Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2015 (938) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
- Wissenschaftlicher Artikel (938) (entfernen)
Sprache
- Englisch (585)
- Deutsch (297)
- Portugiesisch (24)
- Spanisch (11)
- Italienisch (8)
- Kroatisch (7)
- Türkisch (4)
- Französisch (1)
- Mehrsprachig (1)
Volltext vorhanden
- ja (938)
Schlagworte
- Deutsch (23)
- Literatur (18)
- Rezeption (17)
- Textsorte (9)
- crystal structure (9)
- Kongress (8)
- Begriffsgeschichte <Fach> (7)
- Koselleck, Reinhart (7)
- Stilistik (6)
- distribution (6)
Institut
- Medizin (211)
- Physik (84)
- Biowissenschaften (51)
- Gesellschaftswissenschaften (45)
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS) (41)
- Geowissenschaften (39)
- Biochemie und Chemie (34)
- Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft (33)
- Präsidium (30)
- Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (BiK-F) (28)
Dosing accuracy of two disposable insulin pens according to new ISO 11608-1: 2012 requirements.
(2015)
OBJECTIVE: The aim was to compare 2 disposable insulin pens, FlexTouch® (Novo Nordisk, insulin aspart) and SoloSTAR® (Sanofi, insulin glulisine), according to new ISO 11608-1:2012 requirements for dosing accuracy.
METHODS: Sixty pens of each type were tested at 1, 40, and 80 U doses. Following the new ISO requirements, each dose was delivered from the front, middle, and rear one-third of the pen. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test.
RESULTS: Both pens delivered all doses within ISO limits. The difference between the average measured dose and the target dose was significantly smaller for SoloSTAR than FlexTouch at 40 U (P = .009) and 80 U (P = .008), but not at 1 U (P = .417).
CONCLUSION: Both insulin pens fulfilled the dosing accuracy requirements defined by ISO 11608-1:2012 at all 3 dosage levels.
Tibnīn was an important small Crusader fief and a fortified castle. It was vital for the Kingdom of Jerusalem, because it included fertile agricultural lands, was a tax collection centre, and because it controlled the Damascus-to-Tyre commercial route. Additionally, its castle played defensive and offensive role in the north of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and upper Galilee, and its rulers of Tibnīn played a major role in forming the history of the Latin East. When the Crusaders invaded the Levant at the end of the eleventh century, it was given rise to new demographic, cultural, socio-economic, and architectural features. The present Paper aims at removing some of the mystery concerning the fief of Tibnīn and its castle in the Latin East. This paper thus is a study of the demographic structure of Tibnīn and discusses the socio-economic role of Tibnīn in the Latin east. Moreover, the role of Tibnīn in influencing the relations between Muslims and the Crusaders in the Levant and the architecture of the castle of Tibnīn and its importance in the age of the Crusade will be examined.
We report on the production of inclusive Υ (1S) and Υ (2S) in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV at the LHC. The measurement is performed with the ALICE detector at backward (−4.46 < ycms < −2.96) and forward (2.03 .< ycms < 3.53) rapidity down to zero transverse momentum. The production cross sections of the Υ (1S) and Υ (2S) are presented, as well as the nuclear modification factor and the ratio of the forward to backward yields of Υ (1S). A suppression of the inclusive Υ (1S) yield in p–Pb collisions with respect to the yield from pp collisions scaled by the number of binary nucleon–nucleon collisions is observed at forward rapidity but not at backward rapidity. The results are compared to theoretical model calculations including nuclear shadowing or partonic energy loss effect.
The pT-differential production cross section of electrons from semileptonic decays of heavy-flavor hadrons has been measured at mid-rapidity in proton-proton collisions at s√=2.76 TeV in the transverse momentum range 0.5 < pT < 12 GeV/c with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The analysis was performed using minimum bias events and events triggered by the electromagnetic calorimeter. Predictions from perturbative QCD calculations agree with the data within the theoretical and experimental uncertainties.
The differential charged jet cross sections, jet fragmentation distributions, and jet shapes are measured in minimum bias proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energy s√=7 TeV using the ALICE detector at the LHC. Jets are reconstructed from charged particle momenta in the mid-rapidity region using the sequential recombination kT and anti-kT as well as the SISCone jet finding algorithms with several resolution parameters in the range R=0.2 to 0.6. Differential jet production cross sections measured with the three jet finders are in agreement in the transverse momentum (pT) interval 20<pjet,chT<100 GeV/c. They are also consistent with prior measurements carried out at the LHC by the ATLAS collaboration. The jet charged particle multiplicity rises monotonically with increasing jet pT, in qualitative agreement with prior observations at lower energies. The transverse profiles of leading jets are investigated using radial momentum density distributions as well as distributions of the average radius containing 80% (⟨R80⟩) of the reconstructed jet pT. The fragmentation of leading jets with R=0.4 using scaled pT spectra of the jet constituents is studied. The measurements are compared to model calculations from event generators (PYTHIA, PHOJET, HERWIG). The measured radial density distributions and ⟨R80⟩ distributions are well described by the PYTHIA model (tune Perugia-2011). The fragmentation distributions are better described by HERWIG.
Two-particle angular correlations between unidentified charged trigger and associated particles are measured by the ALICE detector in p–Pb collisions at a nucleon–nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. The transverse-momentum range 0.7 < pT,assoc < pT,trig < 5.0 GeV/c is examined, to include correlations induced by jets originating from low momentum-transfer scatterings (minijets). The correlations expressed as associated yield per trigger particle are obtained in the pseudorapidity range |η| < 0.9. The near-side long-range pseudorapidity correlations observed in high-multiplicity p–Pb collisions are subtracted from both near-side short-range and away-side correlations in order to remove the non-jet-like components. The yields in the jet-like peaks are found to be invariant with event multiplicity with the exception of events with low multiplicity. This invariance is consistent with the particles being produced via the incoherent fragmentation of multiple parton–parton scatterings, while the yield related to the previously observed ridge structures is not jet-related. The number of uncorrelated sources of particle production is found to increase linearly with multiplicity, suggesting no saturation of the number of multi-parton interactions even in the highest multiplicity p–Pb collisions. Further, the number scales only in the intermediate multiplicity region with the number of binary nucleon–nucleon collisions estimated with a Glauber Monte-Carlo simulation.
La temática de nuestro artículo remite al problema de la dominación en el último libro de Axel Honneth El derecho de la libertad. Para abordar satisfactoriamente este problema consideramos necesario, previamente, reseñar cuáles son las principales afirmaciones del libro y cuál es su enfoque teórico general (1). En el libro de Honneth el tema de la dominación se asocia fuertemente a dos nociones: la de “patologías sociales y de la razón” y la de “anomia”, motivo por el cual centraremos fuertemente la atención en estas cuestiones y llevaremos adelante -y esto vale para todo el artículo- lo que metodológicamente se denomina una reconstrucción conceptual-sistemática (2). Nuestra tesis de lectura es que en el Derecho de la Libertad se echa en falta una concepción “robusta” de dominación que el autor promete en otros libros suyos –tal y como lo advertimos en nuestra investigación doctoral, aún en curso–, pero que finalmente no elabora. Entendemos que esto es una laguna conceptual significativa, sobre todo si se tiene en cuenta que se trata de una reflexión sobre la libertad que pretende inscribirse en el legado de la Teoría Crítica de Frankfurt (3).
En el presente trabajo abordo la interpretación que Axel Honneth realiza, en su libro Crítica del poder, de la propuesta de Michel Foucault. Honneth señala, a modo de crítica, la existencia de una contradicción entre lo que denomina la teoría del poder de Foucault y sus estudios históricos –en particular, los reunidos en Vigilar y Castigar–. Uno de mis objetivos es explicar esta contradicción y, a partir de ella, proponer una lectura alternativa. En contraposición a Honneth, para quien las instituciones disciplinarias que analiza Foucault terminarían desplazando la acción y la lucha social, intento mostrar –y este es el aporte que busco realizar en el trabajo a partir de una reconstrucción conceptual– que las disciplinas y por añadidura las instituciones disciplinarias deben considerarse tácticas que nunca alcanzan del todo su objetivo. Son tácticas que no logran bloquear, de manera definitiva, las expresiones de resistencia y conflictividad. Esta lectura alternativa que aquí propongo permitiría, en principio, ensayar al menos dos puntos de contacto entre Foucault y la teoría crítica que aún no han sido elucidados.
Einleitung: Der Wissenschaftsrat empfahl 2008 den Universitäten innerhalb der nächsten 5 Jahre, d. h. bis spätestens 2014, ein Qualitätsmanagementsystem (QMS), das internationalen Maßstäben entspricht, zu etablieren. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, zu evaluieren, ob es derzeit ein geeignetes QMS für das elektronische Lernen (eLearning) gibt, das speziell im Fach Humanmedizin deutschlandweit eingesetzt werden kann.
Methoden: Im Rahmen einer Umfrage wurden mittels eines anonymisierten Fragebogens (8 Domänen, 50 Items) alle Universitäten (n=35) des Fachbereichs Medizin in Deutschland evaluiert.
Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse (46,3% Rücklaufquote) zeigen einen nur zögerlichen Einsatz von QMS für eLearning und dass vor Ort ein großes Informationsdefizit herrscht.
Schlussfolgerung: Unter Berücksichtigung der Limitationen dieser Studie kann zusammenfassend festgehalten werden, dass erheblicher Bedarf zu bestehen scheint, das existierende Informationsdefizit für QMS eLearning zu mindern, sowie zukünftig genaue Richtlinien und Standards zur Umsetzung zu definieren.
Introduction: In 2008, the German Council of Science had advised universities to establish a quality management system (QMS) that conforms to international standards. The system was to be implemented within 5 years, i.e., until 2014 at the latest. The aim of the present study was to determine whether a QMS suitable for electronic learning (eLearning) domain of medical education to be used across Germany has meanwhile been identified.
Methods: We approached all medical universities in Germany (n=35), using an anonymous questionnaire (8 domains, 50 items).
Results: Our results (response rate 46.3%) indicated very reluctant application of QMS in eLearning and a major information deficit at the various institutions.
Conclusions: Authors conclude that under the limitations of this study there seems to be a considerable need to improve the current knowledge on QMS for eLearning, and that clear guidelines and standards for their implementation should be further defined.
Der vorliegende Beitrag konzentriert sich nicht auf die interessanten, etwas späteren Vorbilder einer italienischen 'hybriden' Rezeption des Gotischen bzw. Phantastischen, die gleichzeitig einer neuen Sensibilität bzw. Ästhetik den Weg ebnete und die das Interesse der Forschung schon erweckte, sondern er verfolgt das Ziel, die weniger erforschten Wurzeln des Genres in Italien zu ergründen. Diese sind unerwartet in 'Fermo e Lucia', d.h. in jener unvollkommenen ersten bzw. 'Ur'-Fassung von Manzonis Prosameisterstück 'I promessi sposi' zu finden.
We present a measurement of inclusive J/ψ production in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV as a function of the centrality of the collision, as estimated from the energy deposited in the Zero Degree Calorimeters. The measurement is performed with the ALICE detector down to zero transverse momentum, pT, in the backward (−4.46<ycms<−2.96) and forward (2.03<ycms<3.53) rapidity intervals in the dimuon decay channel and in the mid-rapidity region (−1.37<ycms<0.43) in the dielectron decay channel. The backward and forward rapidity intervals correspond to the Pb-going and p-going direction, respectively. The pT-differential J/ψ production cross section at backward and forward rapidity is measured for several centrality classes, together with the corresponding average pT and p2T values. The nuclear modification factor, QpPb, is presented as a function of centrality for the three rapidity intervals, and, additionally, at backward and forward rapidity, as a function of pT for several centrality classes. At mid- and forward rapidity, the J/ψ yield is suppressed up to 40% compared to that in pp interactions scaled by the number of binary collisions. The degree of suppression increases towards central p-Pb collisions at forward rapidity, and with decreasing pT of the J/ψ. At backward rapidity, the QpPb is compatible with unity within the total uncertainties, with an increasing trend from peripheral to central p-Pb collisions.
Two-particle angular correlations between trigger particles in the forward pseudorapidity range (2.5<|η|<4.0) and associated particles in the central range (|η|<1.0) are measured with the ALICE detector in p-Pb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. The trigger particles are reconstructed using the muon spectrometer, and the associated particles by the central barrel tracking detectors. In high-multiplicity events, the double-ridge structure, previously discovered in two-particle angular correlations at midrapidity, is found to persist to the pseudorapidity ranges studied in this Letter. The second-order Fourier coefficients for muons in high-multiplicity events are extracted after jet-like correlations from low-multiplicity events have been subtracted. The coefficients are found to have a similar transverse momentum (pT) dependence in p-going (p-Pb) and Pb-going (Pb-p) configurations, with the Pb-going coefficients larger by about 16±6%, rather independent of pT within the uncertainties of the measurement. The data are compared with calculations using the AMPT model, which predicts a different pT and η dependence than observed in the data. The results are sensitive to the parent particle v2 and composition of reconstructed muon tracks, where the contribution from heavy flavour decays are expected to dominate at pT>2 GeV/c.
We present results of a search for two hypothetical strange dibaryon states, i.e. the H-dibaryon and the possible Λn‾ bound state. The search is performed with the ALICE detector in central (0–10%) Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV, by invariant mass analysis in the decay modes Λn‾→d‾π+ and H-dibaryon →Λpπ−. No evidence for these bound states is observed. Upper limits are determined at 99% confidence level for a wide range of lifetimes and for the full range of branching ratios. The results are compared to thermal, coalescence and hybrid UrQMD model expectations, which describe correctly the production of other loosely bound states, like the deuteron and the hypertriton.
The measurement of the mass differences for systems bound by the strong force has reached a very high precision with protons and anti-protons1,2. The extension of such measurement from (anti-)baryons to (anti-)nuclei allows one to probe any difference in the interactions between nucleons and anti-nucleons encoded in the (anti-)nuclei masses. This force is a remnant of the underlying strong interaction among quarks and gluons and can be described by effective theories3, but cannot yet be directly derived from quantum chromodynamics. Here we report a measurement of the difference between the ratios of the mass and charge of deuterons (d) and anti-deuterons (), and 3He and nuclei carried out with the ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment)4 detector in Pb–Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 2.76 TeV. Our direct measurement of the mass-over-charge differences confirms CPT invariance to an unprecedented precision in the sector of light nuclei5,6. This fundamental symmetry of nature, which exchanges particles with anti-particles, implies that all physics laws are the same under the simultaneous reversal of charge(s) (charge conjugation C), reflection of spatial coordinates (parity transformation P) and time inversion (T).
The transverse momentum (pT) spectrum and nuclear modification factor (RAA) of reconstructed jets in 0–10% and 10–30% central Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV were measured. Jets were reconstructed using the anti-kT jet algorithm with a resolution parameter of R = 0.2 from charged and neutral particles, utilizing the ALICE tracking detectors and Electromagnetic Calorimeter (EMCal). The jet pT spectra are reported in the pseudorapidity interval of |ηjet| < 0.5 for 40 < pT, jet < 120 GeV/c in 0–10% and for 30 < pT, jet < 100 GeV/c in 10–30% collisions. Reconstructed jets were required to contain a leading charged particle with pT > 5 GeV/c to suppress jets constructed from the combinatorial background in Pb–Pb collisions. The leading charged particle requirement applied to jet spectra both in pp and Pb–Pb collisions had a negligible effect on the RAA. The nuclear modification factor RAA was found to be 0.28 ± 0.04 in 0–10% and 0.35 ± 0.04 in 10–30% collisions, independent of pT, jet within the uncertainties of the measurement. The observed suppression is in fair agreement with expectations from two model calculations with different approaches to jet quenching.
The measurement of primary π±, K±, p and p¯¯¯ production at mid-rapidity (|y|< 0.5) in proton-proton collisions at s√=7 TeV performed with ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is reported. Particle identification is performed using the specific ionization energy loss and time-of-flight information, the ring-imaging Cherenkov technique and the kink-topology identification of weak decays of charged kaons. Transverse momentum spectra are measured from 0.1 up to 3 GeV/c for pions, from 0.2 up to 6 GeV/c for kaons and from 0.3 up to 6 GeV/c for protons. The measured spectra and particle ratios are compared with QCD-inspired models, tuned to reproduce also the earlier measurements performed at the LHC. Furthermore, the integrated particle yields and ratios as well as the average transverse momenta are compared with results at lower collision energies.
We report the results of the femtoscopic analysis of pairs of identical pions measured in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV. Femtoscopic radii are determined as a function of event multiplicity and pair momentum in three spatial dimensions. As in the pp collision system, the analysis is complicated by the presence of sizable background correlation structures in addition to the femtoscopic signal. The radii increase with event multiplicity and decrease with pair transverse momentum. When taken at comparable multiplicity, the radii measured in p-Pb collisions, at high multiplicity and low pair transverse momentum, are 10-20% higher than those observed in pp collisions but below those observed in A-A collisions. The results are compared to hydrodynamic predictions at large event multiplicity as well as discussed in the context of calculations based on gluon saturation.
The strength of forward-backward (FB) multiplicity correlations is measured by the ALICE detector in proton-proton (pp) collisions at s√=0.9, 2.76 and 7 TeV. The measurement is performed in the central pseudorapidity region (|η|<0.8) for the transverse momentum pT>0.3 GeV/c. Two separate pseudorapidity windows of width (δη) ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 are chosen symmetrically around η=0. The multiplicity correlation strength (bcor) is studied as a function of the pseudorapidity gap (ηgap) between the two windows as well as the width of these windows. The correlation strength is found to decrease with increasing ηgap and shows a non-linear increase with δη. A sizable increase of the correlation strength with the collision energy, which cannot be explained exclusively by the increase of the mean multiplicity inside the windows, is observed. The correlation coefficient is also measured for multiplicities in different configurations of two azimuthal sectors selected within the symmetric FB η-windows. Two different contributions, the short-range (SR) and the long-range (LR), are observed. The energy dependence of bcor is found to be weak for the SR component while it is strong for the LR component. Moreover, the correlation coefficient is studied for particles belonging to various transverse momentum intervals chosen to have the same mean multiplicity. Both SR and LR contributions to bcor are found to increase with pT in this case. Results are compared to PYTHIA and PHOJET event generators and to a string-based phenomenological model. The observed dependencies of bcor add new constraints on phenomenological models.
Prompt D meson and non-prompt J/ yields are studied as a function of the multiplicity of charged particles produced in inelastic proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of TeV. The results are reported as a ratio between yields in a given multiplicity interval normalised to the multiplicity-integrated ones (relative yields). They are shown as a function of the multiplicity of charged particles normalised to the average value for inelastic collisions (relative charged-particle multiplicity). D, D and D mesons are measured in five intervals from 1 to 20 GeV/ and for via their hadronic decays. The D-meson relative yield is found to increase with increasing charged-particle multiplicity. For events with multiplicity six times higher than the average multiplicity of inelastic collisions, a yield enhancement of a factor about 15 relative to the multiplicity-integrated yield in inelastic collisions is observed. The yield enhancement is independent of transverse momentum within the uncertainties of the measurement. The D-meson relative yield is also measured as a function of the relative multiplicity at forward pseudorapidity. The non-prompt J/, i.e. the B hadron, contribution to the inclusive J/ production is measured in the di-electron decay channel at central rapidity. It is evaluated for GeV/ and , and extrapolated to . The fraction of non-prompt J/ in the inclusive J/ yields shows no dependence on the charged-particle multiplicity at central rapidity. Charm and beauty hadron relative yields exhibit a similar increase with increasing charged-particle multiplicity. The measurements are compared to PYTHIA 8, EPOS 3 and percolation calculations.
We have studied the transverse-momentum (pT) dependence of the inclusive J/ψ production in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV, in three center-of-mass rapidity (ycms) regions, down to zero pT. Results in the forward and backward rapidity ranges (2.03<ycms<3.53 and −4.46<ycms<−2.96) are obtained by studying the J/ψ decay to μ+μ−, while the mid-rapidity region (−1.37<ycms<0.43) is investigated by measuring the e+e− decay channel. The pT dependence of the J/ψ production cross section and nuclear modification factor are presented for each of the rapidity intervals, as well as the J/ψ mean pT values. Forward and mid-rapidity results show a suppression of the J/ψ yield, with respect to pp collisions, which decreases with increasing pT. At backward rapidity no significant J/ψ suppression is observed. Theoretical models including a combination of cold nuclear matter effects such as shadowing and partonic energy loss, are in fair agreement with the data, except at forward rapidity and low transverse momentum. The implications of the p-Pb results for the evaluation of cold nuclear matter effects on J/ψ production in Pb-Pb collisions are also discussed.
We have performed the first measurement of the coherent ψ(2S) photo-production cross section in ultra-peripheral PbPb collisions at the LHC. This charmonium excited state is reconstructed via the ψ(2S)→l+l− and ψ(2S)→J/ψπ+π− decays, where the J/ψ decays into two leptons. The analysis is based on an event sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 22 μb−1. The cross section for coherent ψ(2S) production in the rapidity interval −0.9<y<0.9 is dσψ(2S)coh/dy=0.83±0.19(stat+syst) mb. The ψ(2S) to J/ψ coherent cross section ratio is 0.34−0.07+0.08(stat+syst). The obtained results are compared to predictions from theoretical models.
Charged jet production cross sections in p–Pb collisions at √sNN=5.02 TeV measured with the ALICE detector at the LHC are presented. Using the anti-kT algorithm, jets have been reconstructed in the central rapidity region from charged particles with resolution parameters R=0.2 and R=0.4. The reconstructed jets have been corrected for detector effects and the underlying event background. To calculate the nuclear modification factor, RpPb, of charged jets in p–Pb collisions, a pp reference was constructed by scaling previously measured charged jet spectra at s=7 TeV. In the transverse momentum range 20≤pT,chjet≤120 GeV/c, RpPb is found to be consistent with unity, indicating the absence of strong nuclear matter effects on jet production. Major modifications to the radial jet structure are probed via the ratio of jet production cross sections reconstructed with the two different resolution parameters. This ratio is found to be similar to the measurement in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV and to the expectations from PYTHIA pp simulations and NLO pQCD calculations at √sNN=5.02 TeV.
We have performed the first measurement of the coherent ψ(2S) photo production cross section in ultraperipheral Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC. This charmonium excited state is reconstructed via the ψ(2S) → l +l − and ψ(2S) → J/ψπ+π− decays, where the J/ψ decays into two leptons. The analysis is based on an event sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 22 μb−1. The cross section for coherent ψ(2S) production in the rapidity interval −0.9 < y < 0.9 is dσcoh ψ(2S)/dy = 0.83±0.19 stat+syst mb. The ψ(2S) to J/ψ coherent cross section ratio is 0.34+0.08 −0.07(stat + syst). The obtained results are compared to predictions from theoretical models.
A measurement of dijet correlations in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector is presented. Jets are reconstructed from charged particles measured in the central tracking detectors and neutral energy deposited in the electromagnetic calorimeter. The transverse momentum of the full jet (clustered from charged and neutral constituents) and charged jet (clustered from charged particles only) is corrected event-by-event for the contribution of the underlying event, while corrections for underlying event fluctuations and finite detector resolution are applied on an inclusive basis. A projection of the dijet transverse momentum, kTy = pch+ne T,jet sin(ϕdijet) with ϕdijet the azimuthal angle between a full and charged jet and pch+ne T,jet the transverse momentum of the full jet, is used to study nuclear matter effects in p–Pb collisions. This observable is sensitive to the acoplanarity of dijet production and its potential modification in p–Pb collisions with respect to pp collisions. Measurements of the dijet kTy as a function of the transverse momentum of the full and recoil charged jet, and the event multiplicity are presented. No significant modification of kTy due to nuclear matter effects in p–Pb collisions with respect to the event multiplicity or a PYTHIA8 reference is observed.
We report the first measurement at the LHC of coherent photoproduction of ρ0 mesons in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions. The invariant mass and transverse momentum distributions for ρ0 production are studied in the π+π− decay channel at mid-rapidity. The production cross section in the rapidity range |y|<0.5 is found to be dσ/dy=425±10(stat.) +42−50(sys.) mb. Coherent ρ0 production is studied with and without requirement of nuclear breakup, and the fractional yields for various breakup scenarios are presented. The results are compared with those from lower energies and with model predictions.
The size of the particle emission region in high-energy collisions can be deduced using the femtoscopic correlations of particle pairs at low relative momentum. Such correlations arise due to quantum statistics and Coulomb and strong final state interactions. In this paper, results are presented from femtoscopic analyses of π±π±, K±K±, K0SK0S, pp, and p¯¯¯p¯¯¯ correlations from Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV by the ALICE experiment at the LHC. One-dimensional radii of the system are extracted from correlation functions in terms of the invariant momentum difference of the pair. The comparison of the measured radii with the predictions from a hydrokinetic model is discussed. The pion and kaon source radii display a monotonic decrease with increasing average pair transverse mass mT which is consistent with hydrodynamic model predictions for central collisions. The kaon and proton source sizes can be reasonably described by approximate mT-scaling.
The transverse momentum (pT) dependence of the nuclear modification factor RAA and the centrality dependence of the average transverse momentum ⟨pT⟩ for inclusive J/ψ have been measured with ALICE for Pb-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√ = 2.76 TeV in the e+e− decay channel at mid-rapidity (|y|<0.8). The ⟨pT⟩ is significantly smaller than the one observed for pp collisions at the same centre-of-mass energy. Consistently, an increase of RAA is observed towards low pT. These observations might be indicative of a sizable contribution of charm quark coalescence to the J/ψ production. Additionally, the fraction of non-prompt J/ψ from beauty hadron decays, fB, has been determined in the region 1.5<pT<10 GeV/c in three centrality intervals. No significant centrality dependence of fB is observed. Finally, the RAA of non-prompt J/ψ is discussed and compared with model predictions. The nuclear modification in the region 4.5<pT<10 GeV/c is found to be stronger than predicted by most models.
The nuclear modification factor, RAA, of the prompt charmed mesons D0, D+ and D∗+, and their antiparticles, was measured with the ALICE detector in Pb-Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV in two transverse momentum intervals, 5<pT<8 GeV/c and 8<pT<16 GeV/c, and in six collision centrality classes. The RAA shows a maximum suppression of a factor of 5-6 in the 10% most central collisions. The suppression and its centrality dependence are compatible within uncertainties with those of charged pions. A comparison with the RAA of non-prompt J/ψ from B meson decays, measured by the CMS Collaboration, hints at a larger suppression of D mesons in the most central collisions.
The elliptic flow, v2, of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at forward rapidity (2.5<y<4) is measured in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The scalar product, two- and four-particle Q cumulants and Lee–Yang zeros methods are used. The dependence of the v2 of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays on the collision centrality, in the range 0–40%, and on transverse momentum, pT, is studied in the interval 3<pT<10 GeV/c. A positive v2 is observed with the scalar product and two-particle Q cumulants in semi-central collisions (10–20% and 20–40% centrality classes) for the pT interval from 3 to about 5 GeV/c with a significance larger than 3σ, based on the combination of statistical and systematic uncertainties. The v2 magnitude tends to decrease towards more central collisions and with increasing pT. It becomes compatible with zero in the interval 6<pT<10 GeV/c. The results are compared to models describing the interaction of heavy quarks and open heavy-flavour hadrons with the high-density medium formed in high-energy heavy-ion collisions.
The pseudorapidity (η) and transverse-momentum (pT) distributions of charged particles produced in proton–proton collisions are measured at the centre-of-mass energy √s=13 TeV. The pseudorapidity distribution in |η|<1.8 is reported for inelastic events and for events with at least one charged particle in |η|<1. The pseudorapidity density of charged particles produced in the pseudorapidity region |η|<0.5 is 5.31±0.18 and 6.46±0.19 for the two event classes, respectively. The transverse-momentum distribution of charged particles is measured in the range 0.15<pT<20 GeV/c and |η|<0.8 for events with at least one charged particle in |η|<1. The evolution of the transverse momentum spectra of charged particles is also investigated as a function of event multiplicity. The results are compared with calculations from PYTHIA and EPOS Monte Carlo generators.
We present measurements of the azimuthal dependence of charged jet production in central and semi-central √sNN=2.76 TeV Pb–Pb collisions with respect to the second harmonic event plane, quantified as v2ch jet. Jet finding is performed employing the anti-kT algorithm with a resolution parameter R=0.2 using charged tracks from the ALICE tracking system. The contribution of the azimuthal anisotropy of the underlying event is taken into account event-by-event. The remaining (statistical) region-to-region fluctuations are removed on an ensemble basis by unfolding the jet spectra for different event plane orientations independently. Significant non-zero v2ch jet is observed in semi-central collisions (30–50% centrality) for 20<pTch jet<90 GeV/c. The azimuthal dependence of the charged jet production is similar to the dependence observed for jets comprising both charged and neutral fragments, and compatible with measurements of the v2 of single charged particles at high pT. Good agreement between the data and predictions from JEWEL, an event generator simulating parton shower evolution in the presence of a dense QCD medium, is found in semi-central collisions.
Measurement of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV
(2015)
The production of electrons from heavy-flavour hadron decays was measured as a function of transverse momentum (pT) in minimum-bias p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV using the ALICE detector at the LHC. The measurement covers the pT interval 0.5 < pT < 12 GeV/c and the rapidity range −1.065 < ycms < 0.135 in the centre-of-mass reference frame. The contribution of electrons from background sources was subtracted using an invariant mass approach. The nuclear modification factor RpPb was calculated by comparing the pT-differential invariant cross section in p–Pb collisions to a pp reference at the same centre-of-mass energy, which was obtained by interpolating measurements at √s = 2.76 TeV and √s = 7 TeV. The RpPb is consistent with unity within uncertainties of about 25%, which become larger for pT below 1 GeV/c. The measurement shows that heavy-flavour production is consistent with binary scaling, so that a suppression in the high-pT yield in Pb–Pb collisions has to be attributed to effects induced by the hot medium produced in the final state. The data in p–Pb collisions are described by recent model calculations that include cold nuclear matter effects.
Dihadron angular correlations in d + Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV are reported as a function of the measured zero-degree calorimeter neutral energy and the forward charged hadron multiplicity in the Au-beam direction. A finite correlated yield is observed at large relative pseudorapidity (η) on the near side (i.e. relative azimuth φ ∼ 0). This correlated yield as a function of η appears to scale with the dominant, primarily jet-related, away-side (φ ∼ π) yield. The Fourier coefficients of the φ correlation, Vn = (cosnφ), have a strong η dependence. In addition, it is found that V1 is approximately inversely proportional to the mid-rapidity event multiplicity, while V2 is independent of it with similar magnitude in the forward (d-going) and backward (Au-going) directions.
Effect of event selection on jetlike correlation measurement in d+Au collisions at √sNN = 200 GeV
(2015)
Dihadron correlations are analyzed in √sNN = 200 GeV d + Au collisions classified by forward charged particle multiplicity and zero-degree neutral energy in the Au-beam direction. It is found that the jetlike correlated yield increases with the event multiplicity. After taking into account this dependence, the non-jet contribution on the away side is minimal, leaving little room for a back-to-back ridge in these collisions.
Die Darstellung der Machtverhältnisse im politischen Diskurs – am Beispiel politisierter Gedenkreden
(2015)
The present paper deals with the way in which the relations between different political governments and their representatives are expressed at the linguistic level on the strength of power positions in the official political discourse. The political value system and its justification are expressed in the official political discourse, which lays down rules and indicates attitudes with normative status and at the same time reveals the relations between the supporters of the respective ideology. For this purpose, three commemorative speeches are analysed; these speeches were published in the newspaper Neuer Weg on the 11th September 1960 and they were delivered by the German politicians Otto Grotewohl, the prime minister of GDR and Walter Ulbricht, the deputy prime minister of GDR and the Romanian politician Chivu Stoica, the secretary of the presidium of the General Council of the Party, on the death of the former President of the German Democratic Republic Wilhelm Pieck.
Partial wave analysis of the reaction p(3.5 GeV) + p → pK +Λ to search for the "ppK−" bound state
(2015)
Employing the Bonn–Gatchina partial wave analysis framework (PWA), we have analyzed HADES data of the reaction p(3.5 GeV) + p → pK +Λ. This reaction might contain information about the kaonic cluster “ppK −” (with quantum numbers J P = 0− and total isospin I = 1/2) via its decay into pΛ. Due to interference effects in our coherent description of the data, a hypothetical KNN (or, specifically “ppK −”) cluster signal need not necessarily show up as a pronounced feature (e.g. a peak) in an invariant mass spectrum like pΛ. Our PWA analysis includes a variety of resonant and non-resonant intermediate states and delivers a good description of our data (various angular distributions and two-hadron invariant mass spectra) without a contribution of a KNN cluster. At a confidence level of CLs = 95% such a cluster cannot contribute more than 2–12% to the total cross section with a pK +Λ final state, which translates into a production cross-section between 0.7 μb and 4.2 μb, respectively. The range of the upper limit depends on the assumed cluster mass, width and production process.
The human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), encoded by the ALOX5 gene, is the key enzyme in the formation of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes. ALOX5 gene transcription is strongly stimulated by calcitriol (1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) and TGFβ (transforming growth factor-β). Here, we investigated the influence of MLL (activator of transcript initiation), AF4 (activator of transcriptional elongation) as well as of the leukemogenic fusion proteins MLL-AF4 (ectopic activator of transcript initiation) and AF4-MLL (ectopic activator of transcriptional elongation) on calcitriol/TGFβ-dependent 5-LO transcript elongation. We present evidence that the AF4 complex directly interacts with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and promotes calcitriol-dependent ALOX5 transcript elongation. Activation of transcript elongation was strongly enhanced by the AF4-MLL fusion protein but was sensitive to Flavopiridol. By contrast, MLL-AF4 displayed no effect on transcriptional elongation. Furthermore, HDAC class I inhibitors inhibited the ectopic effects caused by AF4-MLL on transcriptional elongation, suggesting that HDAC class I inhibitors are potential therapeutics for the treatment of t(4;11)(q21;q23) leukemia.
DESPITE AMPLE EVIDENCE THAT CUSTOMERS EXHIBIT HIGHER DISCOUNT RATES THAN FIRMS, IT IS NOT CLEAR HOW DIFFERENCES IN DISCOUNT RATES AFFECT OPTIMAL PRICES, PROFITS, AND WELFARE OF COMPLEMENTARY PRODUCTS (WHICH COULD BE GOODS OR SERVICES). WE SHOW FOR COMPLEMENTARY PROUCTS THAT HIGHER DISCOUNT RATES OF CUSTOMERS DO NOT INCREASE PROFIT OR CONSUMER SURPLUS. FIRMS, INCLUDING BANKS, WOULD BE ADVISED TO SEEK TO REDUCE EXCESSIVE DISCOUNT RATES AMONG CONSUMERS.
Die türkischen Schriftstellerinnen Halide Nusret Zorlutuna, Ismet Kür und Sevim Belli haben in ihren Autobiographien überwiegend ihre Jugendjahre ausführlich niedergeschrieben. Der Anlass ihres Schreibens ist zwar der gleiche, doch der Gegenstand ist unterschiedlich: Es geht bei der ersten um das Nachtrauern eines abgeschafften politischen Systems (das Osmanische Reich) und bei der zweiten um die Trauer, die eigenen Fähigkeiten nicht genügend entwickelt zu haben. Die dritte bedauert, keine angemessene Auswirkung der geleisteten politischen Arbeit (sozialistische Gedanken in der Türkei) erreicht zu haben. Sie wollen also mit ihren Werken zur Gedächtnisbildung der jungen Generationen beitragen.
The title of this study is applying team teaching to improve student ability in understanding English narrative texts. The purposes of this study are to identify the advantages and to find out the strategies of applying team teaching to improve students ability in understanding English narrative texts. The population of this study is the first year students of SMAN 4 Banda Aceh, and the sample are an experimental class (X IA 2) and a control class (X IA 6). The total numbers of the samples are 66 students. This research was conducted on April, 2010. In collecting data, several techniques were used namely; observation, test, questionnaire and interview. According to data analysis, team teaching gave more advantages to improve students’ ability in understanding English narrative texts. Some advantages of team teaching to the first year students of SMAN 4 Banda Aceh; (1) Team teaching directed the students to focus on material, the method was not tedious and learning motivation had been increased by using it, so that their ability in understanding English narrative text had been increased. (2) The students who studied by using team teaching obtained higher score than the students who studied without using team teaching. It means the students who studied by using team teaching could improve their abilities in understanding English narrative text. (3) The students should focus on the study because the teachers observed what they do in the class comprehensively. The student also could receive knowledge not only from the main teacher, but also from the co-teacher and they could ask both teachers if they found some problems. Some advantages of team teaching to the teachers of SMAN 4 Banda Aceh are; team teaching could be effective while teaching and learning process was underway because the teachers could remind each other and they also could plan good materials. In applying team teaching to improve students’ ability in understanding English narrative texts, the teachers used many strategies. One of the general strategies to apply team teaching in SMAN 4 Banda Aceh was by excercising the so called semi team teaching. The special strategies that conducted by teachers were; (1) Presenting an interesting and understandable topic in every meeting for students. (2) Making group discussion, reading the legend and translating it, giving regularly the test and games. (3) Asking the students to comprehend the generic structure of the text before coming to the class.
Else LaskerSchüler (1869-1945), among the significant expressionist woman writers, did not only suffer from being both a woman and author, but also had to struggle under difficulties of being a hebrew. In this paper, especially the letter novel titled "Der Malik : Eine Kaisergeschichte" has been handled in the light of Homi K. Bhabha's 'Third Space Theory'. In regard to this, the "Third Space", which is defined by postcolonial theoretician Homi K. Bhabha as an extra place where minorities and outcast groups can express themselves in his work "The Location of Culture", is adapted to the literary "Orient" and defined once again in Else Lasker-Schüler's novel as it was never approached and interpreted before. In this sense, this supports the relevance to analyze her mentioned works in terms of the "Third Space Theory". Else Lasker-Schüler constructed a new world for herself through literature; her works were her life and her life was her works.
Self-narratives of patients have received increasing interest in schizophrenia since they offer unique material to study patients’ subjective experience related to their illness, in particular the alteration of self that accompanies schizophrenia. In this study, we investigated the life narratives and the ability to integrate and bind memories of personal events into a coherent narrative in 27 patients with schizophrenia and 26 controls. Four aspects of life narratives were analyzed: coherence with cultural concept of biography, temporal coherence, causal-motivational coherence and thematic coherence. Results showed that in patients cultural biographical knowledge is preserved, whereas temporal coherence is partially impaired. Furthermore, causal-motivational and thematic coherence are significantly impaired: patients have difficulties explaining how events have modeled their identity, and integrating different events along thematic lines. Impairment of global causal-motivational and thematic coherence was significantly correlated with patients’ executive dysfunction, suggesting that cognitive impairment observed in patients could affect their ability to construct a coherent narrative of their life by binding important events to their self. This study provides new understanding of the cognitive deficits underlying self-disorders in patients with schizophrenia. Our findings suggest the potential usefulness of developing new therapeutic interventions to improve autobiographical reasoning skills.
Emerging evidence indicates that protein synthesis and degradation are necessary for the remodeling of synapses. These two processes govern cellular protein turnover, are tightly regulated, and are modulated by neuronal activity in time and space. The anisotropic anatomy of the neurons presents a challenge for the study of protein turnover, but the understanding of protein turnover in neurons and its modulation in response to activity can help us to unravel the fine-tuned changes that occur at synapses in response to activity. Here we review the key experimental evidence demonstrating the role of protein synthesis and degradation in synaptic plasticity, as well as the turnover rates of specific neuronal proteins.
Microstructural abnormalities in white matter (WM) are often reported in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and may reflect primary or secondary circuitry degeneration (i.e., due to cortical atrophy). The interpretation of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) eigenvectors, known as multiple indices, may provide new insights into the main pathological models supporting primary or secondary patterns of WM disruption in AD, the retrogenesis, and Wallerian degeneration models, respectively. The aim of this review is to analyze the current literature on the contribution of DTI multiple indices to the understanding of AD neuropathology, taking the retrogenesis model as a reference for discussion. A systematic review using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PUBMED was performed. Evidence suggests that AD evolves through distinct patterns of WM disruption, in which retrogenesis or, alternatively, the Wallerian degeneration may prevail. Distinct patterns of WM atrophy may be influenced by complex interactions which comprise disease status and progression, fiber localization, concurrent risk factors (i.e., vascular disease, gender), and cognitive reserve. The use of DTI multiple indices in addition to other standard multimodal methods in dementia research may help to determine the contribution of retrogenesis hypothesis to the understanding of neuropathological hallmarks that lead to AD.
Microstructural abnormalities in white matter (WM) are often reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may reflect primary or secondary circuitry degeneration (i.e., due to cortical atrophy). The interpretation of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) eigenvectors, known as multiple indices, may provide new insights into the main pathological models supporting primary or secondary patterns of WM disruption in AD, the retrogenesis, and Wallerian degeneration models, respectively. The aim of this review is to analyze the current literature on the contribution of DTI multiple indices to the understanding of AD neuropathology, taking the retrogenesis model as a reference for discussion. A systematic review using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PUBMED was performed. Evidence suggests that AD evolves through distinct patterns of WM disruption, in which retrogenesis or, alternatively, the Wallerian degeneration may prevail. Distinct patterns of WM atrophy may be influenced by complex interactions which comprise disease status and progression, fiber localization, concurrent risk factors (i.e., vascular disease, gender), and cognitive reserve. The use of DTI multiple indices in addition to other standard multimodal methods in dementia research may help to determine the contribution of retrogenesis hypothesis to the understanding of neuropathological hallmarks that lead to AD.
In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria host ancient essential bioenergetic and biosynthetic pathways. LYR (leucine/tyrosine/arginine) motif proteins (LYRMs) of the Complex1_LYR-like superfamily interact with protein complexes of bacterial origin. Many LYR proteins function as extra subunits (LYRM3 and LYRM6) or novel assembly factors (LYRM7, LYRM8, ACN9 and FMC1) of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) core complexes. Structural insights into complex I accessory subunits LYRM6 and LYRM3 have been provided by analyses of EM and X-ray structures of complex I from bovine and the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, respectively. Combined structural and biochemical studies revealed that LYRM6 resides at the matrix arm close to the ubiquinone reduction site. For LYRM3, a position at the distal proton-pumping membrane arm facing the matrix space is suggested. Both LYRMs are supposed to anchor an acyl-carrier protein (ACPM) independently to complex I. The function of this duplicated protein interaction of ACPM with respiratory complex I is still unknown. Analysis of protein-protein interaction screens, genetic analyses and predicted multi-domain LYRMs offer further clues on an interaction network and adaptor-like function of LYR proteins in mitochondria.
Welche 'Sprache' sprechen heute eigentlich die Medien? Auf diese Frage können verschiedene Antworten gegeben werden, die aber alle um mindestens zwei Gravitationsfelder kreisen. Jedenfalls hat man heute den Eindruck, dass in der Sprache weder die begründende Rede (logos), noch die gemächlich erzählende Rede (mythos), sondern ein ontologischer Imperativ waltet, der alle Sprache konfisziert. Ein Imperativ, der in seinen absolutistischen Wahrheitsansprüchen die Räume des Anderen, Andersdenkenden und -handelnden immer mehr einengt und abdichtet, so dass die imperative Befehls-Sprache die auf ein Wahrheits-, Meinungs- und Herrschaftsmonopol vereidigt ist, sich in sich selber abschließt und dann keine Argumentation mehr zulässt. Diese Inbeschlagnahme der Sprache kann man heute an Phänomenen wie etwa der Ukraine, Griechenland oder dem Islam medial beobachten. So hieß es neulich im Spiegel: "Ich will also mein Deutsch-Sein zurück, und zwar, in loser Reihenfolge, von: Julian Reichelt, Béla Anda, Kai Diekmann, Ernst Elitz, Frank Plasberg, Günther Jauch, Markus Söder, Arnulf Barin, ach, die Liste ist zu lang. [...] Das populistische Dauersalbadern hat dabei schon länger die politische Diskussion ersetzt: Wo es früher mal, theoretisch jedenfalls, um Ursache und Wirkung ging, geht es heute nur noch um Wirkung. [...] Es ist eine politischmediale Verfallsgeschichte, Ergebnis von jahrelanger, jahrzehntelanger Entpolitisierung, die ein Vakuum der Gedanken geschaffen hat, eine galoppierende Prinzipienlosigkeit, einen wurschtigen Relativismus. [...] 'Um eine rationale Debatte zu vermeiden', kritisierte der Philosoph Slavoj Zizek gerade, 'begeben sich deutsche Medien immer stärker auf das Niveau der Boulevardpresse'."
Ein neuer Tonfall herrscht also in Europa. Überall hallt es wider von Losungen und Aufrufen, deren geistige Schlichtheit sich mit dem emotionalisierten Auftreten der Anhänger des kapitalistischen und nationalistischen Kultus verbindet und dabei nicht mehr an modernen Parteikämpfen, an Argumenten, Analysen, Vernunft und Aufklärung, sondern an atavistische Religions-, Stammes- und Nationalkriege erinnert.
A new genus of hubbardiid schizomid, Bucinozomus gen. nov. with the single species B. hortuspalmarum spec. nov., is described on basis to two male specimens found in the "Palmengarten" greenhouse in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It clearly differs from other known genera by having a long and conical abdominal segment IX, as well as the following combination of characters: anterodorsal margin of femur IV produced at less than a 90° angle, metapeltidium divided, and pedipalps with prominent spinose setae. It differs from Trithyreus Kraepelin, 1899 by having the pedipalp trochanter with a mesal spur, leg femur IV not slender and a pedipalp tarsus with a shorter claw (half of tarsus length). Living sympatric with this new taxon were female specimens of Stenochrus portoricensis Chamberlin, 1922 and Zomus bagnallii (Jackson, 1908).
Mutualisms are important structuring forces in ecological communities, influencing ecosystem functions, diversity, and evolutionary trajectories. New interactions, particularly between native and non-native species, are globally increasing in biotic communities as species introductions accelerate. Positive interactions such as novel mutualisms can affect the fitness of organisms in invaded communities. Non-natives can augment native mutualism networks, replace extinct native partners, or disrupt native mutualisms. Because they are actively forming or newly formed, novel mutualisms offer a unique opportunity to examine in real time the factors governing early mutualism formation and stability, including frequency-dependent processes and those relying on specific traits or functions. These central ecological questions have been inferred from long-formed mutualisms, but novel mutualisms may allow a glimpse of successes and failures in ecological time with insights into the relative importance of these factors as ecological systems shift. To this end, this commentary addresses how novel mutualisms inform our understanding of mutualism formation, stability, the importance of functional traits, and niche vs. neutral processes, using examples across multiple systems. Novel mutualism research thus far has been largely limited in both questions and ecosystems, but if more broadly applied could benefit both theoretical and applied ecology.
Background & aim: Whether inosine triphosphatase (ITPA) gene polymorphisms predict anemia during interferon-free therapy in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients is unknown. We examined the relationship between two ITPA polymorphisms, anemia, and sustained virological response 12 weeks post-treatment (SVR12) in patients receiving the NS3/4A protease inhibitor faldaprevir, the non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitor deleobuvir, and ribavirin.
Methods: HCV genotype 1-infected, treatment-naïve patients (N = 362) were randomized and treated in one of five treatment arms with faldaprevir and deleobuvir with or without ribavirin. Two ITPA polymorphisms (rs1127354 and rs6051702) were genotyped and defined as ITPA-deficient (rs1127354 AA or AC; rs6051702 CC or CA) or ITPA-non-deficient (rs1127354 CC; rs6051702 AA) according to their association with ITPA deficiency. Baseline and on-treatment variables associated with anemia and SVR12 were identified using logistic regression.
Results: In the pooled ribavirin-containing arms, 10.1% (32/316) of patients experienced on-treatment hemoglobin <10 g/dL, and 32.6% (103/316) experienced on-treatment hemoglobin <10 g/dL or a change from baseline ≥3.5 g/dL. Of the latter group, 99% (102/103) had the ITPA-non-deficient rs1127354 genotype. Other variables associated with on-treatment hemoglobin <10 g/dL or a decrease ≥3.5 g/dL were age, baseline hemoglobin, rs6051702 genotype, and plasma ribavirin concentration. In a multivariate analysis, high plasma ribavirin concentration, low baseline hemoglobin, HCV genotype 1b, and IL28B genotype CC were associated with higher SVR12.
Conclusions: The ITPA rs1127354 CC and rs6051702 AA genotypes may predict ribavirin-induced anemia during treatment with interferon-free, ribavirin-containing regimens. With this interferon-free regimen, SVR was associated with ribavirin levels, but not with anemia or ITPA genotypes.
La tradizione funeraria dell’isola di Cipro prevede fin da età Geometrica ed Arcaica l’utilizzo di sepolture di tipo rupestre, in modo particolare di camere ipogee ricavate solitamente al di sotto del banco roccioso, che possono essere viste come uno sviluppo delle tombe a camera dell'età del Bronzo. A partire dalla fase di transizione da età Classica ad età Ellenistica, con la presenza tolemaica nell'isola, vengono importati nuovi modelli e le camere vengono regolarizzate e dotate di elementi "monumentali" interni. In questa sede si analizzano le tipologie della loculus chamber e le attestazioni di utilizzo dell'arcosolium nell'area delle antiche città di Paphos e Kourion.
Dry grasslands are highly diverse vegetation types of great importance for livestock production in rural Balkan areas. We analysed a large data set of phytosociological relevés of dry grasslands (Festuco-Brometea and Festucetea vaginatae classes) in Serbia to produce the first overview of its classification, distribution, environmental conditions and biodiversity patterns. Phytocoenological relevés from relevant literature sources and our own investigations were stored in the Vegetation Database of Serbia (EU-RS-002) and the Balkan Dry Grassland Database (EU-00-013). After heterogeneity-constrained random resampling, the final dataset contained 1,897 relevés and 1,323 species. Species composition was classified hierarchically by the beta flexible method. We used species ecological indicator values for the estimation of the ecological conditions. Floristic and vegetation diversity and the conservation relevance of various dry grassland types, based on an assessment of endemic and protected species, were analysed. We identified 11 clusters, which were well characterised by their species composition and ecology. The first three clusters included loess and sand steppe grasslands mostly found in the Pannonian part of Serbia (Festucion rupicolae and Festucion vaginatae). The next three clusters consisted of Balkan ultramafic rocky grasslands of the order Halacsyetalia sendtneri, Balkan submediterranean mountain steppe grasslands on calcareous substrates, belonging to the order Astragalo-Potentilletalia and grasslands of the Balkan alliance Saturejion montanae on limestone. The third group of relevés comprised Balkan alliances of dry grasslands on deep soils, the Chrysopogono-Danthonion and sub-continental steppes of the alliance Festucion valesiacae in hilly areas of Serbia, mostly in the thermophilous oak zone. According to ordination analysis (DCA), the main floristic gradient was largely determined by temperature and moisture. The Festuco-Brometea class exhibited high floristic diversity (1,323 plant species) and very high conservation relevance in view of the large number of Balkan endemic species (204). A total of 233 species and subspecies protected by national legislation within the studied vegetation were recorded.
The aim of this study was to identify sex-dependent expression of renal transporter mRNA in lean and obese Zucker spontaneously hypertensive fatty (ZSF1) rats and to investigate the interaction of the most altered transporter, organic anion transporter 2 (Oat2), with diabetes-relevant metabolites and drugs. Higher incidence of glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and protein casts in Bowman’s space and tubular lumen was detected by PAS staining in obese male compared to female ZSF1 rats. Real-time PCR on RNA isolated from kidney cortex revealed that Sglt1-2, Oat1-3, and Oct1 were higher expressed in kidneys of lean females. Oct2 and Mrp2 were higher expressed in obese males. Renal mRNA levels of transporters were reduced with diabetic nephropathy in females and the expression of transcription factors Hnf1β and Hnf4α in both sexes. The highest difference between lean and obese ZSF1 rats was found for Oat2. Therefore, we have tested the interaction of human OAT2 with various substances using tritium-labeled cGMP. Human OAT2 showed no interaction with diabetes-related metabolites, diabetic drugs, and ACE-inhibitors. However, OAT2-dependent uptake of cGMP was inhibited by furosemide. The strongly decreased expression of Oat2 and other transporters in female diabetic ZSF1 rats could possibly impair renal drug excretion, for example, of furosemide.
Formas de literatura digital
(2015)
Este artículo presenta y analiza ejemplos de las principales formas de la literatura digital que recurre a las posibilidades de la programación. Los hipertextos provocan en el lector una búsqueda por caminos en estructuras no lineales; la poesía cinética visual anima letras y textos; las instalaciones multimedia combinan texto, imágenes o sonido; los generadores de textos intentan simular el proceso creativo de la escritura humana; los juegos de video literarios provocan la pregunta por la diferencia entre leer y jugar; finalmente, la poesía de código computacional mezcla el lenguaje natural con el código de la computadora. La literatura digital es altamente auto-reflexiva y, así, pone a debate aspectos vinculados con la lectura y la escritura, incluso la frontera entre textos literarios y pragmáticos, así como la relación de la literatura con las bellas artes y la música. Asimismo los textos que se generaron cinética o aleatoriamente exploran los mecanismos de la creación de significación al tiempo que la performatividad y la interactividad de la literatura digital llama la atención al papel del lectorusuario en el proceso de la comunicación literaria.
Anhand einer Analyse von authentischen Fallbeispielen soll untersucht werden, wie der mit "kein" negierte Gleichsetzungsnominativ gegenüber dem mit "nicht ein" negierten seinen Aussagewert verändert. Die Belege stammen aus einschlägigen Online-Korpora. Um das Phänomen der Negation mit "kein" oder mit "nicht ein" theoretisch zu untermauern, werden diesbezüglich verschiedene Grammatiken konsultiert und Regelmäßigkeiten, bzw. Normverstöße und Ausnahmeregelungen zusammengestellt. Meine Ausgangshypothese ist, dass diese beiden Verneinungsstrategien auch verschiedenen stilistischen Fokussierungen entsprechen. Abschließend schlage ich mehrere Übungsmodalitäten vor, die in einer didaktisch sinnvollen Progression diese Unterschiede herausarbeiten und dem Lerner klarmachen sollen.
Mit der Optogenetik hat sich in der Neurowissenschaft eine Revolution vollzogen. Die Optogenetik erlaubt, Nervenzellen einfach mit Licht und mit bis dato nicht gekannter Genauigkeit zeitlich und räumlich elektrodenfrei an- und abzuschalten. Dies wird durch das Einbringen genetisch codierter Lichtschalter, sogenannter mikrobieller Rhodopsine, in den Nervenzellen erreicht. Die Methode, die in Frankfurt und in Regensburg ihren Ursprung genommen hat, wird heute in der Neurobiologie weltweit eingesetzt. Neben der Grundlagenforschung eröffnen sich dank der Optogenetik auch neue biomedizinische Perspektiven zur Gentherapie neurodegenerativer Krankheiten.
Recent studies indicate that the abnormal microenvironment of tumors may play a critical role in carcinogenesis, including lung cancer. We comprehensively assessed the number of stromal cells, especially immune/inflammatory cells, in lung cancer and evaluated their infiltration in cancers of different stages, types and metastatic characteristics potential. Immunohistochemical analysis of lung cancer tissue arrays containing normal and lung cancer sections was performed. This analysis was combined with cyto-/histomorphological assessment and quantification of cells to classify/subclassify tumors accurately and to perform a high throughput analysis of stromal cell composition in different types of lung cancer. In human lung cancer sections we observed a significant elevation/infiltration of total-T lymphocytes (CD3+), cytotoxic-T cells (CD8+), T-helper cells (CD4+), B cells (CD20+), macrophages (CD68+), mast cells (CD117+), mononuclear cells (CD11c+), plasma cells, activated-T cells (MUM1+), B cells, myeloid cells (PD1+) and neutrophilic granulocytes (myeloperoxidase+) compared with healthy donor specimens. We observed all of these immune cell markers in different types of lung cancers including squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma, metastatic adenocarcinoma, and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. The numbers of all tumor-associated immune cells (except MUM1+ cells) in stage III cancer specimens was significantly greater than those in stage I samples. We observed substantial stage-dependent immune cell infiltration in human lung tumors suggesting that the tumor microenvironment plays a critical role during lung carcinogenesis. Strategies for therapeutic interference with lung cancer microenvironment should consider the complexity of its immune cell composition.
Despite multimodal regimens and diverse treatment options alleviating disease symptoms, morbidity and mortality associated with advanced ischemic heart failure remain high. Recently, technological innovation has led to the development of regenerative therapeutic interventions aimed at halting or reversing the vicious cycle of heart failure progression. Driven by the unmet patient need and fueled by encouraging experimental studies, stem cell-based clinical trials have been launched over the past decade. Collectively, these trials have enrolled several thousand patients and demonstrated the clinical feasibility and safety of cell-based interventions. However, the totality of evidence supporting their efficacy in ischemic heart failure remains limited. Experience from the early randomized stem cell clinical trials underscores the key points in trial design ranging from adequate hypothesis formulation to selection of the optimal patient population, cell type and delivery route. Importantly, to translate the unprecedented promise of regenerative biotherapies into clinical benefit, it is crucial to ensure the appropriate choice of endpoints along the regulatory path. Accordingly, we here provide considerations relevant to the choice of endpoints for regenerative clinical trials in the ischemic heart failure setting.
Der Wald ist eines der wichtigsten Landschaftselemente im Kulissenfundus der Literatur - mit entsprechender Bedeutungsvielfalt: Die christlich-abendländische Tradition sieht ihn als Ort der Finsternis, der durch das göttliche Licht erhellt werden muss. In den berühmten Eingangsversen der 'Divina Commedia' erscheint er als rauer, wilder und dunkler Raum, Dantes "selva oscura" ist Stätte des Verwirrtseins und Zeichen irdischer Sündhaftigkeit. Aufgrund seiner transzendenten Unermesslichkeit jenseits rein geographischer Dimensionen kommt Gaston Bachelard in seiner 'Poetik des Raumes' zu dem Schluss: "Der Wald ist ein Seelenzustand". Als Metapher für die Seele des Menschen ist der Wald nicht nur in der Romantik beliebt, als Ausdruck des kollektiven Unbewussten interessiert er auch die Psychoanalyse, etwa in Gestalt der Archetypenlehre C. G. Jungs. In seiner Studie 'Masse und Macht' rechnet Elias Canetti den Wald zu den "Massensymbolen", mit durchaus unangenehmen Konnotationen für das Individuum. Da jeder einzelne Stamm, aus denen sich dieser zusammensetzt, fest verwurzelt und unverrückbar in der Erde stehe, sei "der Wald zum Symbol des Heeres geworden: ein Heer in Aufstellung, ein Heer, das unter keinen Umständen flieht; das sich bis zum letzten Mann in Stücke hauen läßt, bevor es einen Fußbreit Boden aufgibt". In diametralem Gegensatz zu diesem Szenario der Bedrohung des Einzelnen durch die Masse zusammengerotteter Bäume erscheint der Wald jedoch gleichermaßen als Ort der Freiheit, als Abbild der ursprünglichen Natur jenseits der einengenden menschlichen Zivilisation, als fruchtbare Wildnis, in der sich das Individuum frei entfalten kann. In dieser Bildtradition stehen zwei Texte, die ungefähr im Abstand von 100 Jahren und auf zwei verschiedenen Kontinenten entstanden sind: Henry David Thoreaus 'Walden' (1854) und Ernst Jüngers 'Der Waldgang' (1951). Wenn diese beiden in ihren historischen Voraussetzungen so unterschiedlichen Essays im Folgenden miteinander verglichen werden, so geschieht dies deshalb, weil sich in den Werken Jüngers und Thoreaus die einschlägige Rede von der Freiheit des Waldes mit einer dezidiert individualanarchistischen Programmatik verbindet, die dieser Raumsymbolik eine neue Bedeutungsdimension verleiht, die bisher in der einschlägigen topologischen Forschung unterbelichtet geblieben ist.
The Intensifying Function of Modal Particles and Modal Elements in a Cross-Linguistic Perspective
(2015)
The aim of this paper is to analyze the intensifying function of German modal particles and equivalent modal expressions in Croatian and English. Our hypothesis is that some modal particles in German and their functional equivalents in Croatian and English can express different degrees of intensity and types of intensification. The presented study comprises two parts. First, the use of intensifying modal particles by a group of speakers of L1 Croatian and L2 German/English is investigated. On the basis of the results obtained, and by means of a previously conducted corpus analysis (cf. Kresić and Batinić 2014), an intensification scale with respect to the inventory of German modal particles and corresponding particles in Croatian as well as equivalent English expressions is suggested. Some German and Croatian modal particles and equivalent modal elements in English can be classified on the upper and partially on the lower part of the proposed intensification scale when compared to the norm, i.e. an utterance unmarked by a modal particle.
The forest, savanna, and grassland biomes, and the transitions between them, are expected to undergo major changes in the future due to global climate change. Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are very useful for understanding vegetation dynamics under the present climate, and for predicting its changes under future conditions. However, several DGVMs display high uncertainty in predicting vegetation in tropical areas. Here we perform a comparative analysis of three different DGVMs (JSBACH, LPJ-GUESS-SPITFIRE and aDGVM) with regard to their representation of the ecological mechanisms and feedbacks that determine the forest, savanna, and grassland biomes, in an attempt to bridge the knowledge gap between ecology and global modeling. The outcomes of the models, which include different mechanisms, are compared to observed tree cover along a mean annual precipitation gradient in Africa. By drawing on the large number of recent studies that have delivered new insights into the ecology of tropical ecosystems in general, and of savannas in particular, we identify two main mechanisms that need improved representation in the examined DGVMs. The first mechanism includes water limitation to tree growth, and tree–grass competition for water, which are key factors in determining savanna presence in arid and semi-arid areas. The second is a grass–fire feedback, which maintains both forest and savanna presence in mesic areas. Grasses constitute the majority of the fuel load, and at the same time benefit from the openness of the landscape after fires, since they recover faster than trees. Additionally, these two mechanisms are better represented when the models also include tree life stages (adults and seedlings), and distinguish between fire-prone and shade-tolerant forest trees, and fire-resistant and shade-intolerant savanna trees. Including these basic elements could improve the predictive ability of the DGVMs, not only under current climate conditions but also and especially under future scenarios.
Der Blattlose Widerbart (Epipogium aphyllum) wurde von den Arbeitskreisen Heimische Orchideen in Deutschland zur "Orchidee des Jahres 2014" ausgerufen. Durch diese Wahl wird seit 1989 alljährlich eine der in Deutschland heimischen Orchideenarten vorgestellt, mit dem Ziel, die breite Öffentlichkeit auf diese Pflanzenfamilie aufmerksam zu machen und für den Schutz und Erhalt der Orchideen und ihrer Lebensräume zu werben.
In diesem Beitrag werden anhand eines Korpus von Paralleltexten deutscher und italienischer Reiseführer jeweils kulturspezifische stilistische Aspekte dieser Textsorte dargestellt. Reiseführer können beschrieben werden als heterogene, weitgehend gering standardisierte Großtextsorte, die aus vier Subtextsorten besteht (Orientierungstexte, Ratgebertexte, Besichtigungstexte, Hintergrundtexte) und gleichzeitig mehrere Funktionen erfüllt (informieren, werben, bewerten, instruieren usw.) (Fandrych/Thurmair 2011). Der kulturellen Vermittlung des Reiseziels kommt dabei traditionell eine wichtige Rolle zu, wobei die Darstellung und Konstruktion des Reiseziels gewöhnlich nicht allein durch sprachliche Mittel erfolgt, sondern auch mittels Bilder, die kognitiv schneller und wirkungsstärker rezipiert werden (Stöckl 2011). Die im Reiseführer enthaltene Auswahl von Informationen und die Art der Darstellung (das 'was' und 'wie' im Sinne von Fix/Poethe/Yos 2003) folgt dabei kulturspezifischen Diskurstraditionen. Der Beitrag basiert auf einem funktional-pragmatischen Ansatz, der es erlaubt, die Text-Bild-Relation in die textstilistische Analyse einzubeziehen.
Der folgende Beitrag befasst sich mit den intertextuellen Bezügen, die Sabahattin Alis Roman "Kürk Mantolu Madonna" zu Leopold von Sacher-Masochs Novelle "Venus im Pelz" aufweist. Mit Gérard Genettes Intertextualitätstheorie lässt sich die Madonna als Beispiel der Hypertextualität einordnen. Die Venus ist im Text als eine Art Hintergrundfolie präsent, auf der innovative Änderungen vorgenommen werden, wobei die Strukturen des Vorgängertextes gleichwohl sichtbar bleiben. Indes fallen in der Novelle die wechselseitigen Verweise von nicht weniger als sechs Venusbildern auf, denen im Roman lediglich zwei Madonnenbilder gegenüberstehen, ein Umstand, der einer Klärung bedarf, da die Hypertextualität der Madonna von ihm betroffen ist. Hier erweist sich Jacques Derridas Differenzkonzept als hilfreich, da sich das verwirrende Bilderspiel der Venus damit als differentielles 'Spiel der Zeichen' fassen lässt. Um zu eruieren, was die hypertextuelle Relation zur Bedeutungskonstitution der Madonna beiträgt, ist es erforderlich, näher auf die Paarbeziehung des Textes einzugehen, in der die Frau einen nahezu heiligen Status für den Mann besitzt und ihm gegenüber Dominanz ausübt. Unter diesem Aspekt erscheint das Paar der Venus für das der Madonna als strukturelles Vorbild. Durch die Hypertextualität erhält also die Paarbeziehung des Romans als solche eine starke Akzentuierung. Mithin wird ihr subversives Potential deutlich, unterläuft sie doch das mit Michel Foucault zu bestimmende Sexualitätsdispositiv ihrer Zeit.
O presente artigo explora os principais conceitos que compõe a teoria do reconhecimento de Axel Honneth, a fim de compreender os propósitos imbricados na idéia de luta por reconhecimento e suas contribuições à nova concepção de identidade surgida a partir da modernidade. No padrão pós-convencional, apresentado por Honneth, o indivíduo é reconhecido em sua individualidade. A identidade subjetiva é constituída de forma intersubjetiva e não mais determinada pelo grupo social. O reconhecimento recíproco é condição para a formação prática da identidade, permitindo ao sujeito participar efetivamente na esfera pública. Contudo, por possuir uma estrutura fundamentalmente intersubjetiva, a identidade individual e coletiva é afetada negativamente pelas diferentes situações de desrespeito presente nos processos de interação social. A negação do reconhecimento de modo injustificado, por meio da violação de expectativas normativas de comportamento, da origem a reações emocionais negativas. Por este motivo, as experiências de desrespeito integram a base motivacional da luta por reconhecimento, dando origem ao conflito social. O tema do conflito em Honneth está vinculado aos processos de formação da identidade prática do sujeito e aos progressos na vida social. O conflito social, traduzido na forma de luta por reconhecimento, caracteriza-se como uma expressão altamente positiva, por contribuir significativamente com a autorrealização individual e coletiva.
The transition to a future electricity system based primarily on wind and solar PV is examined for all regions in the contiguous US. We present optimized pathways for the build-up of wind and solar power for least backup energy needs as well as for least cost obtained with a simplified, lightweight model based on long-term high resolution weather-determined generation data. In the absence of storage, the pathway which achieves the best match of generation and load, thus resulting in the least backup energy requirements, generally favors a combination of both technologies, with a wind/solar PV (photovoltaics) energy mix of about 80/20 in a fully renewable scenario. The least cost development is seen to start with 100% of the technology with the lowest average generation costs first, but with increasing renewable installations, economically unfavorable excess generation pushes it toward the minimal backup pathway. Surplus generation and the entailed costs can be reduced significantly by combining wind and solar power, and/or absorbing excess generation, for example with storage or transmission, or by coupling the electricity system to other energy sectors.
Breast cancer is fast becoming the leading cause of oncologic morbidity and mortality among women worldwide. Demographic changes in Asia, Southeast Asia, and South America will further accelerate this trend. Different specialties are involved in the treatment of breast cancer patients: gynecology, surgery, pathology, hematology/oncology, radiology, radiation oncology, and nuclear medicine. Optimal results are seen in countries providing standardized breast cancer care in certified breast centers. The present article provides an overview of current state-of-the-art treatment strategies and explains the contributions of different specialties to optimal and individualized care for breast cancer patients. Breast cancer will be one of the most important health issues facing physicians involved with women’s health and a basic understanding of current treatment objectives will be essential medical knowledge for everyone taking care of female patients.
Objectives: The aim of our study was to find out how much energy is applicable in second-generation dual source high-pitch computed tomography (CT) in imaging of the abdomen.
Materials and methods: We examined an upper abdominal phantom using a Somatom Definition Flash CT-Scanner (Siemens, Forchheim, Germany). The study protocol consisted of a scan-series at 100 kV and 120 kV. In each scan series we started with a pitch of 3.2 and reduced it in steps of 0.2, until a pitch of 1.6 was reached. The current was adjusted to the maximum the scanner could achieve. Energy values, image noise, image quality, and radiation exposure were evaluated.
Results: For a pitch of 3.2 the maximum applicable current was 142 mAs at 120 kV and in 100 kV the maximum applicable current was 114 mAs. For conventional abdominal imaging, current levels of 200 to 260 mAs are generally used. To achieve similar current levels, we had to decrease the pitch to 1.8 at 100 kV - at this pitch we could perform our imaging at 204 mAs. At a pitch of 2.2 in 120 kV we could apply a current of 206 mAs.
Conclusion: We conclude our study by stating that if there is a need for a higher current, we have to reduce the pitch. In a high-pitch dual source CT, we always have to remember where our main focus is, so we can adjust the pitch to the energy we need in the area of the body that has to be imaged, to find answers to the clinical question being raised.
Das Kanon-Motiv "Der Wanderer" im Denkraum Sarmatien, ausgehend von Johannes Bobrowskis Gedicht
(2015)
Nach Bobrowskis Statement ist auch der Kanon eine "Vorstellung", die "zuende" geht, dennoch liegt in diesem klaren Eingeständnis gleichzeitig für ihn die Verpflichtung zu einer "Überschau", zur Darstellung von "Bindungen" in einem 'tiefen Verständnis', zu einer Allgemein-'Gültigkeit' trotz vergangener und zukünftiger Verlusterfahrungen. Wenn Kanon, dann in diesem neuen Sinne, im Bewusstsein einer Herkunft und eines Weiterziehens in eine andere, fremde Zukunft, in der offenen Beweglichkeit von Lebensräumen im Plural, in einer Bereitschaft zum Gehen im Spannungsfeld der Beobachtung von 'Vergehendem' und 'Noch-nicht-ganz-Vergangen-Sein'. [...] der Kanon [erweist sich] in Form des Motivs "Wanderer" als gattungsübergreifendes – hier Lyrik und Prosa – Narrativ in klarer chronologisch-topographisch-logischer Struktur. Das Wandern als Bewegung in Zeit und Raum ist Modell für eine Wandlungsbereitschaft, die erst Orientierung für das Leben in der Zukunft bietet.
Background: Microarray analysis represents a powerful way to test scientific hypotheses on the functionality of cells. The measurements consider the whole genome, and the large number of generated data requires sophisticated analysis. To date, no gold-standard for the analysis of microarray images has been established. Due to the lack of a standard approach there is a strong need to identify new processing algorithms.
Methods: We propose a novel approach based on hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) for unsupervised spot segmentation. Prior to segmentation, morphological operations were applied for the identification of co-localized groups of spots. A grid alignment was performed to determine the borderlines between rows and columns of spots. PDEs were applied to detect the inflection points within each column and row; vertical and horizontal luminance profiles were evolved respectively. The inflection points of the profiles determined borderlines that confined a spot within adapted rectangular areas. A subsequent k-means clustering determined the pixels of each individual spot and its local background.
Results: We evaluated the approach for a data set of microarray images taken from the Stanford Microarray Database (SMD). The data set is based on two studies on global gene expression profiles of Arabidopsis Thaliana. We computed values for spot intensity, regression ratio, and coefficient of determination. For spots with irregular contours and inner holes, we found intensity values that were significantly different from those determined by the GenePix Pro microarray analysis software. We determined the set of differentially expressed genes from our intensities and identified more activated genes than were predicted by the GenePix software.
Conclusions: Our method represents a worthwhile alternative and complement to standard approaches used in industry and academy. We highlight the importance of our spot segmentation approach, which identified supplementary important genes, to better explains the molecular mechanisms that are activated in a defense responses to virus and pathogen infection.
El presente artículo se propone analizar la interpretación benjaminiana de Kafka tomando como eje central el problema de la tradición y su resignificación política en el contexto de producción tardío. Son relevantes en este sentido, los conceptos de hagadá y halajá con los que Benjamin estructura sus análisis. El objetivo es entonces rastrear los elementos que en la elaboración de una teoría política permiten recuperar al narrador checo para la revisión de un concepto de lo humano.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We evaluated cerebral white and gray matter changes in patients with iRLS in order to shed light on the pathophysiology of this disease.
METHODS: Twelve patients with iRLS were compared to 12 age- and sex-matched controls using whole-head diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) techniques. Evaluation of the DTI scans included the voxelwise analysis of the fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD).
RESULTS: Diffusion tensor imaging revealed areas of altered FA in subcortical white matter bilaterally, mainly in temporal regions as well as in the right internal capsule, the pons, and the right cerebellum. These changes overlapped with changes in RD. Voxel-based morphometry did not reveal any gray matter alterations.
CONCLUSIONS: We showed altered diffusion properties in several white matter regions in patients with iRLS. White matter changes could mainly be attributed to changes in RD, a parameter thought to reflect altered myelination. Areas with altered white matter microstructure included areas in the internal capsule which include the corticospinal tract to the lower limbs, thereby supporting studies that suggest changes in sensorimotor pathways associated with RLS.
We analysed our experimental recent findings of the dipole response of the odd-mass stable nucleus 205Tl within the quasi-particle phonon model. Using the phonon basis constructed for the neighbouring 204Hg and wave function configurations for 205Tl consisting of a mixture of quasiparticle ⊗ N-phonon configurations (N=0,1,2), only one group of fragmented dipole excited states has been reproduced at 5.5 MeV in comparison to the experimental distribution which shows a second group at about 5 MeV. The computed dipole transition strengths are mainly of E1 character which could be associated to the pygmy dipole resonance.
Es ist verschiedentlich in der Literaturwissenschaft auf die enge Verbindung zwischen Erzählen und Zählen hingewiesen worden. Diesem Zusammenhang soll im folgenden anhand von Grimmelshausens "Springinsfeld" nachgegangen werden. In einem ersten Schritt werden die (Geld) zählenden, erzählenden und die das Erzählen zahlenden Aktanten des Romans identifiziert, bevor insbesondere Springinsfelds und Simplicius' ökonomische und monetäre Strategien rekonstruiert und ihr Verhältnis zum Erzählen bzw. zum Erzähler untersucht werden.
"Betriegliche Apparentzen" : Techniken der Imaginationssteuerung in Andreas Gryphius' "Leo Armenius"
(2015)
Ausgangspunkt der folgenden Untersuchung ist die Geisterbeschwörung im zweiten Eingang der vierten Abhandlung von Gryphius' "Leo Armenius". Die Analyse wird deutlich machen, dass diese Szene weniger ein teuflischer Ritus denn eine Inszenierung ist, welche auf den Mitteln der zeitgenössischen Optik und Katoptrik beruht. In einem zweiten Schritt soll die Theatertechnik analysiert werden, die es ermöglicht, den Zuschauer glauben zu machen, die teuflische Beschwörung sei bei näherem Hinsehen technisch erzeugt. Zum Schluss erfolgt die Rekonstruktion der theologischen Bedingungen dieser in sich gedoppelten Darstellung. Es wird zu zeigen sein, dass sich bei Gryphius medial evozierte Illusion und göttliche Botschaft keinesfalls ausschließen. Vielmehr gehen sie eine bemerkenswerte Allianz ein, die das Wort Gottes jedoch nicht nur sichtbarer, sondern zugleich auch unkenntlicher werden lässt.
Nach Bulgarien, Slowenien und der Slowakei ist Ungarn erst das vierte Land, das mit der Organisation des (bereits achten) Kolloquiums zur Lexikographie und Wörterbuchforschung beehrt wurde. Die Reihe internationaler lexikographischer Kolloquien wurde von zwei Koryphäen dieses Fachgebietes, Herbert Ernst Wiegand und Pavel Petkov, im Jahre 2000 ins Leben gerufen und findet seit dem regelmäßig in Zwei-Jahres-Abständen statt. Im Mittelpunkt des letzten Kolloquiums, das vom Lehrstuhl für Germanistische Linguistik am Institut für Germanistik der Universität Szeged (namentlich von Dr. Tamás Kispál) in Zusammenarbeit mit der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Szeged ausgetragen wurde, standen Lernerwörterbücher. 18 Forscherinnen und Forscher aus acht Ländern (Bulgarien, Deutschland, Polen, Slowenien, Slowakei, Südafrika, Tschechien und das Gastgeberland Ungarn) trafen zusammen, um sich unter vielfältigen Aspekten über allgemeine oder spezielle, einsprachige oder zweisprachige, gedruckte oder elektronische sprachliche Lernerwörterbücher auszutauschen.
Die Textsortenlinguistik steht seit Längerem wieder stärker im Fokus der sprachwissenschaftlichen Forschung. Ein intensiveres Einbeziehen der Textsorten in den Sprachunterricht wird jedoch als ein zentrales Desiderat dargestellt. Der vorliegende Beitrag ist der empirisch-induktiven Richtung in der Textsortenlinguistik zuzuordnen, deren Ziel es ist, ausgehend von einer umfassenden Analyse und einer detaillierten Beschreibung konkreter Textsorten einzelsprachspezifische Routinen aufzudecken. Der Beitrag möchte außerdem fremdsprachendidaktische Zielsetzungen in den Vordergrund stellen und das Potenzial einer ausgewählten Textsorte für die Arbeit mit und an Texten im schulischen DaF-Unterricht aufzeigen. Zum einen wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie man solche Texte in die Grammatik- und Wortschatzvermittlung einbeziehen kann, indem man sprachliche Mittel (grammatische wie lexikalische) in Funktion für die Lernenden sichtbar macht. Zum anderen wird erforscht, wie die hier im Fokus stehende Textsorte für die Entwicklung der rezeptiven sowie produktiven Fertigkeiten genutzt werden kann.
This article intends to give an overview about developments in European Regulatory and Health Technology Assessment (HTA) of new cancer drugs. As background information, it will refer to an overview article by Bergmann et al. [1], which pointed out the status and the limitations of the current system. The authors discussed possible steps to improve the interface between regulators and HTA bodies but stated that this alone will not be sufficient to overcome heterogeneous HTA assessments between HTA agencies. Major issues and challenges for the foreseeable future will be to overcome the heterogeneity of patient access decisions of pharmaceutical payers across Europe which is due to (i) considerably different scientific approaches and methodology to the more or less formal evaluation of cost-effectiveness; (ii) differing health priorities across the countries that reflect historically developed cultural differences and values or different unmet medical needs and (iii) different economic strengths among nations, regions and locales that necessarily drive health care budgetary decisions. The authors consider that this needs a science-based common position on methodology, greater commitments by politicians and health care decision makers to ensure equal access for patients across the EU to anti-tumour medicines. ...
No presente artigo, apresentamos a rede polissêmica da preposição alemã "über", que é resultante da pesquisa produzida para a dissertação de mestrado. Como base teórica, fizemos uso dos preceitos da linguística cognitiva, mais especificamente dos estudos de polissemia que se baseiam na semântica cognitiva. Para definir a rede semântica polissêmica, utilizamos o modelo de Polissemia Sistemática apresentado por Andrea Tyler e Vyvyan Evans na obra "The semantics of English prepositions – spatial scenes, embodied meaning and cognition" (2003) e o adaptamos para a análise da preposição "über". Neste artigo, exporemos os significados mais produtivos para esta preposição.
Aging of biological systems is accompanied by degeneration of mitochondrial functions. Different pathways are active to counteract the processes which lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dynamics, the fission and fusion of mitochondria, is one of these quality control pathways. Mitophagy, the controlled degradation of mitochondria, is another one. Here we show that these pathways are linked. A double deletion mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in which two essential components of the fission and fusion machinery, Dnm1 and Mgm1, are simultaneously ablated, contain wild-type like filamentous mitochondria, but are characterized by impaired respiration, an increased sensitivity to different stressors, increased mitochondrial protein carbonylation, and a decrease in mitophagy and replicative lifespan. These data show that a balanced mitochondrial dynamics and not a filamentous mitochondrial morphotype per se is the key for a long lifespan and demonstrate a cross-talk between two different mitochondrial quality control pathways.
During August-September 2014 and 2015, yachtbased surveys were conducted in the Cape Verde archipelago with the main objective of trying to locate humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae during the late boreal summer (Berrow et al. 2014). Spring breeding humpbacks in Cape Verde waters are known to have their feeding grounds in the high Arctic (e.g. Wenzel et al. 2009). While these animals have generally left the breeding grounds by mid-May, a number of sightings during the summer months (June- August) have raised the possibility that animals from southern stocks may occasionally reach as far north as Cape Verde (Hazevoet et al. 2011).
Orientation: Employees’ perceptions of their leaders’ behaviour play a role in creating empowering environments where employees are willing to do more than what is expected, with retention of employees as a result. Research purpose: The aim of this study was to theoretically conceptualise and empirically determine the relationships between employees’ perception of their leaders’ empowering behaviour, psychological empowerment, organisational citizenship behaviours and intention to leave within a manufacturing division of an organisation. Motivation for the study: In the ever-changing work environment, organisations must capitalise on their human capital in order to maintain competitiveness. It is therefore important to identify the role of employees’ perception of leadership in contributing to the establishment of an environment where employees feel empowered, are willing to do more than what is expected and want to stay in the organisation. Research design, approach and method: A non-experimental, cross-sectional survey design was used. The total population (N = 300) employed at the manufacturing division was targeted. Two hundred completed questionnaires were obtained. The Leader Empowering Behaviour Questionnaire, Measuring Empowerment Questionnaire, Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Questionnaire and Intention to Leave Scale were administered. Main findings: Employees’ perception of their leaders’ empowering behaviour (keeping employees accountable, self-directed decision-making and people development), psychological empowerment (attitude and influence) and organisational citizenship behaviours (loyalty, deviant behaviour and participation) predict intention to leave the organisation. Practical/managerial implications: Organisations should foster the elements of a positive organisation, in this case leader empowering behaviours, if they want to retain their employees. Contribution/value-add: The results of this research contribute to scientific knowledge about the positive effects of employees experiencing their leaders as empowering.
Ziel der Arbeit ist eine zusammenfassende floristisch-pflanzensoziologische Darstellung der Wälder des Saarlandes. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf den Verbänden Carpinion betuli, Tilio platyphylli-Acerion pseudoplatani, Fagion sylvaticae und dem Deschampsio flexuosae-Fagion. Das Quercion robori-petraeae sowie das Quercion pubescenti-petraeae werden ebenfalls beschrieben und interpre-tiert. Hier besteht allerdings weiterer Untersuchungsbedarf, um die standörtlichen wie floristisch-soziologischen Details noch besser heraus zu arbeiten.
Das Aufnahmematerial (539 Aufnahmen) stammt von Dr. Erhard Sauer (erhoben in den 1960er und 1970er Jahren im Rahmen der forstlichen Standortkartierung) und vom Autor selbst (erfasst zwischen 2003 und 2014). Alle Vegetationsaufnahmen wurden nach der Methode von Braun-Blanquet erfasst. Zur Beschreibung und Interpretation der Waldgesellschaften im Untersuchungsgebiet werden zudem die vorliegenden Arbeiten aus Teilgebieten des Saarlandes mit herangezogen. Synsystematisch folgt der Autor im Wesentlichen Oberdorfer und Härdtle et al., in dem die azidophilen Buchenwaldgesellschaf-ten der Ordnung Quercetalia robori-petraeae zugeordnet werden.
Das gesamte Gesellschaftsspektrum weist mit seinen diagnostischen Arten auf die ausgesprochen subatlantische Klimatönung des Untersuchungsgebietes hin. Die Luzulo-Fagenion- sowie die Quercion roboris-petraeae-Gesellschaften werden der westlichen Teucrium scorodonia-Vikariante zugerechnet. In den wärmeliebenden Carpinion-Gesellschaften des West-Saarlandes kommen bereits die mediterran-atlantisch verbreiteten Arten Dioscorea communis und Viola alba vor und in den Tilio-Acerion-Gesellschaften Polystichum setiferum, ebenfalls eine submediterran-subatlantische Art. Floristisch gut charakterisierte Kalk-Buchenwälder in submontan-montaner Höhenlage gibt es im Saarland nicht, weshalb Hordelymo-Fagetum und Carici-Fagetum nur fragmentarisch ausgebildet sind. Das schwer-punktmäßig subkontinental verbreitete Galio-Carpinetum beschränkt sich im subatlantisch getönten Untersuchungsgebiet auf extrazonale wärmeliebende Standorte.
Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare, progressive, multisystem disease that has a large number of complex and diverse manifestations which vary with age. Patients with A-T die prematurely with the leading causes of death being respiratory diseases and cancer. Respiratory manifestations include immune dysfunction leading to recurrent upper and lower respiratory infections; aspiration resulting from dysfunctional swallowing due to neurodegenerative deficits; inefficient cough; and interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis. Malnutrition is a significant comorbidity. The increased radiosensitivity and increased risk of cancer should be borne in mind when requesting radiological investigations. Aggressive proactive monitoring and treatment of these various aspects of lung disease under multidisciplinary expertise in the experience of national multidisciplinary clinics internationally forms the basis of this statement on the management of lung disease in A-T. Neurological management is outwith the scope of this document.
During the last decade, Bayesian probability theory has emerged as a framework in cognitive science and neuroscience for describing perception, reasoning and learning of mammals. However, our understanding of how probabilistic computations could be organized in the brain, and how the observed connectivity structure of cortical microcircuits supports these calculations, is rudimentary at best. In this study, we investigate statistical inference and self-organized learning in a spatially extended spiking network model, that accommodates both local competitive and large-scale associative aspects of neural information processing, under a unified Bayesian account. Specifically, we show how the spiking dynamics of a recurrent network with lateral excitation and local inhibition in response to distributed spiking input, can be understood as sampling from a variational posterior distribution of a well-defined implicit probabilistic model. This interpretation further permits a rigorous analytical treatment of experience-dependent plasticity on the network level. Using machine learning theory, we derive update rules for neuron and synapse parameters which equate with Hebbian synaptic and homeostatic intrinsic plasticity rules in a neural implementation. In computer simulations, we demonstrate that the interplay of these plasticity rules leads to the emergence of probabilistic local experts that form distributed assemblies of similarly tuned cells communicating through lateral excitatory connections. The resulting sparse distributed spike code of a well-adapted network carries compressed information on salient input features combined with prior experience on correlations among them. Our theory predicts that the emergence of such efficient representations benefits from network architectures in which the range of local inhibition matches the spatial extent of pyramidal cells that share common afferent input.
Introduction: Organ dysfunction or failure after the first days of ICU treatment and subsequent mortality with respect to the type of intensive care unit (ICU) admission is poorly elucidated. Therefore we analyzed the association of ICU mortality and admission for medical (M), scheduled surgery (ScS) or unscheduled surgery (US) patients mirrored by the occurrence of organ dysfunction/failure (OD/OF) after the first 72h of ICU stay.
Methods: For this retrospective cohort study (23,795 patients; DIVI registry; German Interdisciplinary Association for Intensive Care Medicine (DIVI)) organ dysfunction or failure were derived from the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (excluding the Glasgow Coma Scale). SOFA scores were collected on admission to ICU and 72h later. For patients with a length of stay of at least five days, a multivariate analysis was performed for individual OD/OF on day three.
Results: M patients had the lowest prevalence of cardiovascular failure (M 31%; ScS 35%; US 38%), and the highest prevalence of respiratory (M 24%; ScS 13%; US 17%) and renal failure (M 10%; ScS 6%; US 7%). Risk of death was highest for M- and ScS-patients in those with respiratory failure (OR; M 2.4; ScS 2.4; US 1.4) and for surgical patients with renal failure (OR; M 1.7; ScS 2.7; US 2.4).
Conclusion: The dynamic evolution of OD/OF within 72h after ICU admission and mortality differed between patients depending on their types of admission. This has to be considered to exclude a systematic bias during multi-center trials.
BANK INSTABILITY SEEMINGLY COULD PUSH BORROWERS TO USE CROWDFUNDING AS A SOURCE OF EXTERNAL FINANCE. WE CONSTRUCT A NOVEL, HAND-COLLECTED DATA SET OF VENTURES' USES OF EQUITY CROWDFUNDING IN GERMANY, THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH BANKS, AND VARIOUS VENTURE TRAITS SINCE 2011. BY OBSERVING VENTUREBANK RELATIONSHIPS, WE CAN IDENTIFY IF VENTURES CONNECTED TO SHOCKED BANKS ARE MORE LIKELY TO USE CROWDFUNDING IN AN ATTEMPT TO SUBSTITUTE FOR CONTRACTING BANK CREDIT SUPPLY. OUR RESULTS SHOW THAT CROWDFUNDING IS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE LIKELY FOR NEW VENTURES THAT INTERACT WITH STRESSED BANKS. INNOVATIVE FUNDING SOURCES ARE THUS PARTICULARLY RELEVANT IN TIMES OF STRESS AMONG CONVENTIONAL FINANCIERS. BUT CROWDFUNDED VENTURES ARE GENERALLY ALSO MORE OPAQUE AND RISKY THAN NEW VENTURES THAT DO NOT USE CROWDFUNDING.
Viele Städte in Deutschland stehen aktuell vor komplexen ökonomischen, ökologischen und sozialen Herausforderungen, die mit klassischen ressortbezogenen Planungskonzepten nicht zu bewältigen sind. Integrierte Stadtentwicklungskonzepte erleben deshalb vielerorts eine Renaissance in der städtischen Planungspraxis. Die in diesem Zusammenhang diskutierten Planungsleitbilder geben jedoch nur selten direkt umsetzbare Handlungskonzepte vor. In diesem Beitrag werden deshalb am Beispiel der Stadt Leipzig konkrete Handlungsoptionen für eine an nachhaltiger Mobilität orientierte Stadtentwicklung vorgestellt. Aufbauend auf bisherigen Erkenntnissen zu integrierten Stadtentwicklungskonzepten werden zunächst infrastrukturbezogene Konzepte zur Förderung des Wohnens im Innenbereich, zur Stärkung städtischer Zentren sowie zur Förderung der Nahmobilität dargestellt. Darüber hinaus werden auch politische, organisatorische und kommunikative Handlungsoptionen aufgezeigt. Diese umfassen Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der übergeordneten Rahmenbedingungen, Konzepte zur Stärkung der inter- und intrakommunalen Kooperation sowie integrierte städtische Mobilitätskonzepte. Das Beispiel Leipzig macht dabei deutlich, dass infrastrukturelle Ansätze für eine an nachhaltiger Mobilitätsgestaltung orientierte Stadtentwicklung nicht ausreichend sind. Vielmehr ist eine bessere Abstimmung der Stadt- und Verkehrsplanung auf die Bedürfnisse der Bevölkerung erforderlich; dazu gehört auch die Integration von Mobilitätsmanagementmaßnahmen in städtische Verkehrskonzepte. Für eine wirksame Umsetzung integrierter Stadtentwicklungskonzepte erscheinen außerdem eine an Nachhaltigkeitszielen orientierte Gestaltung der rechtlichen und politischen Rahmenbedingungen sowie eine stärkere Berücksichtigung regionaler Verknüpfungen in städtischen Planungen notwendig.
Salt bridges in lipid bilayers play a decisive role in the dynamic assembly and downstream signaling of the natural killer and T-cell receptors. Here, we describe the identification of an inter-subunit salt bridge in the membrane within yet another key component of the immune system, the peptide-loading complex (PLC). The PLC regulates cell surface presentation of self-antigens and antigenic peptides via molecules of the major histocompatibility complex class I. We demonstrate that a single salt bridge in the membrane between the transporter associated with antigen processing TAP and the MHC I-specific chaperone tapasin is essential for the assembly of the PLC and for efficient MHC I antigen presentation. Molecular modeling and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations suggest an ionic lock-switch mechanism for the binding of TAP to tapasin, in which an unfavorable uncompensated charge in the ER-membrane is prevented through complex formation. Our findings not only deepen the understanding of the interaction network within the PLC, but also provide evidence for a general interaction principle of dynamic multiprotein membrane complexes in immunity.
The Asian bush mosquito (Aedes japonicus japonicus, Theobald 1901) is an invasive culicid species which originates in Asia but is nowadays present in northern America and Europe. It is a competent vector for several human disease pathogens. In addition to the public health threat, this invasive species may also be an ecological threat for native container-breeding mosquitoes which share a similar larval habitat. Therefore, it is of importance to gain knowledge on ecological and eco-toxicological features of the Asian bush mosquito. However, optimal laboratory feeding conditions have not yet been established. Standardized feeding methods will be needed in assessing the impact of insecticides or competitional strength of this species. To fill this gap, we performed experiments on food quality and quantity for Ae. j. japonicus larvae. We found out that the commercial fish food TetraMin (Tetra, Melle, Germany) in a dose of 10 mg per larva is the most suitable food tested. We also suggest a protocol with a feeding sequence of seven portions for all larval stages of this species.
Disorder-relevant but task-unrelated stimuli impair cognitive performance in social anxiety disorder (SAD); however, time course and neural correlates of emotional interference are unknown. The present study investigated time course and neural basis of emotional interference in SAD using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Patients with SAD and healthy controls performed an emotional stroop task which allowed examining interference effects on the current and the succeeding trial. Reaction time data showed an emotional interference effect in the current trial, but not the succeeding trial, specifically in SAD. FMRI data showed greater activation in the left amygdala, bilateral insula, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and left opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus during emotional interference of the current trial in SAD patients. Furthermore, we found a positive correlation between patients’ interference scores and activation in the mPFC, dorsal ACC and left angular/supramarginal gyrus. Taken together, results indicate a network of brain regions comprising amygdala, insula, mPFC, ACC, and areas strongly involved in language processing during the processing of task-unrelated threat in SAD. However, specifically the activation in mPFC, dorsal ACC, and left angular/supramarginal gyrus is associated with the strength of the interference effect, suggesting a cognitive network model of attentional bias in SAD. This probably comprises exceeded allocation of attentional resources to disorder-related information of the presented stimuli and increased self-referential and semantic processing of threat words in SAD.
In-depth analyses of cancer cell proteomes are needed to elucidate oncogenic pathomechanisms, as well as to identify potential drug targets and diagnostic biomarkers. However, methods for quantitative proteomic characterization of patient-derived tumors and in particular their cellular subpopulations are largely lacking. Here we describe an experimental set-up that allows quantitative analysis of proteomes of cancer cell subpopulations derived from either liquid or solid tumors. This is achieved by combining cellular enrichment strategies with quantitative Super-SILAC-based mass spectrometry followed by bioinformatic data analysis. To enrich specific cellular subsets, liquid tumors are first immunophenotyped by flow cytometry followed by FACS-sorting; for solid tumors, laser-capture microdissection is used to purify specific cellular subpopulations. In a second step, proteins are extracted from the purified cells and subsequently combined with a tumor-specific, SILAC-labeled spike-in standard that enables protein quantification. The resulting protein mixture is subjected to either gel electrophoresis or Filter Aided Sample Preparation (FASP) followed by tryptic digestion. Finally, tryptic peptides are analyzed using a hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer, and the data obtained are processed with bioinformatic software suites including MaxQuant. By means of the workflow presented here, up to 8,000 proteins can be identified and quantified in patient-derived samples, and the resulting protein expression profiles can be compared among patients to identify diagnostic proteomic signatures or potential drug targets.
Die folgenden Ausführungen widmen sich der von Müller zur Steigerung der sinnlichen Erfahrbarkeit und zur Einübung in die ethnologische Perspektive genutzten ästhetisch-literarischen Verfahrensweisen. Neben die durch die Briefform vorgebebene, breit angewandte und von der Forschung bereits untersuchte Leseransprache, mit der er das Gesehene vergegenwärtigte, fügte Müller Originaldokumente ein, die Authentizität und Anschaulichkeit garantierten und den reizvollen Charakter des Fremden transportierten. Den Charakter der Anschaulichkeit seiner Darstellung unterstützte Müller, indem er immer wieder auf die bekannten und in weiten Kreisen auch außerhalb Italiens kursierenden Darstellungen des römischen Alltagslebens durch den Kupferstecher und Maler Bartolomeo Pinelli (1781-1835) rekurrierte. Auf ihr spannungsvolles Verhältnis zu den beschriebenen Volksszenen und den gesammelten Originaldokumenten möchte ich zunächst das Augenmerk legen, bevor mit den 1825 erschienenen 'Scenen aus Rom' des Spätaufklärers Christian August Vulpius ein gänzlich anderes Verfahren vorgestellt wird, das den Leser ebenfalls möglichst nah an das italienische Volksleben heranzuführen beabsichtigt.