantitativen MRT-Daten zeigten keine signifikanten Unterschiede der Tl-, T2- oder PD-Werte zwischen den Gruppen. Weder in der grauen noch weißen Substanz ergaben sich demnach Hinweise auf mikrostrukturelle Veränderungen bei Patienten mit MRT-negativer Epilepsie.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass zukünftige wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen erforderlich sein werden, um die maßgeblichen Faktoren und Mechanismen zu ermitteln, die zur mikrostrukturellen Schädigung von Gehirngewebe in unterschiedlichen Untergruppen von Epilepsiepatienten beitragen.
Background: The increasing number of cases and hospital admissions due to COVID-19 created an urgent need for rapid, reliable testing procedures for SARS-CoV-2 in Emergency Departments (ED) in order to effectively manage hospital resources, allocate beds and prevent nosocomial spread of infection. The ID NOW™ COVID-19 assay is a simple, user-friendly, rapid molecular test run on an instrument with a small footprint enabling point-of-care diagnostics.
Methods: In the first wave, outsourced RT-PCR testing regularly required 36-48 hours before results were available. This prospective study was conducted in the second wave (October 2020-April 2021) and evaluated the impact the implementation of the ID NOW™ COVID-19 test in the ED had on clinical care processes and patient pathways. 710 patients were recruited upon arrival at the ED which included those presenting clinical symptoms, asymptomatic individuals or persons fulfilling epidemiological criteria. The first anterior nasal swab was taken by trained nurses in the ambulance or a separate consultation room. The ID NOW™ COVID-19 test was performed in the ED in strict compliance with the manufacturer’s instructions and positive or suspected cases were additionally tested with RT_PCR (cobas SARS-COV-2 RT-PCR, Roche) following collection of a second nasopharyngeal NP specimen.
Results: Swabs directly tested with the ID NOW™ COVID-19 test showed a diagnostic concordance of 98 % (sensitivity 99.59 %, specificity 94.55 %, PPV 97.6 %, NPV 99.05 %) compared to RT-PCR as reference. The 488 patients that tested positive with the ID NOW™ COVID-19 had a Ct range in RT-PCR results between 7.94 to 37.42 (in 23.2 % > 30). Two false negative results (0.28%) were recorded from patients with Ct values > 30. 14 (1.69%) discordant results were reviewed case-by-case and usually associated with either very early or very advanced stages of infection. Furthermore, patients initially negative with the ID NOW™ COVID-19 test and admitted to the hospital were tested again on days 5 and 12: no patient became positive.
Discussion: The ID NOW™ COVID-19 test for detection of SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated excellent diagnostic agreement with RT-PCR under the above-mentioned patients pathways implemented during the second wave. The main advantage of the system was the provision of reliable results within a few minutes. This not only allowed immediate initiative of appropriate therapy and care for COVID-19 (patient benefit) but provided essential information on isolation and thus available beds. This drastically helped the overall finances of the department and additionally allowed more patients to be admitted including those requiring immediate attention; this was not possible during the first wave since beds were blocked waiting for diagnostic confirmation. Our findings also show that when interpreting the results, the clinical condition and epidemiological history of the patient must be taken into account, as with any test procedure. Overall, the ID NOW™ COVID-19 test for SARS-CoV-2 provided a rapid and reliable alternative to laboratory-based RT-PCR in the real clinical setting which became an acceptable part of the daily routine within the ED and demonstrated that early patient management can mitigate the impact of the pandemic on the hospital.
Highlights
• NCoR1 is the most highly expressed endothelial corepressor.
• Loss of NCoR1 promotes angiogenic function in endothelial cells.
• Loss of NCoR1 promotes a tip cell position during angiogenic sprouting.
Abstract
Corepressors negatively regulate gene expression by chromatin compaction. Targeted regulation of gene expression could provide a means to control endothelial cell phenotype. We hypothesize that by targeting corepressor proteins, endothelial angiogenic function can be improved. To study this, the expression and function of nuclear corepressors in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and in murine organ culture was studied. RNA-seq revealed that nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCoR1), silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT) and repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) are the highest expressed corepressors in HUVECs. Knockout and knockdown strategies demonstrated that the depletion of NCoR1 increased the angiogenic capacity of endothelial cells, whereas depletion of SMRT or REST did not. Interestingly, the effect was VEGF signaling independent. NCoR1 depletion significantly upregulated angiogenesis-associated genes, especially tip cell genes, including ESM1, DLL4 and NOTCH4, as observed by RNA- and ATAC-seq. Confrontation assays comparing cells with and without NCoR1-deficiency revealed that loss of NCoR1 promotes a tip-cell position during spheroid sprouting. Moreover, a proximity ligation assay identified NCoR1 as a direct binding partner of the Notch-signaling-related transcription factor RBPJk. Luciferase assays showed that siRNA-mediated knockdown of NCOR1 promotes RBPJk activity. Furthermore, NCoR1 depletion prompts upregulation of several elements in the Notch signaling cascade. Downregulation of NOTCH4, but not NOTCH1, prevented the positive effect of NCOR1 knockdown on spheroid outgrowth. Collectively, these data indicate that decreasing NCOR1 expression is an attractive approach to promote angiogenic function.
The Kinase Chemogenomic Set (KCGS): An open science resource for kinase vulnerability identification
(2019)
We describe the assembly and annotation of a chemogenomic set of protein kinase inhibitors as an open science resource for studying kinase biology. The set only includes inhibitors that show potent kinase inhibition and a narrow spectrum of activity when screened across a large panel of kinase biochemical assays. Currently, the set contains 187 inhibitors that cover 215 human kinases. The kinase chemogenomic set (KCGS) is the most highly annotated set of selective kinase inhibitors available to researchers for use in cell-based screens.
The MICOS complex subunit MIC13 is essential for mitochondrial cristae organization. Mutations in MIC13 cause severe mitochondrial hepato-encephalopathy displaying defective cristae morphology and loss of the MIC10-subcomplex. Here we identified stomatin-like protein 2 (SLP2) as an interacting partner of MIC13 and decipher a critical role of SLP2 as an auxiliary MICOS subunit, modulating cristae morphology. SLP2 provides a large interaction hub for MICOS subunits and loss of SLP2 leads to drastic alterations in cristae morphology. Double deletion of SLP2 and MIC13 showed reduced assembly of core MICOS subunit, MIC60 into MICOS and dispersion of MIC60-specific puncta, demonstrating a critical role of SLP2-MIC13 in MICOS assembly and crista junction (CJ) formation. We further identified that the mitochondrial i-AAA protease YME1L in coordination either with MIC13 or SLP2 differentially regulates MICOS assembly pathways thereby interlinking MIC13-specific or scaffolding-specific role of SLP2 with quality control and assembly of the MICOS complex. YME1L- depletion in MIC13 KO could restore MIC10-subcomplex and reform the nascent CJ. Taken together, we propose ‘seeder’ model for MICOS assembly and CJ formation, where SLP2- MIC13 seed the assembly of MIC60 into MICOS complex and promote the formation of CJ by regulating the quality and stability of MIC10-subcomplex.